Browse
Recent Submissions
Item Integrated data-driven credit default prediction in Uganda using machine learning models(Nigerian Society of Physical Sciences, 2025-10-08) George Muddu;; Shefiu Olusegun Ganiyu;; Adekunle Olugbenga Ejidokun ;; Yusuf Abass AleshinloyeThe prediction of credit facility defaulters is quite a challenge in Uganda, particularly for those without a formal banking history. Existing prediction models cater for prediction using conventional banking records which is not sufficient. The use of integrated data to cater for the unbanked population is required to further enhance financial inclusivity and stability in Uganda’s financial landscape. This study therefore aims at filling this gap by using machine learning techniques on a rich blend of financial data, including mobile money and Fintech (Financial Technology) services, as well as traditional banking records. Several machine learning algorithms used for loan default prediction were compared, such as Random Forest, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). Random Forest Model showed 96.66% accuracy, 79.65% recall, 96.52% precision and 0.85 AUC. XGBoost model was found to have an accuracy of 95.23%; recall, 73.32%; precision, 94.11%; and Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.81. However, Random Forest performed best by all metrics with XGBoost following slightly. Logistic Regression showed 89.53% accuracy but had a very low recall at 43.24% and precision at 66.59%. SVM performed averagely with 93.21% accuracy and 62.80% recall all falling below that of XGBoost and Random Forest. Thus, the study revealed the significance of machine learning models like Random Forest and XGBoost for credit scoring prediction. Overall, it will improve the ability of institutions and policymakers to identify potential default borrowers so as to mitigate loan default rates and ensure economic growth in underserved communities through more accurate and inclusive credit evaluation tools.Item Dynamics of participation in utilization of local value chain services: assessing barriers and enablers in Uganda(Taylor & Francis group, 2026-01-02) Emmanuel Bizimungu;; Robert Sparrow;; Ruerd Ruben ;; John RechaIntegrating smallholders into agri-food value chains has become a widely endorsed strategy for transforming food systems and reducing poverty in agrarian communities. However, value chain development initiatives are increasingly criticized for their lack of inclusiveness—benefits tend to accrue to resource-rich households, while marginalized communities are often left behind, exacerbating social inequality. There is no clear consensus on the factors driving disparities in participation and utilization of value chain services. Using panel data from soybean smallholders in Uganda, we trace the evolution of participation in value chain service use. We employ a multinomial logit model to (a) identify the drivers and barriers to participation in value chain (VC) service utilization and (b) examine the determinants of variation in service uptake—specifically, the types and number of services used. While the Multinomial Logit Model is also used to analyse variation in service types, a Two-Part Model is applied to assess participation intensity. Our findings show that barriers such as insecure land tenure, limited education, poor access to credit, and distance from service points hinder inclusive participation. Value chain service delivery appears to operate as a mechanism for selecting more viable participants, suggesting that value chain service providers might be adopting risk-averse strategies that (whether intentionally or unintentionally) can exclude resource-poor households from accessing services. Moreover, exclusion tends to persist even after initial participation in farm-level training, limiting subsequent engagement with input and output market services. We discuss the implications of these findings for fostering more inclusive and resilient food systems.Item An econometric analysis of modernized cereal production in reducing multidimensional poverty in Uganda, 1975-2014(Emerald, 2021-06-21) Emong, Herbert RobertPurpose This study aims to develop an econometric analysis of how modern agriculture can be a fundamental instrument for reducing the levels of multidimensional poverty in Uganda. It demonstrates the importance of agriculture in reducing inequalities amongst the poor while focusing on the relationship between increasing productions from modern agricultural practices and the poverty level across the country. Design/methodology/approach The study explores Box–Jenkins approach to cereal production data with the use of econometric analysis as the main tool to determine the implications of modern agricultural practices in Uganda. Most poor people around the world are in marginalized rural environments, and agriculture provides for their livelihoods. This makes agricultural development crucial for reducing multidimensional poverty on a large scale and needs development within agriculture to be enhanced. Education, health and standard of living are the three dimensions considered from the weighted indicators, amounting to 30%, to be categorized poor in the three dimensions. Findings Modernization of agriculture is an ultimate solution to multidimensional poverty reduction in Uganda through employment generation and the effects of food prices. Shreds of evidence support the theories that agricultural incomes together with the actual wages increase with a general rise in the rural non-agricultural economy. Results depict a close correlation between national income and GDP per capita which is a very significant indication that more application of agricultural technology would lead to a sub sequential improvement of livelihoods engaged in agricultural practices. Originality/value Agriculture remains a vital sector that employs a greater portion of the population in Uganda’s economy. Major roles have been played by the sector in the economy including employment opportunities, rural household incomes, food supplies and a reduction in poverty from a multidimensional front. Exploring the behavior of poverty level using modern agriculture as an indicator and its relationship with the poverty level arising from improved agricultural practices could provide a meaningful display of variation in poverty across the regions at the country level.Item Prior business experience, entrepreneurial intentions, and intention implementation among refugees: an application of the theory of planned behavior(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2026-01-02) Mabunda Baluku, Martin;; Nansubuga, Florence;; Wambi, Eria ;; Nyende, Paul;; Nantamu, SimonAbstract Although refugees are often perceived as a burden to the socioeconomic fabric in some places, entrepreneurship offers a promising avenue for refugees to participate in the economy, secure decent work, and achieve self-reliance. However, refugee entrepreneurship is largely seen as necessity-driven and thus limited personal agency in refugees’ entrepreneurial behavior, which has negative connotations for persistence and success. This paper demonstrates the role of prior entrepreneurial experience in boosting refugees’ personal entrepreneurial agency (represented by entrepreneurial intentions and implementation intentions) through its effects on the antecedents specified in the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The study uses survey data from 404 refugees in Uganda. The participants were drawn from three large refugee settlements. A serial mediation analysis was conducted using PROCESS Macro in SPSS. The results indicate prior entrepreneurial experience positively predicts the TPB antecedent variables, suggesting that entrepreneurial experience is essential for a positive entrepreneurial attitude, subjective norm, and a strong perceived behavioral control (PBC) among refugees. These TPB antecedent variables mediated the effects of prior entrepreneurial experience on entrepreneurial intentions and implementation intentions. Significant double mediation paths were mainly observed via entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions, as well as via perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial intentions. The results indicate that prior experience is a vital resource that can be a foundation for successful refugee entrepreneurship promotion. Thus, active learning approaches that boost experience acquisition can be useful in entrepreneurship training and education interventions. Arrangements such as innovation hubs, apprenticeships, and internships for refugees can be vehicles for active and experiential learning. The study extends the TPB by integrating prior experience as an antecedent of entrepreneurial attitudes, subjective norm, PBC, and implementation intention.Item Public private partnerships and co-production as drivers of effective social safety nets for rural women in Uganda(Springer International Publishing, 2025-12-03) Barah, Chioma Ihuoma;; Siambe, Omweri F.;; Onsarigo, Thomas G. ;; Nyamboga, Tom Ongesa;; Barah, Obinna OnyebuchiAbstract This study examines the effectiveness of Social Safety Net Programs (SSNPs) in empowering rural women in Uganda’s Bushenyi District, focusing on the roles of public–private partnerships (PPPs), policy co-production, and skills enhancement. Using a convergent mixed-methods design, survey data from 124 women beneficiaries were integrated with qualitative insights from six key informant interviews and three focus group discussions. Regression analysis revealed that PPPs are a strong and significant predictor of SSNP effectiveness (β=0.418, p<.001), even after controlling for education (β=0.291, p<.01) and age (β=0.159, p<.05), explaining 59% of the variance in empowerment outcomes (Adjusted R² = 0.576). Qualitative findings showed that participatory design and context-responsive training, particularly in tailoring, agriculture, and financial literacy, enhanced women’s agency, economic independence, and access to services. Engaging African feminist and intersectional perspectives, the study highlights how PPPs and co-production can simultaneously reshape and, at times, reinforce existing power relations. The findings contribute to gender-responsive social protection scholarship by underscoring the need for governance and accountability mechanisms that move beyond transactional aid toward transformative gender equity. Practical recommendations emphasize embedding co-production, education-sensitive interventions, and skills development into SSNPs to advance the Sustainable Development Goals. Keywords Social safety net programs, Women’s empowerment, Collaborative governance, Policy co-production, Gender equity, Public-private partnerships (PPPs)Item Roles of school administrative support supervision on teachers’ competence in the implementation of competency-based curriculum in Lango secondary schools, Uganda(Taylor & Francis group, 2025-12-31) Odit Emmanuel;; Sashapra ChakrawartyThis study examined the influence of school administrative support supervision on teachers’ competence in implementing the Competency-Based Curriculum (CBC) in secondary schools in Uganda’s Lango sub-region. Grounded in Goal Path Theory and Gross’s Theory of Curriculum Implementation, the study employed a quantitative correlational research design to determine the relationship between administrative supervision and teachers’ competence. A sample of thirty-seven secondary schools, comprising public and private institutions, was selected using stratified random sampling techniques. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale and analysed using SPSS version 27. The results revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between school administrative support supervision and teachers’ competence in CBC implementation (r = .857, p < .001). Regression analysis indicated that improvements in administrative supervision significantly predicted increases in teachers’ competence, with the model explaining 73.4 percent of the variance in competence levels (R² = .734). The study contributes novel empirical evidence from a developing-country context by demonstrating that administrative supervision functions not only as an evaluative mechanism but also as a transformative tool that enhances teacher competence and supports effective CBC implementation. It emphasizes sustained, structured supervision as a critical lever for improving curriculum implementation outcomes nationally.Item One people, one destiny’: integrated selves and ‘Kinships’ of nations in the East African Community’s and founding member states’ anthems(Taylor & Francis group, 2025-12-14) Spemba Elias Spemba;; Eliah Sibonike MwaifugeDespite the unification of East African states to form the East African Community, the member states also aspire to grow as integrated selves within the unification. This article draws on African philosophy’s Ubuntu and Benedict Anderson’s (2016) ideas of imagined communities to investigate whether the East African Community’s anthem and those of its three member states enmesh the concepts of individual nations’ self-integration and communal aspirations with the community’s insistence on ‘oneness’. A close reading of Uganda’s, Tanzania’s, and Kenya’s anthems reveals that they symbolically represent individual member states as integrated selves and aspire to fortify communal relations with neighbouring states, thereby signalling that individual states will flourish amongst others—the very things addressed in the EAC’s anthem. Anthems’ fictitious worlds metaphorically shed light on the materialisation of a healthy East African Community and the growth of individual member states, grounded in the principles of self- and communal integration. The paper argues that the EAC’s anthems embody the philosophy of unity and, at the same time, convey the idea of unification among the member states.Item Financial inclusion for economic sustainability: a systems thinking approach(Springer International Publishing, 2025-06-02) Mungar-Jackpersad, Aviksha;; Telukdarie, Arnesh;; Tshukudu, ChristianAbstract Financial inclusion remains a global concern due to the intricate interdependencies among various influencing factors. This research adopts a systems thinking framework to analyse these interconnections and address them. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The qualitative analysis included a systematic literature review, database search, and the PRISMA framework to identify key variables influencing financial inclusion. The quantitative component utilised a word-to-vector methodology to measure semantic relationships among these variables. The findings reveal that while individual factors significantly impact financial inclusion within isolated themes, their influence diminishes when analysed within the broader systemic context. This aligns with the principles of systems thinking, emphasising the complexity of large-scale systems and the interconnected nature of variables. By visualising and quantifying these relationships, the study highlights the limitations of addressing financial inclusion through isolated interventions. The findings underscore the need for integrated, multi-faceted strategies considering systemic interactions. These insights provide a foundation for policymakers and stakeholders to develop more targeted, effective interventions that promote equitable economic development. By understanding how key variables interact within the more extensive system, decision-makers can design policies that address financial inclusion more holistically, ensuring sustainable and impactful solutions across diverse regions. This research contributes to the growing discourse on financial inclusion by offering a structured, data-driven approach to understanding its complexities and guiding strategic policymaking efforts. Keywords Financial inclusion · Financial technology · Economic development · Systems thinkingItem Psychological capital and entrepreneurial success: the mediating role of entrepreneurial bricolage among Ugandan microentrepreneurs(Taylor & Francis group, 2025-06-07) David. Iga;; Samuel Ssekajja Mayanja;; Jotham M. ByarugabaThis study explores the mediating role of entrepreneurial bricolage in the relationship between psychological capital and entrepreneurial success among microentrepreneurs in Kampala, Uganda. A cross-sectional survey design and quantitative approach were employed to collect data from 353 and analyzed through SPSS 23 and AMOS. The findings indicate that entrepreneurial bricolage plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between psychological capital and entrepreneurial success. In otherwords, entrepreneurial bricolage is a conduit through which psychological capital connects to entrepreneurial success. The study specifically focused on Kampala district, as it has the largest concentration of microentrepreneurs, meaning the results may not be generalized to the entire country. The study highlights that microentrepreneurs who cultivate and refine their mental skills, while strategically harnessing both internal resources, such as personal experiences, and external resources, like networks, are more likely to attain business success. This research contributes to entrepreneurship literature by highlighting the dual role of psychological capital and resourcefulness in promoting microenterprise success in resource-constrained environments. Additionally, the study emphasizes the role of psychological capital in shaping microentrepreneurs' decisions on how to creatively combine limited resources to achieve both business and personal goals, drawing on the principles of Entrepreneurial Bricolage theory.Item How do I chase away this man? From Bosco to Dismas, unpacking the situated knowledges of MTN Uganda’s adverts(Informa UK Limited, 2021-10-02) Nasaba, Robert MadoiMuch of the appeal of advertisements or adverts derives from a capacity to satisfy a primordial wish for pleasurable looking. An advert essentially sets out to impress on its audience a sign with easily readable mythic meaning. The unconscious of society, however, structures materiality of adverts in such a way that recognition could quite easily be overlaid with misrecognition. This paper uses semiotics to discover where and how the visual presence of adverts works against their intended hegemonic positions. Drawing upon a poststructuralist theoretical framework, the paper’s findings depart from claims to comprehensiveness and instead show a deferral of meaning. They also embrace plurality whilst questioning the validity of authorial authority. Results indicate that the alienated subject – MTN Uganda’s TV adverts – gave rise to other identification tags because its target audience knowingly and willingly wanted to have agency over their stories. The counternarrative that this paper unearths in part owes its existence to social media’s calling card, social endorsements or affordances, which trigger several decision heuristics. The poststructuralist situated knowledges in this case open themselves for new, unthought-of, and, perhaps, unexpected forms of knowledge production, unfolding from interrelated material-semiotic nodes.Item A “religious revolution”? Print media, sexuality, and religious discourse in Uganda(Informa UK Limited, 2014-12-15) Bompani, Barbara; Brown, S. TerreniRecently, Uganda has made international headlines for the controversial Anti-homosexuality Bill and for a set of tight measures that have limited the freedom of sexual minorities. This article argues that Uganda's growth of Pentecostal-charismatic churches (PCCs) is playing a major role in influencing and defining the Ugandan public sphere, including (but not limited to) the ways in which sex and sexuality are conceptualized by and within Uganda's print media. This article suggests that the socially conservative nature of PCCs is highly influential in shaping the way print media write about sex and sexuality. This is because Pentecostal-charismatic (PC) constituencies constitute a considerable numerical market that print media cannot ignore. Second, PCs actively work toward influencing and shaping public policies, politics, and public spaces, like newspapers, that discuss and address public morality and decency in the country. As this article will show, within a highly “Pentecostalized” public sphere, alternative public discourses on sexuality are not allowed.Item Addressing silences in research on girls’ experiences of teacher sexual violence: insights from Uganda(Informa UK Limited, 2022-10-29) Parkes, Jenny; Bhatia, Amiya; Datzberger, Simone; Nagawa, Rehema; Naker, Dipak; Devries, KarenGrowing evidence from multiple countries in Africa documents sexual violence in schools. However, when that violence is committed by teachers it is shrouded in secrecy. This article identifies disconnects between quantitative and qualitative research, policy and practice, which have contributed to these silences. We address some of these silences through a dialogical analysis of mixed methods data from the Contexts of Violence in Adolescence Cohort study (CoVAC) with young people in Uganda. The analysis illuminates girls’ experiences of sexual violence by school staff, and patterns of discrimination and inequality that increase vulnerabilities. The data reveal how schools vary in their institutional responses and, in the absence of institutional support, girls develop strategies to resist sexual coercion. Overall, our analysis exposes significant disconnects between policies and practices of sexual exploitation in schools. We conclude that dialogical, mixed methods research approaches have strong potential to better understand and address silences in policy and practice on highly sensitive topics.Item Accessibility to micro-finance services by people with disabilities in Bushenyi District, Uganda(Informa UK Limited, 2012-03) Nuwagaba, Ephraim Lemmy; Nakabugo, Millie; Tumukunde, Meldah; Ngirabakunzi, Edson; Hartley, Sally; Wade, AngieThe Poverty Reduction Strategy of the Ugandan Government identified provision of microfinance as one of its interventions. Despite the known connection between poverty and people with disabilities, it remains unclear to what extent this intervention includes or accommodates them. This study seeks to gain a better understanding of how people with physical and sensory disabilities access existing microfinance services in the Bushenyi District of Uganda. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies are used. The findings suggest that people with disabilities are not necessarily denied access to microfinance if they meet the desired requirements. These relate to adequate savings or collateral and perceived trustworthiness. These are seen to be key determinants of success and can be linked to impaired functioning relating to limited mobility, distance, poorer access to information and disabled people’s own negative attitudes. Increasing access and utilization of microfinance services by people with disabilities requires formulation of financial policies that accord them special consideration. At the same time, improvement is needed in the knowledge, attitudes and skills of the people with disabilities themselves and also microfinance providers.Item Decentralization and territorial politics: the dilemma of constructing and managing identities in Uganda(Informa UK Limited, 2013-03) Nsamba, Morris AdamBy examining the process of internal boundary adjustment in the Karamoja region of Uganda, this paper argues that internal boundary adjustments in Uganda have been pursued along ethnic lines, leading to a territorial kind of citizenship and an ethnic ‘containerization’ of communities. Based on an examination of the 2001 and 2011 presidential elections in Uganda's Acholi and Lango regions, the paper further argues that internal administrative boundary adjustments in Uganda have a political usage and meaning that goes beyond the official rhetoric of administrative efficiency used to justify these reforms. Internal boundary adjustment does not, however, always lead to the political ends intended by the ruling party. Both the National Resistance Army/Movement (NRA/M) government and opposition parties have attempted, and benefitted from, internal boundary adjustments. The empirical data presented are based on official reports and documents from the Government of Uganda, Electoral Commission election reports, and a review of published books, journals and newspapers articles.Item Challenges to the Acquisition of Literacy in Rural Primary Schools in Northern Uganda(Informa UK Limited, 2020-01-02) Ssentanda, Medadi; Asiimwe, AllenLiteracy in the early years is crucial but attained amidst various challenges, especially in the Global South. Based on fieldwork conducted in October 2018 in four primary schools in Gulu district, Acoli region, northern Uganda, this study investigates school characteristics and facilities available to learners and teachers to scaffold the acquisition of literacy in the early years of schooling. These are discussed within the framework of Uganda’s mother-tongue education programme with a focus on the challenges of literacy acquisition. Data were collected from four schools by means of questionnaires, classroom interactions, and interviews, and were analysed through triangulation. The findings suggest that there are difficulties to attaining literacy within the MT education programme. Some of the challenges relate to teachers’ attitudes and practices, lack of school materials, poor school conditions, and large learner numbers per class. The implications of the observed challenges to literacy acquisition are discussed.Item Compliance with IAS Disclosure Requirements by Financial Institutions in Uganda(Informa UK Limited, 2005-12-06) Sejjaaka, Samuel K.This study examines the extent of compliance by financial institutions (banks, and insurance firms) with IAS issued by the IASB and adopted in 1999 in Uganda. Despite the banking crisis of the 1990s and the drive to attract more foreign direct investment, we find that the extent of disclosure in the financial sector in terms of compliance with IAS is still poor. When we compare the disclosure scores for the two groups, we find that the scores are not significantly different. This indicates that the problem of low compliance is sector wide, and regulators need to improve on the standard of reporting in Uganda in order to improve acceptability of annual reports.Item Conflicts, poverty and human development in Northern Uganda(Informa UK Limited, 2005-09) Nannyonjo, JustineThe long-running conflict in Northern Uganda has led to major violations of human rights against civilians, destruction of infrastructure and reduced access to social services, and has paralysed economic activity. Creating peace and fostering reconciliation in the region have not been successful either, thereby hindering development and relief activities, which are further constrained by insufficient funding, and lack of capacity at the district and community levels. The main challenges for reconstruction in Northern Uganda are therefore to: 1) achieve peace and reconciliation; 2) provide basic social services to the affected areas; 3) strengthen government capacity to coordinate development and relief activities; and 4) harmonize interventions by the various stakeholders to achieve increased flexibility and transparency.Item Ethnic pluralism and the challenge of thematic curriculum implementation in Uganda(Informa UK Limited, 2019-09-30) Amone, CharlesUganda has been developing and revising its curricula since the time of British colonial rule. The latest revision of the primary education curriculum led to the introduction of the Thematic Curriculum in 2007. This curriculum requires the use of pupils' mother tongues as languages of instruction from Primary One to Three and then English from Primary Five to Seven. Primary Four is a transitional year. Several studies have indicated that the Thematic Curriculum has been a failure. Although various reasons have been advanced for the challenges of the Thematic Curriculum, the greatest setback seems to be ethnic pluralism. Using in-depth interviews with teachers, parents, education officials and pupils, I investigated how ethnic pluralism impeded the implementation of the Thematic Curriculum in Uganda. I found that most districts in Uganda are multi-ethnic and therefore multi-lingual making it difficult to choose the dominant mother tongue to use as a language of instruction. Even when the dominant language is identified, the pupils and teachers are in most cases from diverse ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. This study recommends the introduction of a national language to be used as medium of instruction at the lower levels of education in Uganda.Item Work from home can be distracting: Exploring the moderation role oftransformational leadership on teleworking and cyber-slacking(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025-01-02) Kyambade, Mahadih;; Namatovu, Afulah;; Ssentumbwe, Abdul Male ;; Tushabe, MonicaThis study examines the association between teleworking and cyber-slacking amonglecturers in higher institutions of learning in Uganda. Further emphasis is to investi-gate the moderation role of transformational leadership on the association.Quantitative data was collected using self-administered questionnaires from 240 aca-demic staff from higher institutions of learning from in Uganda. Data were analyzedusing Process Macro version 3.2 to ascertain the moderation role of transformationalleadership on the association between teleworking and cyber-slacking. The resultsindicate a significant positive association between teleworking and cyber-slaking. Italso found out a negative significant association between transformational leadershipand cyber-slacking. Furthermore, the study found out that transformational leadershipmoderates the association between teleworking and cyber-slacking. Institutions ofhigher learning should invest in leadership training programs aimed at developingtransformational leadership competencies among academic and administrative lead-ers. These programs should focus on enhancing communication skills, fostering a sup-portive work environment, and promoting a culture of accountability andempowerment. Leaders should communicate clear expectations regarding teleworkingarrangements, including performance standards, communication protocols, andacceptable internet use policies. The study is one of a kind and first to investigate therole of transformational leadership on the association between teleworking and cyber-slacking especially amongst institutions of higher learning putting emphasis on adeveloping nation like UgandaItem An Insight into Uganda’s New Sentencing Guidelines: A Replica of Individualization?(Federal Sentencing Reporter, 2014-10-05) Kamuzze, JulietThe Ugandan Taskforce on developing sentencing guidelines recently drafted sentencing guidelines for Uganda, which were issued as practice directions by the Chief Justice to assist judges and magistrates in the sentencing decision making process. Like in many other jurisdictions, the sentencing guidelines have been developed to address the perceived existence of inconsistencies in sentencing of similarly placed offenders. This article offers the first insight into Uganda's new sentencing guideline reform. Part I offers some brief commentary on the nature of discretionary sentencing in Uganda. This is followed by a concise chronology of the historical origins of the guidelines, including a brief commentary on the Ugandan Supreme Court decision in the Kigula case that abolished the mandatory death penalty. This decision created a new era of discretionary capital sentencing in Uganda, which later precipitated the need for the development of the guidelines. The third section provides an insight into the main features of the sentencing guidelines, including the composition and mandate of the Ugandan Taskforce that drafted the sentencing guidelines and a brief commentary on the scope and contents of the guidelines. This section addresses some important weaknesses confronting the Uganda guidelines. The article suggests that the Ugandan Taskforce crafted the guidelines on a loose definition of consistency which has given consistency as the main goal of the guidelines a meaningless function. The article concludes that consistency would be given a meaningful function if Uganda's guidelines are modeled on a limiting retributivism justification.