Engineering and Technology
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Item The drivers and barriers influencing the commercialization of innovations at research and innovation institutions in Uganda: a systemic, infrastructural, and financial approach(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2024-10-22) Jjagwe, Ronald; Kirabira, John Baptist; Mukasa, Norbert; Amanya, LindaResearch and innovation (R&I) institutions must commercialize their innovations to remain competitive in a knowledge-based economy. While R&I institutions in Uganda have the potential to drive socioeconomic development, a clear understanding of the commercialization pathway is lacking. This study aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the systemic, infrastructural, and financial factors that drive and hinder the commercialization of innovations at R&I institutions in Uganda. This study offers the first comprehensive examination of the systemic, infrastructural, and financial dimensions influencing innovation commercialization within Uganda's R&I ecosystem, presenting new empirical evidence on the prioritized barriers and drivers as perceived by key stakeholders. Employing a mixed-method approach, this study uniquely combines quantitative surveys with qualitative case studies and key informant interviews, enabling a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted drivers of and barriers to innovation commercialization in Uganda. The study employed the Delphi technique to identify consensus among key informants. The findings highlight the urgent barriers to address, including fragmented R&I ecosystems, inadequate support infrastructure, such as technology transfer offices, and significant gaps in innovation financing. These issues underscore the urgent need for targeted policy interventions. Based on our findings, we recommend the establishment of a national innovation fund, enhancement of public private partnerships for R&D infrastructure development, and formulation of a cohesive national policy framework to streamline commercialization processes at R&I institutions. This study provides policymakers with a data-driven foundation to craft targeted interventions aimed at removing the identified barriers, thereby catalyzing the commercialization of innovations in Uganda's R&I institutions.Item Application of interactive software in classrooms: a case of GeoGebra in learning geometry in secondary schools in Uganda(Springer International Publishing, 2024-10-09) Batiibwe, Marjorie Sarah KabuyeThe incorporation of subject-specific technologies in teaching and learning mathematics has been extensively investigated in different areas outside Uganda. The benefits are extensive, although the adoption of these technologies has been threatened by teachers needing help to apply them effectively for instruction. While this alone would aptly justify a comprehensive assessment of its applicability on the local scene, the post-COVID-19 era dynamics escalated its urgency and relevance. Thus, third-year pre-service mathematics teachers’ knowledge and aptitude to use GeoGebra in teaching and learning geometry were developed in this study. In addition, the consequence of using this software on students’ achievement in geometry was investigated using a quantitative research approach. Ninety-four third-year pre-service mathematics teachers completed a three-week intensive capacity-building workshop using GeoGebra. Their self-ratings on their technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) before and after the training were measured using a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 406 students from four schools in Central Uganda participated in the quasi-experiment, with 199 and 207 students assigned to the experimental and control groups, respectively. Pre- and post-achievement tests were meted out to the students. While descriptive statistics showed a positive change in the teachers’ technological knowledge (TK), technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK), technological content knowledge (TCK), and TPACK, independent samples t -tests revealed a substantial difference in the post-test mean scores between the two groups since the experimental group students outshone those in the control group. These findings are consistent with global literature, and thus, schools in Uganda should adopt the use of GeoGebra through a continuous capacity-building approach, while considering the challenges and limitations associated with the software.Item Unmasking biases and navigating pitfalls in the ophthalmic artificial intelligence lifecycle: A narrative review(Public Library of Science, 2024-10-08) Nakayama, Luis Filipe; Matos, João; Quion, Justin; Novaes, Frederico; Mitchell, William Greig; Mwavu, Rogers; Hung, Claudia Ju-Yi Ji; Santiago, Alvina Pauline Dy; Phanphruk, Warachaya; Cardoso, Jaime S; Celi, Leo AnthonyOver the past 2 decades, exponential growth in data availability, computational power, and newly available modeling techniques has led to an expansion in interest, investment, and research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications. Ophthalmology is one of many fields that seek to benefit from AI given the advent of telemedicine screening programs and the use of ancillary imaging. However, before AI can be widely deployed, further work must be done to avoid the pitfalls within the AI lifecycle. This review article breaks down the AI lifecycle into seven steps—data collection; defining the model task; data preprocessing and labeling; model development; model evaluation and validation; deployment; and finally, post-deployment evaluation, monitoring, and system recalibration—and delves into the risks for harm at each step and strategies for mitigating them.Item Modelling, simulation, and measurement of solar power generation: New developments in design and operational models(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-06) Living, O.; Nnamchi, S.N; Mundu, M.M.; Ukagwu, K.J; Abdulkarim, A; Eze, V.H.U.Abstract The discrepancy between the operating and design capacities of solar plants in eastern Uganda is alarming; about 35 % underperformance in solar power generation is observed. The goal of the current study is to minimize this disparity by improving the design models. Considering only cell temperature in the power generation model is responsible for the observed difference in design and operational solar power generated, the present study used a thermocouple to directly measure cell temperature, an anemometer to measure wind speed, and a solar power meter to measure irradiance. These extrinsic factors were used to modify the power generation model based only on cell temperature through the direct correlation of cell temperature, wind speed, and irradiance with solar power generation. Thus, the absence of extrinsic factors (wind speed and irradiance) in the design models is responsible for the colossal drop in solar power generated. Empirically, the missing extrinsic factors were used to transform the implicit solar power model into an explicit model. The development of a solar power generation model, multiple differential models, simulation and experimentation with a pilot solar rig served as alternate model for the prediction of solar power generation. The second-order differential model validated well with empirical solar power generated in Busitema, Mayuge, Soroti, and Tororo study areas based on RMSEs (0.6437, 0.6692, 0.2008, 0.1804, respectively), thus, narrowing the gap between the designed and operational solar power generated. Mayuge and Soroti recorded the highest solar power generation of 9.028 MW compared to Busitema (8.622 MW) and Tororo (8.345 MW), suggesting that it has a conducive site for installing future solar plants. The above results support the use of empirical explicit (triple) and second-order differential models for the design and operation of power plants.Item Thermal Comfort in a Residential House in Kampala(Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, 2023) Wafula, Simon Peter; Kamulegeya, Obed; Kasumba Buyondo, Andrew; Mutebi, Solomon; Ogwang, Isaac; Mutambo, Michael; Kateu, JamesGlobal warming and climate change has been a challenge in the last decades. Buildings are major contributors to energy consumption. This is due to the rise in human comfort needs and services. The residential sector consumes a significant amount of energy worldwide. A NZEB strategy emphasizes closing the gap between energy demand and renewable energy supply. Despite some of the roles that NZEBs significantly contribute to smart cities on the energy efficiency, the potential contribution of NZEB to the residential sector of Uganda has not been documented in literature. The objective of this study was to develop a thermal comfort model in a residential house through an envelope design. CBE tool was used and results indicate; PMV with elevated air speed of residential houses during resting hours in Kampala; at night: -0.75. DBT as 24.1°C, PPD as 17%, the Cooling effect as 2.7°C and SET = 26.3°C. The study realized factors to be considered while building like; air temperature, average radiant temperature, air speed, air humidity. The model developed in this study enables a building to heat up during cold hours and cool down during hot hours by the help of the water pool collected during rainy days. This water cools down the house during the day time while absorbing heat that can be released during the night hours that are somehow cold in Kampala. However, if this isn’t considered, then heat pumps have to be employed to pump heat into rooms to reduce heating in rooms. Recommendations should be put in raising thick walls and ceilings to maintain building temperatures.Item Information System (Is) Models: Technology as a Service for Agricultural Information Dissemination in Developing Countries (Uganda). A Systematic Literature Review(International Journal of Scientific and Management Research, 2022) Byamukama, Willbroad; Kalibwani, Mbarara Rebecca; Mbabazi, Businge PhelixThis article summarizes the current literature by reviewing the concepts, applications, and development of technology adoption models and theories that are supported by the literature review, with the novelty technology's prospective application being the main focus. These included, but were not limited to, the concepts of Diffusion of Innovations (DIT) (Rogers, 1995), Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1995), and Diffusion of Innovations (DIT) (Rogers, 1995). Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (Ajzen, 1985, 1991), Theory of Planned Behaviour, (Taylor and Todd, 1995), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (Davis, Bogozzi and Warshaw, 1989, Technology Acceptance Model two (TAM2) Venkatesh and Davis (2000), Technology Acceptance Model three (TAM3) Venkatesh and Bala (2008), Unified Theory of Acceptance Model (UTAUT) Venkatesh et al; 2012 and the Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance Model (UTAUT2) Venkatesh et al; 2016. These assessments can give some information on technology adoption levels and potential applications for future researchers to consider, recognize and comprehend the underlying technology models and ideas that will have an impact on the preceding, current and future applications of technology adoption and agricultural information dissemination by smallholder rural farmers.Item Using Java Speech Grammars as Cache Memory for Databases in VoiceXML Applications(Research Gate, 2003) Obono, S. D. Eyono; Serumaga-Zake, M. J.VoiceXML applications capture tokens input by users and match them against a specified grammar. But the Java Speech Grammar Format does not provide for a mechanism to capture tokens unmatched by a grammar. In this paper, we show how can a VoiceXML application capture tokens unmatched by a Java Speech Grammar. We also show how to dynamically update a Java Speech Grammar so that it can recognize tokens previously unmatched. We subsequently show how such captured tokens can interact with a relational database and how to transform a grammar into a cache memory for the database.Item The Role of User Satisfaction in Implementing a Business Intelligence System(South African Journal of Information Management, 2017) Serumaga-Zake, Philip A.E.Despite increasing importance of the use of Business Intelligence (BI) as a technology-driven process for giving decision support, the success or failure of BI has not been investigated fully in South Africa. BI is not well understood because of an absence of documented proof of its practice. This study was intended to investigate BI and identify the moderating and mediating effects of user satisfaction on the relationship between system quality, information quality and service quality on the one hand and perceived net benefits on the other in South Africa. Methods: The quantitative methods approach was predominantly used in this study. A total of 211 responses were obtained from a random sample of 250 BI users throughout South Africa. A semi-structured online survey questionnaire was used to collect the data, and correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to analyse it. It was found that user satisfaction mediates the relationship between perceived net benefits and system quality and service quality. It also moderates the effects of system quality and service quality on perceived net benefits. Information quality is not related with user satisfaction and perceived net benefits. The implication of the results is that system quality and user satisfaction should be enhanced and maintained to achieve perceived positive net benefits in order to make the BI system more effective and efficient.Item New Approach on Solar Water Heater Energy Smart Metering System Using Adafruit Feather 32u4FONA(IEEE., 2018)These days consuming and saving Energy efficiently it is becoming a major issue because the need for energy is increasing day by day. In this paper, one of the solution was to replace water electric heater by solar water heater, and hence elaborate an option where instead of paying the installation of the system, the domestic energy consumer pays the solar energy consumed while boiling the water from cold state to hot state. The goal of providing such data is to optimize and reduce their power consumption. The Energy Meter proposed here deals with the measurement of cold and hot water temperatures, the quantity of water used and hence calculate the energy being consumed by a consumer thereafter sends data to the provider's message box who finally prepares the bill.Item Teaching Approaches and Student Engagement in Secondary Schools in Arua City, Uganda(Uganda East African Journal of Education Studies, 2023) Hamimu Onzi, Siraji; Mugizi, Wilson; Rwothumio, Joseph; Kutesa Mugenyi, DisanThis study examined the relationship between teaching approaches and student engagement in secondary schools in Arua City, Uganda. Specifically, the study examined the relationship between constructivist teaching approaches and behaviorist teaching approaches with student engagement. This study adopted a correlation analysis as the basis for determining whether there was a relationship between the study variables. Data were collected from a sample of 341 students using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and structural equation modelling were used to analyze data. Descriptive results revealed that while students’ engagement was moderate, teachers’ use of the constructivist approach was lower than student-centred approaches. Structural equation modelling using SmartPLS results revealed that constructivist teaching approaches positively and significantly predicted student engagement, while behaviorist teaching approaches negatively significantly predicted student engagement. This study concluded that the constructivist teaching approach promotes student engagement, and behaviorist teaching approaches do not enhance student engagement. It was therefore recommended that teachers should emphasize using constructivist teaching approaches, and teachers have to reduce the use of behaviorist teaching approaches. This article will be of value to both researchers and policymakers in the education sector in Uganda as it identifies appropriate teaching approaches that enhance the effective engagement of students. Therefore, it might inform policy-making on curriculum development and further research.Item Teacher-centred pedagogical approach and student engagement at a private university in Western Uganda(Journal of Educational Research and Reviews, 2020) Mugizi, Wilson; Rwothumio, Joseph; Kanyesigye, JohnThis study investigated the relationship between the teacher-centred pedagogical approach and student engagement at a private university in south western Uganda. The teacher-centred approach was conceived in terms of immediate feedback, continuous practice and reinforcement. On the other hand, student engagement was conceptualized in terms of behavioral, affective, cognitive and agentic engagements. The study adopted the cross-sectional research design on a sample of 264 undergraduate students. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and were analyzed quantitatively. Descriptive analysis indicated that students rated high in their levels of engagement and lecturers’ use of reinforcement. However, offering of immediate feedback to students and carrying out of continuous practice were rated moderate. Regression analysis revealed that reinforcement positively and significantly predicted student engagement. However, immediate feedback and continuous practice positively but insignificantly predicted student engagement. It was concluded that while immediate feedback and continuous practice are not the most essential teachercentred pedagogical practices for promoting student engagement, reinforcement is very imperative. Therefore, it is recommended that lecturers in universities should ensure effective use of reinforcement while teaching.Item Teacher characteristics and the Use of ICT in Rural Secondary Schools in Bwera Sub County, Kasese District, Uganda(Interdisciplinary Journal of Rural and Community Studies, 2021) Masudi Kule, Ashirafu; Mugizi, Wilson; Ampeire, Kariisa Henry; Turiabe, VictorThis study investigated the relationship between teachers’ characteristics and their use of ICT in teaching in rural secondary schools located in Bwera Sub County, Kasese District of Uganda. Bwera Sub County is a hard-to-reach rural area in western Uganda. Specifically, the study examined whether teacher characteristics, namely, teachers perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and teacher ICT competence, influenced teachers’ use of ICT in teaching with the secondary schools. Using the correlational research design, data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire on a sample of 127 school teachers. Descriptive results revealed that teachers rated their use of ICT and perceived competence as poor, rated ICT's usefulness as good, and their use of ICT as fair. Regression analysis revealed that perceived usefulness, ease of use, and ICT competence had a positive and significant influence on ICT use in teaching and learning. It was concluded that perceived usefulness is a prerequisite for teachers’ use of ICT, perceived ease of use is imperative for the use of ICT, and competence are essential for the use of ICT. Therefore, it was recommended that in rural secondary schools, the Ministry of Education and headteachers should provide awareness training to teachers about the usefulness of IC, train teachers to use ICT, and develop their ICT competences.Item Tangible Resources and Effective E-Learning Implementation in Selected Ugandan Public Universities(Education Quarterly Reviews, 2023) Mugizi, WilsonThis study assessed the influence of tangibles resources on the effective implementation of e-learning during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic era in public universities in Uganda. The concept of tangible resources was based on Resource Based View Theory. Universities' tangible resources for e-learning were operationalized in terms of ICT teaching facilities, access to ICT facilities, e-library resources, and university ICT implementation policies. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from a sample of 312 academic staff using a questionnaire survey. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings revealed that access to ICT facilities and university ICT policy positively and significantly predicted e-learning implementation. However, ICT teaching facilities and libraries e-resources positively but insignificantly predicted e-learning implementation. The conclusions of the study were to the effect that access to ICT facilities and universities' ICT policies are imperative for the implementation of e-learning. Nevertheless, ICT teaching facilities and libraries' e-resources do not necessarily lead to the effective implementation of e-learning. The study recommended that university managers should make effort to ensure that ICT facilities are accessible to lecturers and students, and develop policies guiding the implementation of e-learning. University managers should also make university ICT resources and library e-resources more accessible to lecturers and students.Item Digital Teaching Competence and lecturers Self-Efficacy in Online Classes: Insights from Public Universities in Uganda(Journal of the National Council for Higher Education, 2023) Kasule, George Wilson; Mugizi, Wilson; Rwothumio, JosephThe COVID-19 pandemic which resulted in the lockdown of educational institutions hastened the adoption of online classes. However, especially in public universities in Uganda, online teaching and learning was received with mixed feelings by students and some lecturers. Nevertheless, it is incontestable that the COVID-19 pandemic ushered in many different ways of doing things, such as compulsory online teaching and learning. This study seeks to obtain insights into the digital teaching competences of lecturers and their self-efficacy in online classes. Specifically, the study examined the relationship between lecturers’ course design, technical, course communication and time management competences with their self-efficacy in online classes in terms of instructional methods, student management and student engagement. This correlational study involved a sample of 327 academic staff from four public universities. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analysed quantitatively. Data analysis involved structural equation modelling using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results revealed that course design, course communication and time management competences had a positive and significant influence on lecturers’ self-efficacy in online classes. However, digital technical competence had a positive but insignificant influence on lecturers’ self-efficacy in online classes. The conclusions of the study are to the effect that the capacity to design online courses is imperative for lecturers’ self-efficacy in online classes, course communication competence is essential for lecturers’ self-efficacy in online classes, and time management competence is vital for lecturers’ self-efficacy in online classes. However, digital technical competence is not very imperative for lecturers’ selfefficacy in online classes. The study recommends that university managers should develop lecturers’ capacity to design online courses, develop their online course communication competence, and sensitise lecturers about the importance of time management in teaching online classes. Nonetheless, university managers should not over emphasise digital technical competence of lecturers.Item Sustainable Technologies for Small-Scale Biochar Production—A Review(Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 2015) Kisiki Nsamba, Hussein; Hale, Sarah E.; Cornelissen, Gerard; Bachmann, Robert ThomasCharcoal has found enormous application in both agriculture (AKA biochar) and other sectors. Despite its potential benefits, small scale technologies relevant for its production remain a chal- lenge. Technologies striking a balance between user friendliness, energy efficiency, ease of adap- tation and limited emissions could easily be integrated into the local community for the sustaina- ble production of biochar answering both technical and socio-economic aspects. These technolo- gies can be customized to recover the produced heat alongside biochar and the producer gas. The purpose of this work is to review the state of the art in small scale technologies, their associated risks and challenges as well as research gaps for future work. Factors affecting biochar production have been discussed and temperature is known to heavily influence the biomass to biochar con- version process. Based on the reviewed work, there is a need to develop and promote sustainable and efficient technologies that can be integrated into biochar production systems. There is also further need to develop portable, economically viable technologies that could be integrated into the biochar production process without compromising the quality of produced biochar. Such tech- nologies at midscale level can be channeled into conventional small scale farmer use in order that the farmers can process their own biochar.Item Sustainable Technologies for Small-Scale Biochar Production—A Review(Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 2015) Kisiki Nsamba, Hussein; Hale, Sarah E.; Cornelissen, Gerard; Bachmann, Robert ThomasCharcoal has found enormous application in both agriculture (AKA biochar) and other sectors. Despite its potential benefits, small scale technologies relevant for its production remain a challenge. Technologies striking a balance between user friendliness, energy efficiency, ease of adaptation and limited emissions could easily be integrated into the local community for the sustainable production of biochar answering both technical and socio-economic aspects. These technologies can be customized to recover the produced heat alongside biochar and the producer gas. The purpose of this work is to review the state of the art in small scale technologies, their associated risks and challenges as well as research gaps for future work. Factors affecting biochar production have been discussed and temperature is known to heavily influence the biomass to biochar conversion process. Based on the reviewed work, there is a need to develop and promote sustainable and efficient technologies that can be integrated into biochar production systems. There is also further need to develop portable, economically viable technologies that could be integrated into the biochar production process without compromising the quality of produced biochar. Such technologies at midscale level can be channeled into conventional small scale farmer use in order that the farmers can process their own biochar.Item Gasification of Biochar from Empty Fruit Bunch in a Fluidized Bed Reactor(Energies, 2010) Mohd Salleh, M. A.; Kisiki, Nsamba Hussein; Yusuf, H. M.; Karim Ghani, W. A. Wan AbA biochar produced from empty fruit bunches (EFB) was gasified in a fluidized bed using air to determine gas yield, overall carbon conversion, gas quality, and composition as a function of temperature. The experiment was conducted in the temperature range of 500–850 °C. It was observed that biochar has the potential to replace coal as a gasification agent in power plants. Hydrogen gas from biochar was also optimized during the experiment. High temperatures favor H2 and CO formation. There was an increase of H2 over the temperature range from 500–850 °C from 5.53% to 27.97% (v/v), with a heating value of 30 kJ/g. The C conversion in the same temperature range increased from 76% to 84%. Therefore, there are great prospects for the use of biochar from EFB as an alternative fuel in power plants, as a renewable energy providing an alternative path to biofuels. Results from this work enable us to better understand syn gas production under high treatment temperatures.Item Designing and Performance Evaluation of Biochar Production in a Top-Lit Updraft Upscaled Gasifier(Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems, 2015) Kisiki Nsamba, Hussein; Hale, Sarah E.; Cornelissen, Gerard; Bachmann, Robert ThomasThe Original Belonio Rice Husk Gasifier (OBRHG), initially of height of 0.6 m, diameter of 0.15 m and thickness of 0.025 m was tested for biochar production through air gasification of rice husk (RH) and the design was upscaled to height of 1.65 m, diameter of 0.85 m and thickness of 0.16 m. A total of 27 experiments were conducted to monitor the gasifier performance and the system can operate with the centrifugal blower operating at a power input of 155 W and a maximum flow rate of 1450 m3/hr regulated according to the air requirement. Building the UBRHG is simple and inexpensive to fabricate and with the fairly satisfactory performance and ease of construction along with the convenience of operation, the UBRHG with RH as feed would find abundant avenues of applications in a rural setting for biochar production alongside thermal, mechanical and electrical energy delivery.Item Band Gap Engineering of Hexagonal SnSe2 Nanostructured Thin Films for Infra-Red Photodetection(Scientific reports, 2017) Mukhokosi, Emma P.; Krupanidhi, Saluru B.; Nanda, Karuna K.We, for the first time, provide the experimental demonstration on the band gap engineering of layered hexagonal SnSe2 nanostructured thin films by varying the thickness. For 50 nm thick film, the band gap is ~2.04 eV similar to that of monolayer, whereas the band gap is approximately ~1.2 eV similar to that of bulk for the 1200 nm thick film. The variation of the band gap is consistent with the the theoretically predicted layer-dependent band gap of SnSe2. Interestingly, the 400–1200 nm thick films were sensitiveto 1064 nm laser iradiation and the sensitivity increases almost exponentiallly with thickness, while films with 50–140 nm thick are insensitive which is due to the fact that the band gap of thinner films is greater than the energy corresponding to 1064 nm. Over all, our results establish the possibility of engineering the band gap of SnSe2 layered structures by simply controlling the thickness of the film to absorb a wide range of electromagnetic radiation from infra-red to visible range.Item The Role of ICT to Make Teaching-Learning Effective in Higher Institutions of Learning in Uganda(International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2013) Guma, Ali; Faruque A., Haolader; Muhammad, KhushiThe use of ICT in teaching-learning process is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus. The effective integration of this technology into classroom practices poses a challenge to teachers and administrators. This empirical study aimed at finding out the factors influencing use of ICT to make teachinglearning effective in higher institutions of learning in Uganda and identifying the innovations that ICT has brought into teaching-learning process, particularly in higher institutions of learning in Uganda. A survey was employed and in order to empirically investigate the study. The findings of this study revealed that teaching staff and administrators had a strong desire to integrate ICT into teaching-learning processes. The innovations that ICT has brought in teachinglearning process include: E-learning, e-communication, quick access to information, online student registration, online advertisement, reduced burden of keeping hardcopy, networking with resourceful persons, etc. However, the presence of all these factors increased the chance of excellent integration of ICT in teaching-learning process. Therefore, the training of teaching staff in the pedagogical issues and administrators in administration should be increased if teachers and administrators are to be convinced of the value of using ICT in their teaching-learning process and administration.