Books and Book Abstracts

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Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health in Uganda: Results from the 2004 National Survey of Adolescents
(Alan Guttmacher Institute., 2006) Neema, Stella; Ahmed, Fatima H.; Kibombo, Richard; Bankole, Akinrinola
Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa face many hurdles,including balancing the expectations of the traditional,often conservative, norms against the increasing exposure, through the mass media, to modern ideals. The sexual and reproductive health of adolescents is one area in which this struggle is often apparent, and many young people engage in sexual activities with little or no knowledge about how to protect themselves against the risks of infection and unwanted pregnancy. An estimated 6.9 percent of women and 2.2 percent of men aged 15–24 in the region were living with HIV at the end of 2004. Furthermore, about one in 10 young women have had a premarital birth by age 20. In Uganda, evidence from the AIDS Information Centre shows that, among 15–24-year-olds who were first-time testers, HIV seroprevalence was 3% among men and 10% among women in 2002. Furthermore, in 2000–2001, 39% of recent births to Ugandan adolescents were either mistimed or unwanted.
Application of a Class of Preconditioners to Large Scale Linear Programming Problems
(Springer, 1999) Baryamureeba, Venansius; Steihaug, Trond; Zhang, Yin
In most interior point methods for linear programming, a sequence of weighted linear least squares problems are solved, where the only changes from one iteration to the next are the weights and the right hand side. The weighted least squares problems are usually solved as weighted normal equations by the direct method of Cholesky factorization. In this paper, we consider solving the weighted normal equations by a preconditioned conjugate gradient method at every other iteration. We use a class of preconditioners based on a low rank correction to a Cholesky factorization obtained from the previous iteration. Numerical results show that when properly implemented, the approach of combining direct and iterative methods is promising
Arbitrary States :Social Control and Modern Authoritarianism in Museveni's Uganda
(Oxford University Press, 2021)
In recent years, scholars of authoritarianism have noted a trend in which institutions designed to check arbitrary power have been hollowed out to facilitate its exercise. As they grapple with how to understand the disjunct between state institutions and enforcement power, scholars of sub-Saharan African states have been doing so for decades. Based on in-depth field research on local security in Museveni’s Uganda, Tapscott offers an innovative and provocative contribution to studies of authoritarianism and state consolidation: rulers maintain control by creating unpredictability in the everyday lives of local authorities and ordinary citizens. In this type of modern authoritarian regime, rulers institutionalize arbitrariness to limit the space for political action, while they keep citizens marginally engaged in the democratic process. By showing not just that unpredictability matters for governance, but also how it is manufactured and sustained, this book challenges and extends cutting-edge scholarship on authoritarianism, the state, and governance.
The Art of Oratory in Jurisprudence
(Jescho Publishing House, 2022) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
Lawyers often speak before adjudicators, city councils, planning commissions, and give talks to civic groups, business executives, or company employees. They even give media interviews on behalf of clients. For certain individuals, it falls into place without any issues. It’s a piece of their characters. In any case, for the individuals who aren’t sure or have stage dread can generally work on speaking and oratory skills. It’s progressively essential to be a viable open speaker if you mean to be a litigator. Judges and juries will anticipate it. Restricting insight will be prepared to jump if you need certainty or on the off chance that you continually slip up when making your contentions in court. It is a highstress condition and you should be agreeable introducing your case as well as having the option to think and react quickly when being tested by your appointed authority. For attorneys, this is significantly increasingly significant. Individuals believe that since you’re a legal counsellor, you’re consequently a dauntless and splendid open speaker. We legal advisors all realize this isn’t in every case valid. This desire, however, is one motivation behind why it’s progressively significant for legal advisors to have great talking abilities than it is for some other experts. As a legal advisor, it’s important that you realize how to convince an adjudicator or council, or address a gathering of professionals, investors, or meeting members.
Building a Great Future: The Legacy of Bishop Tucker Theological College
(Uganda Christian University Publications, 2013) Byaruhanga, Christopher; Nassaka Banja, Olivia
As Bishop Tucker School of Divinity and Theology/Uganda Christian University celebrate her centenary, we look back and thank God who in his Grace began a church leaders’ school on Namirembe hill in 1903 that later moved to Mukono hill in 1913. The vision of Bishop Alfred Robert Tucker to equip native leadership of the church is the blessing of God which we continue to celebrate to this date. This vision was further facilitated by the generosity of Buganda kingdom leaders such Ham Mukasa who gave land to the college which is a valuable resource and sign of God’s providence that we continue to celebrate. Bishop Tucker Theological College’s (BTTC) motto was ‘called to serve and with that motto the college gave birth to Uganda Christian University in 1997. The theological school in this university is now called Bishop Tucker School of Divinity And Theology. The school continues to grow and the legacy of BTTC still lives on. God is doing great things through the school with mission to train men and women for biblically grounded pastoral and academic ministry, train them in godly living, equip them to preach, evangelize teach, care for, and pastor God ‘s people in knowledge and love of God throughout the world. The vision at the heart of the school is to prepare faithful leaders who are called to serve God in both church ministry and public life. With this mission and vision the school continues to Influence all the university faculties with foundations of faith and ethics rooted in the bible. By serving in other faculties in the university we see leadership in all spheres of life being touched and influenced by God to serve faithfully with the understanding that he is the Alpha and Omega. Thus building leadership that is rooted in the knowledge of Jesus Christ with the awareness that it is God who called them to serve, faithfully in the church and society. In this way the legacy of BTTC still continues
Building Gender Research Capacity for Non-Specialists: Lessons and Best Practices from Gender Short Courses for Agricultural Researchers in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019-11-22) Margaret Najjingo Mangheni; Hale Ann Tufan; Boonabana, Brenda; Musiimenta, Peace; Miiro, Richard; Njuki, Jemimah
Investments in gender training for agricultural researchers have not attained expected outcomes, bringing into question the efficacy of training approaches used. New approaches for transformative gender training need to draw on lessons learned from previous courses. This chapter analyses short gender training courses identified using a scoping methodology. Selected courses offered between 2005 and 2015 for scientists in Eastern Africa were critiqued against a theoretical framework for transformative gender training. Also shared is a training model (Gender Responsive Researchers Equipped for Agricultural Transformation course) that addresses gaps in previous courses. The chapter identifies critical lessons for facilitating transformative gender training for non-gender research practitioners which include the need for inter-disciplinary grounding in the disciplines of gender and agriculture, having a phased course delivery and the value of continuous technical support during and after training. Gender training models should also allow for the deepening of gender awareness and consciousness by providing safe spaces for personal reflections on the root causes of gender inequalities and for the questioning of the internalized norms and biases.
Cannabis and Associated Medicinal Herbs in Uganda
(Jescho Publishing House, 2022) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
Cannabis is a drug plant. People use the dried leaves, seed oil, and other parts of the cannabis plant for recreational and medicinal purposes. It can have a pleasurable effect and may soothe the symptoms of various conditions, such as chronic pain. It is prudent to say that the first written record of the plant consumption and growing is in South Africa. Jan van Riebeeck, who ordered officers of the Voorman to purchase "daccha" in Natal for trade with the Khoikhoi. The Dutch East India Company attempted to establish a monopoly on its sale, and to that end prohibited cultivation of the plant by Cape settlers from 1680. However, the ready availability of cannabis in the wild and through trade with indigenous peoples meant that there was little profit to be made. Consequently, the prohibition was lifted in 1700. Beginning in 1860, the Natal Colony began to import Indian workers (called "coolies" at the time) to supplement their labour force. These Indians brought with them the habit of consuming cannabis and hashish, which blended with local, extant African traditions. The European authorities were concerned by this practice, believing it sapped the vitality of their workers; consequently, in 1870, Natal's Coolie Law Consolidation prohibited "the smoking, use, or possession by and the sale, barter, or gift to, any Coolies whatsoever, of any portion of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) ..."
Climate Risk in Africa: Adaptation and Resilience
(Springer Nature, 2021) Conway, Declan; Vincent, Katharine
This open access book highlights the complexities around making adaptation decisions and building resilience in the face of climate risk. It is based on experiences in sub-Saharan Africa through the Future Climate For Africa (FCFA) applied research programme. It begins by dealing with underlying principles and structures designed to facilitate effective engagement about climate risk, including the robustness of information and the construction of knowledge through co-production. Chapters then move on to explore examples of using climate information to inform adaptation and resilience through early warning, river basin development, urban planning and rural livelihoods based in a variety of contexts. These insights inform new ways to promote action in policy and praxis through the blending of knowledge from multiple disciplines, including climate science that provides understanding of future climate risk and the social science of response through adaptation. The book will be of interest to advanced undergraduate students and postgraduate students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners in geography, environment, international development and related disciplines.
Cloud RAN and MEC: A Perfect Pairing
(ETSI MEC, 2018) Reznik, Alex; Murillo, Luis Miguel Contreras; Fontes, Francisco; Turyagyenda, Charles; Wehner, Christof; Zheng, Zhou
CRAN and MEC are highly complementary technologies. Collocating these helps make the economics of each of them significantly more attractive. Collocating CRAN and MEC also helps an MNO to support (and generate revenue from) some of the key 5G applications that it would not be able to support otherwise. However, to realize these advantages, mobile operators have to overcome challenges associated with co location, as well as maximize the return that can be made from MEC. We identify and discuss challenges in the management, security, networking and regulatory domains. We argue that these issues are surmountable and the industry is well-positioned to deploy this potentially revolutionary new technology. Moreover collocation can also enable MEC services (e.g. the ETSI defined Radio Network Information API, Location API, UE Identity API and Bandwidth Management API) to exploit CRAN and enable MEC applications to exploit CRAN information. Mobile operators could, for example, resolve the management complexities associated with multiple IaaS stacks, while monetizing services like RNIS, which are unique to MEC edge clouds.
Collaboratively reimagining teaching and learning
(Teaching and Learning Futures, 2023) Flora, Fabian; Jonathan, Harle; Kalimasi, Perpetua; Kilonzo, Rehema; Lamaro, Gloria; Luswata, Albert; David, Monk; Ngowi, Edwin; Nzegwu, Femi; Sikalieh, Damary
In 2020, the African Regional Forum on Sustainable Development proclaimed Africa would only attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) if “universities in Africa collaborate in research, teaching and community or societal engagement” (Ligami, 2020). In 2022, the UNESCO World Higher Education conference called on universities to “reshape ideas and practices in higher education to ensure sustainable development for the planet and humanity” (UNESCO, 2022). While there are regular calls for African universities to improve their teaching, finding ways to do this within the resources and the available time in already stretched institutions, at the scale required, have proven elusive. This chapter is a reflexive exercise, discussing the work of an international partnership, Transforming Employability for Social Change in East Africa (TESCEA), that aimed to reshape habits of teaching and learning in institutions of higher education. We, as TESCEA partners and authors of this chapter, hope that our example can make a significan contribution towards understanding how change can happen in higher education, and particularly in resource-constrained settings. We begin by presenting our approach and then offer reflections on the change we observed, the ways in which this was achieved, and the challenges we encountered along the way
Comparative Studies of Orphans and Non-Orphans in Uganda
(Center for International Health and Development, 2004) Munaaba, Flavia; Owor, Joseph; Baguma, Peter; Musisi, Seggane; Mugisha, Frank; Muhangi, Denis
There are now in Uganda more than two million orphans, i.e. children under 18 years old who have lost one or both of their parents. Roughly one in every five children is an orphan and one in every four households in the country is caring for at least one orphan. As a follow-up to a Situation Analysis of Orphans in Uganda in 2002, this monograph presents six studies carried out by Ugandan researchers in 2003 and 2004 on different aspects of the orphan crisis about which the Situation Analysis found inadequate data. Five studies focused on the following: the comparative psycho-social situation of orphans relative to other children (two studies), the legal issues (such as property grabbing and abuse) which they face, suspected differential care-giving practices, and whether orphans face greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV/AIDS). The sixth study conducted a comparative evaluation of an orphan support and intervention effort to determine its impact and to test a particular evaluation approach. The results of these studies have already contributed to the preparatory discussions and formulation of the Uganda National Policy on Orphans as well as to the Uganda National Strategic Program Plan of Interventions for Orphans which were produced in 2004.
A Comprehensive Review on 2D and 3D Models of Vertical Ground Heat Exchangers
(Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 2018) Cui, Yuanlong; Zhu, Jie; Twaha, Ssennoga; Riffat, Saffa
The ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) have been extensively applied to commercial and residential buildings owing to their high-energy efficiencies and low running costs. The key component of the GSHP is a ground heat exchanger (GHE). The state-of-the-art two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) heat transfer models for borehole heat exchanger (BHE) and energy pile (EP) systems are reviewed in this paper. The physical procedures of heat transfer and the derivation of energy conservation within different channels of BHE (e.g., U-, W-, helical-shaped or coaxial-shaped) are summarized, in addition to the primary merits and demerits of each model. The main influencing factors on 2D and 3D model solutions including axial heat transfer, friction heat, spacing shack, thermal resistance, thermal short-circuiting between the inlet-pipe and outlet-pipe, are analysed and compared. Furthermore, various applications of these 2D and 3D models are elaborated. Finally, the recommendations, standpoints and potential future research on BHE heat transfer model are highlighted. It is believed that the work presented will contribute to the record of information and experiences necessary to develop BHEs for GSHP systems.
The Context of the Assessment
(United Nations, 2016) Harris, Peter; Tuhumwire, Joshua
Consider how dependent upon the ocean we are. The ocean is vast – it covers seven-tenths of the planet. On average, it is about 4,000 metres deep. It contains 1.3 billion cubic kilometres of water (97 per cent of all water on Earth). But there are now about seven billion people on Earth. So we each have just one-fifth of a cubic kilometre of ocean to provide us with all the services that we get from the ocean. That small, one-fifth of a cubic kilometre share produces half of the oxygen each of us breathes, all of the sea fish and other seafood that each of us eats. It is the ultimate source of all the freshwater that each of us will drink in our lifetimes. The ocean is a highway for ships that carry across the globe the exports and imports that we produce and consume. It contains the oil and gas deposits and minerals on and beneath the seafloor that we increasingly need to use. The submarine cables across the ocean floor carry 90 per cent of the electronic traffic on which our communications rely. Our energy supply will increasingly rely on wind, wave and tide power from the ocean. Large numbers of us take our holidays by the sea. That one fifth of a cubic kilometre will also suffer from the share of the sewage, garbage, spilled oil and industrial waste which we produce and which is put into the ocean every day. Demands on the ocean continue to rise: by the year 2050 it is estimated that there will be 10 billion people on Earth. So our share (or our children’s share) of the ocean will have shrunk to one-eighth of a cubic kilometre. That reduced share will still have to provide each of us with sufficient amounts of oxygen, food and water, while still receiving the pollution and waste for which we are all responsible.
The Curse of Sisyphus: Why democracy isn’t necessarily good for press freedom in Africa
(Development, 2013) Onyango-Obbo, Charles
The advent of plural politics in Africa was also accompanied by burgeoning press freedom. It was assumed that a free press would underpin the democratic gains and allow for multiple ideas to flourish. Yet the record seems to suggest that things are different. The press is increasingly under attack from governments on the one hand who seek to weaken its capacity to be an effective message bearer, and on the other, the press itself is also adapting to and effectively exploiting regional differences in order to maximize its own profits, perhaps at the expense of national unity.
Decentralization and Development in Contemporary Uganda
(Routledge, 2018-12-07) Green, Elliott
There has long been an emphasis on the importance of decentralization in providing better quality public services in the developing world. In order to assess the effectiveness of decentralization I examine here the case study of Uganda, which has seen major decentralization of power over the last quarter-century. In particular the current government has introduced a five-tiered local government structure, decentralized both fiscal and political power to local governments and introduced regular local government elections. However, initial excitement about Uganda's decentralization programme has tapered off in recent years due to a number of problems outlined here. In particular, I show that decentralization in Uganda has suffered from a lack of independence from central government control, which has led to a lack of effectiveness in the provision of high quality public goods.
Democracy and the Discourse on Relevance Within the Academic Profession at Makerere University
(African Minds, 2013) Felde, Andrea; Halvorsen, Tor; Myrtveit, Anja; Øygard, Reidar
Democracy and the Discourse of Relevance is set against the backdrop of the spread of neoliberal ideas and reforms since the 1980s, accepting also that these ideas are rooted in a longer history. It focuses on how neoliberalism has worked to transform the university sector and the academic profession. In particular, it examines how understandings of, and control over, what constitutes relevant knowledge have changed. Taken as a whole, these changes have sought to reorient universities and academics towards economic development in various ways. This includes the installation of strategies for how institutions and academics achieve recognition and status within the academy, the privatisation of educational services and the downgrading of the value of public higher education, as well as a steady shift away from the public funding for universities. Research universities are increasingly adopting a user- and market-oriented model, with an emphasis on meeting corporate demands, the privileging of short-term research, and a strong tendency to view utility, and the potential to sell intellectual property for profit, as primary criteria for determining the relevance of academic knowledge. The privatisation of education services and the reorienting of universities towards the needs of the ‘knowledge economy’ have largely succeeded in transforming the discourse around the role of the academic profession in society, including in many African countries. Makerere University in Uganda has often been lauded as an example of successful transformation along neoliberal lines. However, our research into the working lives of academics at Makerere revealed a very different picture. Far from epitomising the allegedly positive outcomes of neoliberal reform, academics and postgraduate students interviewed at Makerere provide worrying insights into the undermining of a vibrant and independent academic culture. The stories of the ordinary academics on the ground, the empirical focus of the book, are in contrast to the claimed successes of the university; and the official stories of the university leadership and administration paint a picture of an academic profession in crisis. With diminishing influence on deciding what is relevant knowledge and thus on processes of democratization of their own institution and society, academic freedom is also losing its value. This perspective from the ground-level exposes the many problems that neoliberal reforms have created for academics at Makerere, leaving them feeling disempowered, often reducing them to the status of consultants. We also show how a range of local initiatives are steadily increasing resistance to the neoliberal model. We consider how academics and others can further mobilise to regain control over what knowledge is considered relevant, and thereby deepen democracy. In so doing, we aim to highlight some responses and actions that have proven effective so far. Democracy and the Discourse of Relevance will hopefully help to change the systems that value knowledge in ways that are driving research institutions towards competitive and market-like behaviour. We also aim to contribute to contemporary debates about what knowledge is relevant.
Demystifying the Order from Above: Uganda versus the Attorney General, when the forces exceed their constitutional mandate
(Jescho Publishing House, 2021) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
The law of criminal procedure lays down the machinery by which suspects are brought to court, tried and if found guilty, punished. Criminal procedure can also be defined as the means by which criminal law is enforced and involves the balancing of the liberty of the citizen against the interests of the community as a whole. The scope of criminal procedure extends over a wide perimeter from prevention and investigation of crime to prosecution and punishment of the offender. As far as human rights are concerned, every Ugandan citizen has a right to liberty. This presupposes that the freedom enjoyed by the citizens can only be limited according to the provisions of the law and anything done without heeding the same is said to be arbitrary. The Uganda Police Force is mandated under Section 4 of the Police Act to; protect the life, property and other rights of the individual, maintain security within Uganda, enforce the law, ensure public safety and order and detect and prevent crime in the society. In order to fulfill this mandate the Police is legally empowered to conduct arrests, searches and institute criminal proceedings. However, the in manner in which the Police has conducted numerous arrests over time, has left many Ugandans sceptical as to whether the Police is indeed a custodian of law and order. Many have witnessed brutal arrests of politicians, on television and in newspapers over time and even more recently when Police was dispersing people from political consultative sessions of presidential opposition candidates like Amama Mbabazi and Kiiza Besigye. The question that continues to linger is how should these arrests be conducted under the law? Benjamin Odoki, in his book, Justice: A Guide to Criminal Procedure in Uganda, 1990, analyses the aspect of arrests by the government. It discusses the procedure of an arrest as enshrined in the laws of Uganda, the rights of an accused person, a suspect and even a convict. The book, in principle, analyses the time before an arrest is carried out; the time and manner of the arrest; and the events that follow the arrest. The book discusses the Miranda rule that guarantees that persons detained by police will not be interrogated in a way that places them at a disadvantage. The book also explores the aspect of searches on people’s property; how and when these searches should be conducted in accordance with the law. The book demystifies the highly volatile discussion of use of reasonable force while carrying out arrests. It lays out the threshold of what amounts to reasonable force and envisages circumstances where force is necessary to effect and arrest. The book also sheds light on the fundamental presumption of innocence and how this presumption should ordinarily be treated. Consequently, the book highlights the abuses that have and can be occasioned following the disregard or misunderstanding of this notion. The book reviews the principle of preventive arrest in light of human rights and its use as a tool of oppression. The book also labours to demystify the difference between the different armed groups in the country. It majorly indicates the difference between the police and the army and how their roles are different. It postulates the instances where this thin line of difference has been overstepped by either group and how catastrophic this action has proven to be overtime. It elaborates on the Posse Comitatus principle that argues against any military intrusion into civilian affairs. The book also tries to put into perspective the different groups being formed and revived in the country in the guise of maintaining law, peace and order. These groups include the Local Defence Units, Crime preventers and the like. The book attempts to place them under the different laws promulgated for the governance of the people of Uganda. The book also concerns itself with the aspect of obtaining confessions and admissions from arrested persons for purposes of presenting the same as evidence before courts of law. There have been instances where arrested persons have been coerced into confessions which have led to false imprisonments. The book also discusses aspects of finding no case against arrested people and the notion of nolle proseque; and the aspect of compensation for the people that have been falsely convicted or wrongfully arrested. The book discusses the issue of liability for police brutality. It discusses the vicarious liability of the Government in civil proceedings as master and employer of police officers for acts of police officers done within the course of duty. The book also considers personal liability of Police officers for their reckless acts in law enforcement and the possibility of the Police opening up investigations and commencing criminal proceedings against its officers. As a bonus, the book briefly discusses part of civil law that is relevant to the issues enunciated above.
Depression and Suicidal Behavior in Uganda
(Makere University., 2005) Ovuga, Emilio
Depression and suicide ideation are prevalent in the general population but their recognition and detection in primary care is problematic. The present study investigated the reliability and validity of the RISLE and its potential use in detecting depressed and/or suicidal individuals in the general population. Methods of study Members of the general population in two districts of Uganda, Adjumani and Bugiri, and fresh students at Makerere University, participated in the study. Two pilot studies were conducted before the collection of data: at Makerere University among fresh students sampled from all faculties in 2001, and in each of the districts in the course of interviewer and research assistants’ training in 2002. Makerere University, Uganda National Council for Science and Technology and the Ethical Committee at Karolinska Institutet approved the study. The Dean of Students and the health and civic leaderships of the respective study sites granted further permission for the study. Analysis Data analysis comprised of general descriptive analysis. Principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis were used to refine the RISLE and construct a shorter 36-item version. Receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to determine sensitivity and specificity of the short RISLE. The determination of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios, and Cohen’s kappa values at several cut-off points were made to determine the level of agreement between the RISLE and clinical interview method as the gold standard in the study. Validity was assessed by comparing results obtained with the RISLE to results obtained with the 13- item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the 21-item Beck Scale for Suicide ideation (BSS). Results Results revealed good concurrent validity and reliability of both the longer and shorter versions of the RISLE and high correlations between both versions. The probability of a correct detection of an individual with current depressive disorder was 79%, any current psychiatric disorder was 83% and past month suicidality was 83%. Cut-off points varied according to the nature of population studied. The cut-off point for the population in Adjumani district was 10 for any current psychiatric disorder, and 6 for any psychiatric disorder among students. Sensitivity and specificity of the RISLE at cut-off points 10 and 6 were 74.6% and 77.1%, and 88.1% and 60.4% respectively. Positive predictive values for current psychiatric disorder were 82.0% and 75.6% at cut-off points of 10 and 6 respectively. Agreement between the RISLE and clinical interview method was 0.508 at cutoff point 10 for the general population and 0.501 at cut-off point 6 for students. Thirty six percent of the respondents in the general population reported a lifetime experience of suicide ideation and 13% had experienced this in the previous week. The overall prevalence of probably clinically significant depression (BDI score of 20-39) in the general population was 17.4%. Higher rates of suicide ideation and depressed mood were found in females and residents of Adjumani district. Students entering Makerere University showed high prevalence of mental health problems. Conclusions The results of the present study show that the RISLE may be used in conjunction with clinical interview method in the detection and confirmation of individuals with current psychiatric illness and suicidal feelings in the general population. Further work is required to establish its worth as a screening device and its performance in different populations.
Development and social policy reform in Uganda: The slow emergence of a social protection agenda (1986-2014)
(Centre for Social Science Research University of Cape Town, 2014) Grebe, Eduard; Mubiru, John Bosco
This paper provides a broad overview of the evolution of development and welfare policy—and the politics surrounding—it in Uganda, but focuses primarily on the increasing prominence of social protection, especially cash transfers, on the domestic political agenda. It analyses both how and why the development and social policy agendas almost fully excluded social protection prior to 2002, but then increasingly embraced it, especially since 2006. Non-contributory social assistance in the form of cash transfers have not traditionally played a significant role in Ugandan development and poverty reduction policy, with policymakers tending to focus on economic growth as a source of prosperity (expected to extend to all sections of society), with opponents seeing cash transfers (and social assistance more broadly) as unaffordable and counter-productive ‘hand-outs’ that create dependence on the state and disincentivise productive work. From the early 2000s donors, sections of the bureaucracy and civil society promoted cash transfers with limited success. But after 2006, systematic promotion of cash transfers started to bear fruit, and from 2010 a largely donor-funded cash transfer pilot scheme known as the Social Assistance Grants for Empowerment (SAGE) programme has been implemented in fourteen districts (with a fifteenth added in 2013). The paper describes the evolution of Ugandan development policy and highlight the political factors that have in the past been obstacles to social protection programmes featuring prominently on the development agenda (including the predominant socio-economic development paradigm, negative elite attitudes, resistance from conservative technocrats and lack of familiarity among key decision-makers) and examine how these have increasingly been overcome by the proponents of social protection. While donors have played a critical role in the promotion of social protection and cash transfers, other actors—including civil society and social development bureaucrats—and macropolitical factors (including electoral competition, changing international development discourse, emerging evidence from other countries, etc.), have also contributed to increased domestic political support. We conclude that the very existence of SAGE and the politics surrounding the pilot indicate a significant change in attitudes among a large proportion of policy-makers, including some historically sceptical technocrats, and political leaders, but that resistance is likely to continue from certain quarters and that the future of cash transfers remains uncertain.
Digital Money: the law of cryptocurrency and cryptography
(Jescho Publishing House, 2022) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
Ordinarily, a cryptocurrency is a digital currency. Crypto currencies are digital assets that are designed to effect electronic payments without the participation of a central authority or intermediary such as a Central Bank or licensed financial institution. It is a medium of exchange that is in the form of digital asset and is designed to use strong cryptography in securing financial transactions; the control of creating additional units; and verifying asset transfer. Put more simply, it is a digital currency in which transactions are verified and records maintained by a decentralized system using cryptography, rather than by a centralized authority. Cryptocurrencies’ may have an effect of bypassing the traditional established centralized systems of money transaction control and this factor has to some minor extent contributed to the skepticism that some economies have towards adopting this trend. In the making of Bit coins, the framers envisioned a world here people would use this digital currency for almost all transactions. No wander still, that the traditional banking system wants to control or eliminate bitcoin. Despite the skepticism surrounding Bitcoins, some countries have endorsed it. El Salvador was the first country to use bitcoin as legal tender, alongside the US dollar.1 Japan and the U.K have also gone miles in promoting the using of bitcoins. Bitcoins being virtual and secured by cryptography, gives another important bypass to common day challenges in the money market like counterfeiting and double spending. They fall under a decentralized system based on block chain technology.

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