Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Sequestrated fromWater Using Novel Mesoporous Activated Carbon Optimally Prepared from Cassava Peels
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Date
2022
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Water
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in water systems
coupled with their recalcitrance to conventional water treatment methods calls for research into more
eco-friendly and cost-effective curbing media. Mesoporous cassava peel activated carbon (CPAC) was
prepared under conditions derived from optimizing the surface area and yield with the temperature
and holding time as the model inputs using the response surface methodology. The sequestration potential
and mechanisms of the resultant activated carbon (AC) for active pharmaceutical ingredients
from wastewater were studied using batch experiments. The CPAC adsorption kinetics and isothermal
mechanisms for the three pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine (CBZ), clarithromycin (CLN), and
trimethoprim (TRM)) were studied in both wastewater and Milli-Q water. The API concentrations
were measured using liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (LC-MS) system. The
maximum removal efficiencies were 86.00, 58.00, and 68.50% for CBZ, CLN, and TRM for wastewater,
which were less than those from the Milli-Q water at 94.25, 73.50, and 84.5%, respectively. The
sorption process for the CLN was better explained by the Freundlich model, whereas the CBZ and
TRM adsorption processes could suitably be explained by both the Langmuir and Freundlich models.
At an initial concentration of 20 mgL1 for all APIs and a CPAC dosage of 2.0 gL1, the maximum
adsorption capacities were 25.907, 84.034, and 1.487 mgg1 for CBZ, TRM, and CLN, respectively.
These results demonstrated the potential of CPAC to remove APIs from water, with its sequestration
potential being more exhibited after the removal of the organic matter owing to the lower competition
for active sites by the APIs. Additionally, positive adsorbates were better removed than negatively
charged adsorbates due to the dominance of anions in the cassava peel lattice.
Description
Keywords
Cassava peel activated carbon, Active pharmaceutical ingredients, Adsorption isotherm, Carbamazepine, Clarithromycin, Trimethoprim
Citation
Kayiwa, R.; Kasedde, H.; Lubwama, M.; Kirabira, J.B. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Sequestrated fromWater Using Novel Mesoporous Activated Carbon Optimally Prepared from Cassava Peels. Water 2022, 14, 3371. https:// doi.org/10.3390/w14213371