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Abortion and Postabortion Care In Uganda: A Report from Health Care Professionals and Health Facilities
(Occasional Report, 2005) Prada, Elena; Mirembe, Florence; Ahmed, Fatima H.; Nalwadda, Rose; Kiggundu, Charles
Women in Uganda today give birth to almost seven children, on average—two more children than they would prefer. In fact, nearly 40% of all births in 2000 were unwanted or mistimed, up from 29% of births only five years earlier. Only 23% of married women were using contraceptives in 2000, although this proportion was about five times that in 1988. Given such facts about the gap between their desired family size and their actual fertility, as well as their low likelihood of using contraceptives, it is not surprising that many women turn to abortion. Abortion is illegal in Uganda unless a woman’s pregnancy endangers her life. As a result, the procedure is performed in secrecy and often under dangerous conditions. There are no official statistics even on abortion complications, but what data are available indicate that unsafe abortion in Uganda is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality.
Acute Metam Sodium Poisoning Caused by Occupational Exposure at a Flower Farm — Uganda, October 2016
(Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2018) Nakubulwa, Susan; Kusiima, Joy; Kadobera, Daniel; Mutyoba, Joan N.; Ario, Alex R.; Zhu, Bao-Ping
On October 25, 2016, media reports alerted the Uganda Ministry of Health to an outbreak of >80 cases of vomiting, syncope, and acute diarrhea among workers at a flower farm in central Uganda; 27 workers were hospitalized. On November 1, an investigation was undertaken by the Uganda Public Health Fellowship Program.* A case-control study found that working inside greenhouse 7, which had been fumigated with the organosulfur compound metam sodium the night of October 13, was strongly associated with illness. Employees who worked in this greenhouse during October 14–21 reported a strong “suffocating” smell in the greenhouse. Investigation revealed that, in violation of safety protocols, workers did not properly cover the soil after fumigation, allowing vapors to become trapped inside the greenhouse
Analysis of HIV therapy in the liver using optimal control and pharmacokinetics
(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2025-01-29) Nampala, Hasifa;; Jabłońska-Sabuka, Matylda;; Singull, Martin
The main burden in treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection currently, is the side effects of the antiretroviral therapy (ART) used, because each treatment is toxic to the liver. This study uses optimal control theory applied to a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of HIV infection in the liver. The optimal controls are presented as therapy efficacy of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), integrase inhibitors (INs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). An objective function is defined with an aim to investigate the optimal control strategy that minimises toxicity, viral load and cost of first-line and second-line HIV regimen. Results indicate that, in the first-line regimen with INs, a patient has to take medication for at least 98% of the treatment time and the regimen should be close to 100% efficacious regardless of the intervention cost. For second-line regimen, the period of drug administration of PIs largely depends on the weight constants. Inclusion of INs in the first-line regimen yields better HIV DNA suppression, as they are more efficacious than NRTIs. Of all drugs studied, nevirapine is highly efficacious but most toxic. The study recommends routine transaminase tests because results indicate liver enzyme elevation even with very low viral load. Numerical results with pharmacokinetic parameters further indicate an increase in HIV load at initiation of therapy, due to viral redistribution in plasma.
Assessing local preferences for payment formats in REDD+ interventions A case study of the Ongo Community Forest
(International Institute for Environment and Development, 2013) Namaalwa, Justine; Nabanoga, Gorettie N.
Poverty and sustainable development impacts of REDD architecture is a multi-country project led by the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED, UK) and the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Aas, Norway). It started in July 2009 and will continue to December 2013. The project is funded by the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) as part of the Norwegian Government’s Climate and Forest Initiative. The partners in the project are Fundação Amazonas Sustentável (Brazil); Hamilton Resources and Consulting (Ghana); Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) (Vietnam); Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation (Tanzania); and Makerere University, Faculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation (Uganda). The project aims to increase understanding of how different options for REDD design and policy at international, national and sub-national level will affect achievement of greenhouse gas emission reduction and co-benefits of sustainable development and poverty reduction. As well as examining the internal distribution and allocation of REDD payments under different design option scenarios at both international and national level, the project will work with selected REDD pilot projects in each of the five countries to generate evidence and improve understanding on the poverty impacts of REDD pilot activities, the relative merits of different types of payment mechanisms and the transaction costs.
An Assessment of Home-Based Care Programs in Uganda: Their Strengths and Weaknesses
(Ministry of Health Uganda, 2002) Ebun, Walker Mary; Esther, Aceng; Denis, Tindyebwa; Juliet, Nabyonga; Peter, Ogwang; Paul, Kiiza
Currently, lessons are being learnt from successful HIV/AID programs for policy decisions and program strengthening and implementation. This study assessed the Home-Based Care Programs in Uganda, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses, and relating these to their strategies. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, the following elements of care were assessed in seven Home-Based Care Programs: aims and objectives, provision and continuum of care, staffing, supplies and equipment, education, financing, costs of care, monitoring and evaluation, and impact. The findings were evaluated with the Best Practice criteria of relevance, sustainability, ethical soundness, effectiveness and efficiency. Comprehensiveness and delivery of AIDS care, integration with prevention and types of drugs were relevant to the family, community and national needs. Ethical principles of confidentiality and equity of access guided their approaches. Sustainability measures like networking, active community participation, including volunteer service were employed. Their periods of operation, 10-17 years, reflected medium term sustainability. Effectiveness was reflected in reported satisfaction with care and improvement in quality of life among high proportions of beneficiaries. Identified weaknesses include: weak management and financial controls; deficient records management; lack of defined outcome measures; heavy dependence on foreign funding; weak and informal health facilities linkage; a gap between the programs and the local political and administrative leaders; lack of national policy on AIDS home-based care. The facility outreach programs utilizing nursing personnel and large numbers of community volunteers for medical and enlarged psychosocial support appeared more efficient, from the large patient turnover and number of visits, low ratios of staff/patients and staff/visits conducted and lower average costs of care. There is a need for a national policy on home-based care, for standards and guidelines and internal funding. The home-based care programs require strengthening for enhanced efficiency and effectiveness with regards to management, and resource utilization.
Assessment of the Impacts of Farmer Participation in Farmer Research Groups in the Highlands of Kabale, Uganda
(Africa Highlands Ecoregional Programme (AHI);, 2002) Tumwine, Jackson; Turyahabwe, Nelson; Manzi, Geoffrey
The African Highlands Initiative (AHI) is promoting community-based participatory research approaches using farmer research groups (FRG) to catalyse farmer participation in research, and to widen the impact of participatory research. However, there is dearth of systematic empirical studies that evaluates the quality of participation in FRGs, and their impacts. This report summarises the results of an empirical study that investigated the types of participatory research that occurred at the different stages of the research process, how farmer participation occurred, who participates in FRG, what are the factors that determined farmers' participation in FRG, and what criteria to use in monitoring and evaluating the performance of FRG. Results showed that the types of participation were more of functional consultative and collaborative types, but varied in the different stages of the research process as farmers were increasingly taking on more roles and responsibilities. Farmer participation in FRG tend to follow a "U" shaped curve, with high participation at the initial stages of the process, followed by dramatic decrease as many farmers drop out from the groups, and slow increases towards the end of the first seasons. Similarly, there was a significantly higher participation of male farmers at the beginning of the process, compared to women. However, as FRGs progressed, the proportion of men decreased while the relative proportion of women increased dramatically to reach about 67% of farmers in mixed groups, and 24% of the FRGs were women only. These results suggest that FRG proved to be a more effective mechanism to involve women and the resource-poor farmers in research who would otherwise be bypassed by conventional approaches. The results of the Logit regression model confirmed that the probability of participating in FRG was higher for women compared to men, and that there were no significant differences in wealth circumstances between FRG members and the rest of the community. We argue that FRG as an approach has a great potential for catalyzing the participation of farmers as partners in research and development activities. However, this requires significant support and personal commitment of researchers to broaden the scope of FRGs from a functional consultative type to a more collegial empowering type, and from variety evaluation to broader natural resources management research and other developmental issues.
An Assessment of the Risk Associated with the Movement Broilers to Market Into, Within, and Out of a Control Area During a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak in the United States
(University of Minnesota Center for Secure Food Systems, 2018) Cardona, Carol; Alexander, Carie; Bonney, Peter; Contadini, Francesca; Culhane, Marie; Goldsmith, Timothy; Halvorson, David; Linskens, Eric; Malladi, Sasidhar; Ssematimba, Amos; Umber, Jamie; Weaver, Todd; Walz, Emily
In the event of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak in the United States, poultry industry, local, State, and Federal authorities will implement a foreign animal disease emergency response. In these circumstances, permit requests to move poultry and poultry products must be supported by risk assessments which demonstrate that the risk of HPAI spread associated with the movement is acceptable. Performing the risk assessments prior to an HPAI outbreak can enhance emergency response and facilitate timely movement permitting decisions during an outbreak. This document assesses the risk that the movement of market-age broilers to processing (i.e., broilers to market), during an HPAI outbreak, from a premises located within the Control Area, will result in HPAI virus spread to a virus-free poultry premises. This risk assessment is a joint effort of the Secure Broiler Supply (SBS) Working Group, which is made up of representatives from the broiler industry, academia, State Animal Health Officials (SAHOs), and the United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA:APHIS), to support permits for the terminal movement of broilers to processing during an HPAI outbreak. This assessment is applicable to intensively raised commercial or contract grow-out broiler premises that do not have other poultry on the premises and practice an all-in, all-out single-age growing system. These broiler facilities must participate in the USDA APHIS National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) and follow the SBS Plan in the event of an HPAI outbreak. The SBS Plan contains science-based outbreak measures developed by the SBS working group to mitigate the risk of HPAI spread associated with the terminal movement of live birds to market.
An Assessment of the Risk Associated with the Movement Turkeys to Market Into, Within, and Out of a Control Area During a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreak in the United States
(University of Minnesota Center for Secure Food Systems, 2018) Cardona, Carol; Alexander, Carie; Bergeron, Justin; Bonney, Peter; Culhane, Marie; Goldsmith, Timothy; Halvorson, David; Linskens, Eric; Malladi, Sasidhar; Ssematimba, Amos; Walz, Emily; Weaver, Todd; Umber, Jamie
In the event of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak in the United States, poultry industry, local, state, and federal authorities will implement a foreign animal disease emergency response. In these circumstances, permit requests to move poultry and poultry products must be supported by risk assessments which demonstrate that the risk of HPAI spread associated with the movement is acceptable. Performing the risk assessments prior to an HPAI outbreak can enhance emergency response and facilitate timely movement permitting decisions during an outbreak. This document assesses the risk that the movement of market-age turkeys to processing (i.e., turkeys to market), during an HPAI outbreak, from a premises located within the Control Area, will result in HPAI virus spread to a virus-free commercial poultry population (e.g., another poultry farm or birds remaining on a multi-age premises). The purpose of this assessment is to provide regulators with an objective and defensible method of assessing the disease risk associated with the movement of live turkeys (for meat) to slaughter.
Background information on agronomy, farming systems and ongoing projects on grain legumes in Uganda
(N2Africa Characterization Uganda, 2012) Ronner, Esther; Giller, Ken E.
Uganda is a landlocked country in Eastern Africa, lying between latitude 4°12’N and 1°29’S and longitude 29°34’W and 35°0’E. The country occupies 241,038 km² and has a population of about 35 million inhabitants, of which 80% lives in rural areas. Population growth is high, with a rate of 3.4% per annum and an average fertility rate of 6.7 children per woman (NEMA, 2010). The share of agricultural production of total GDP has declined over the past years and growth of the agricultural sector has stagnated. Agriculture still accounts for 85% of export earnings, and 77% of total employment, however (Kabeere and Wulff, 2008). Moreover, agriculture contributes for about 40% to the manufacturing sector through food processing (NEMA, 2010). Especially among women, agriculture is an important sector: nearly 85% of economically active women in Uganda work in the agricultural sector, producing almost 75% of the country’s agricultural output. Per capita income in Uganda is slightly lower than in neighbouring Kenya and Tanzania, and more people live below the poverty line than in Kenya (Table 1). Stunting, wasting and underweight prevalence is comparable to Kenya and Tanzania, but the mortality rate of children under five years old is also relatively high.
Biodiversity Monitoring in Uganda: assessment of Monitoring Programs Report
(NatureUganda, 2008) Eilu, Gerald; Ssegawa, Paul; Olanya, Concy
Countries that are party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), including Uganda, are obliged to monitor biodiversity (Article 7.b) but many have yet to establish national monitoring programmes. Many animal and plant species have declined in numbers, geographical spread, or both but quantitative monitoring data are not readily available. Human activity has increased the extinction rate of species worldwide by at least 100 times compared to the natural rate. The main factors directly driving biodiversity loss include, but are not limited to, habitat loss, fragmentation of forests, invasive alien species, overexploitation, pollution and climate change. Biodiversity monitoring data coupled with other environmental data form an important basis for future nature conservation policy and for other policy areas that have a significant impact on biodiversity for example; forestry, agriculture, and wildlife. Biodiversity monitoring can be used to identify negative and positive impacts on biodiversity at an early stage and trigger appropriate action. Distinguishing natural fluctuations from abnormal changes and identifying cause-andeffect relationships between external factors and changes in biodiversity is an important outcome of monitoring. The unique global status of Uganda in terms of biodiversity necessitates that it is properly managed to prevent unprecedented losses. Uganda has a unique occurrence and distribution of biodiversity, attributed to the country’s location within the equatorial belt and the associated physical and climatic features as well as overlap of phytochoria. In Uganda, however, approximately 200 species of plants and animals are red-listed meaning that they are species of global importance for conservation and deserve special attention. However, Uganda lacks a biodiversity monitoring framework through which activities related to biodiversity can be harmonized, and information/data shared to prevent duplication and wastage of scarce resources. Uganda is also obliged to align its biodiversity management goals alongside the 2010 Biodiversity Target and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) particularly Goal 7. The CBD recognizes that national participation towards meeting the 2010 Target must be informed and driven by national priorities, but these are unclear for Uganda.
Biodiversity of Karuma Wildlife reserve based on studies conducted in two of the encroached areas, the Kibyama and Mpumwe villages.
(EPED Project, 1997) Behangana, Mathias; Etyang Hillary, Patrick; Bakamwesiga, Isaiah Owiunji Andrew Martin (
Karuma Wildlife Reserve lies in an enclave of protected areas which comprise of Murchison Falls National Park, Bugungu Wildlife Reserve, Kaniyo Pabidi and Budongo Forest Reserves. This system of protected areas mostly lies in Masindi District western Uganda and was traditionally an expansive ranging ground for large game like elephants and buffaloes besides the smaller species.
Business Unusual? The Conceptualization and Implementation Readiness of the Global Financing Facility (GFF) in Uganda.
(CEHURD, 2018) Kiiza, Julius; Nassimbwa, Jacqueline; Mulumba, Moses
This report presents findings from a scoping assessment of the Global Financing Facility (GFF) for Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCAH)as a development funding model and Uganda’s readiness to implement the project. The GFF model uses a hybrid funding approach that mobilizes, coordinates and utilizes resources from the World Bank (concessional lending), partner donor countries and private funders – pooled in the GFF Trust Fund. World Bank-hosted GFF secretariat uses trust fund resources to catalyze financing from multiple sources and to “crowd-in” additional domestic resources.
Capacity Building in Agronomic Practices, Waxing and Relative Humidity Storage Technologies for Shelf-life Extension of Fresh Cassava Roots
(CGIAR Research Program, 2016) Nyamutoka, Pamela; Wanda, Kelly; Matovu, Moses; Aceng, Sharon; Muyinza, Harriet; Kaliisa, Robert; Menya, Geoffrey; Nuwamanya, Ephraim; Nyakaisiki, Elizabeth; Nanyondo, Rose; Abass, Adebayo
Cassava is an important source of food and income in Uganda. Consumption of cassava has been increasing especially in the urban areas. Total consumption of fresh cassava in 2013 was estimated to be 1.32 MT per annum (RTB-ENDURE - Cassava Sub-Project scoping study, 2014). Market demand for fresh cassava in 2013 was estimated to be 309,528 MT per annum and was projected to increase to 387,074 MT in 2018, signifying a 25% increase. New market segments for fresh cassava roots have been emerging for both the niche and mass markets. Fresh cassava was found to be consumed in various forms. According to findings from the RTB-ENDURE Market Study (2015) high-end restaurants had introduced cassava recipes while fried cassava chips were a delicacy in road-side food catering services, a new phenomenon. Further, the study revealed that the most preferred consumption form was in fried form (37% of the study respondents), followed by boiled (35% of the study respondents) and steamed in banana leaves (25% of the study respondents). Cassava enjoys a unique position as a convenient food that is easy and fast to prepare. It is in recognition of this fact that cassava has been selected as one of the ten priority crops to assist Uganda transform its agricultural sector through provision of household incomes, employment and food security. However, despite this growth in demand, both utilization of and income derived from marketing of fresh cassava are being hindered by the rapid postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of the roots. Cassava suffers spoilage within two to three days of harvest. The implication is that it cannot be marketed over a long time and distance thereby reducing incomes to growers and traders, leading to less investments and hence low productivity. To address this challenge, the RTB-ENDURE Cassava Sub-Project also known as “Extending the Shelf life of Fresh Cassava Roots for Increased Incomes and Postharvest Loss Reduction” aimed at introducing, testing, validating and assessing the efficacy of two technologies for increasing the shelf-life of fresh cassava roots, and thereby assisting to increase the value to growers, traders and consumers along the entire value chain. These technologies included high relative humidity storage and waxing. Both relative humidity storage and waxing of fresh cassava roots are in commercial use elsewhere. However, their applicability and feasibility in Uganda was unknown since these technologies were new. Therefore, the approach used in RTB-ENDURE Cassava Sub-project involved knowledge sharing between the Ugandan research team and its counterpart at CIAT in Colombia, one of the countries where these technologies are being commercially adopted. CIAT has substantial experience in conducting research on PPD of cassava and on how to tackle the issue of the rapid deterioration of the roots by use of suitable varieties, agronomic practices and pre-harvest techniques such as pruning. CIAT scientists and value chain actors in Colombia trained the Ugandan research team in various aspects of high relative humidity storage and waxing, including varietal selection, PPD scoring, and the agronomic and pre-harvest techniques that reduce PPD. The project team conducted a scoping study and later a detailed market assessment, carried out on-station research on varietal selection (based on PPD susceptibility) and validation of the technologies for shelf-life extension, and established two pilot pack houses in western Uganda. These included one pack house in Kyenjojo district to test a farmer operated business model and another one that was established in Kabarole district to test a trader operated business model. Thereafter, the project built the capacities of both operators and their identified partners and potential suppliers to promote the adoption and adaptation of these shelf-life extension innovations. This report describes the capacity building process and activities that were done to enable the value chain actors adopt and adapt the pre-and post-harvest practices, and waxing and high relative humidity storage technologies in order to run a successful business enterprise.
Case of clinical canine leptospirosis in Uganda
(Veterinary Record Case Reportshttps://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000484, 2017) Alinaitwe, Lordrick; Kakooza, Steven; Eneku, Wilfred; Anou, Dreyfus; Sabrina, Rodriguez-Campos
In this report, we present the first confirmed case of clinical leptospirosis in a dog in Uganda. A five-year-old entire male German shepherd dog from a kennel of 25 guard dogs was admitted to the animal clinic and presented hypothermia, lethargy and jaundice of the mucous membranes. The body temperature remained low during the three days post admission until death. The postmortem examination and histological findings led to suspicion of acute leptospirosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of pathogenic Leptospira spp DNA in homogenates of the kidney, liver and lungs by real-time PCR. This case highlights that accurate diagnostic methods are needed to clarify if clinical leptospirosis is to date underestimated in Uganda and if it has an impact on public health. Awareness should be raised among veterinarians to consider leptospirosis more often as a differential diagnosis as a consequence of the non-specific signs observed in the presented case.
The changing water quality of Lake Victoria; current conditions, trends and required action
(Lake Victoria Environment Report, 2015) Okungu, J.O.; Rutagemwa, D.K.; Ssenfuma-Nsubuga, M.; Abuodha, J.O.Z.; Mwanuzi, F.L.; Muyodi, F.J.; Hecky, R.E.
The Water quality and Ecosystem Management Components of the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP) in the three riparian countries (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda) have made considerable progress towards understanding Lake Victoria water quality and its ecosystem as well as effects of resource utilization and exploitation on the lake and in its basin. In order to achieve LVEMP objectives and Water Quality and Ecosystem Management objectives, in particular, a well-coordinated analysis, synthesis and interpretation of all relevant data was required. This report documents and explains the changes that have taken place over the recent decades, and provides an overview of the present water quality status of the lake as well as identifying past changes and continuing trends that may require remedial action. The report provides detailed information and spatial resolution at the regional scale to support environmental decision-making in regards to possible remediation of undesirable changes that have reduced beneficial uses of Lake Victoria biological and water resources. This regional synthesis report was written by regional scientists and technical experts under the guidance of an international consultant, Prof. Robert Hecky of the University of Waterloo, Canada, together with the National consultants; Dr. Joseph Abuodha of the Maseno University, Prof. Fredrick Mwanuzi of the University of Dar Es salaam and Dr. Fredrick Muyodi of Makerere University. It brings together data, interpretations and recommendations from three national water quality reports. A number of national and regional working sessions were conducted to enable the scientists to complete these reports, and all these were facilitated by the National Executive Secretariats of LVEMP who were supportive through out the process.
Climate change and adaptation options in Karamoja
(Organ: Food Agric, 2010) Mubiru, Drake N.
Agriculture is the backbone of the Uganda’s economy and the livelihood of many people. However, most of the agriculture in Uganda depends on rainfall and therefore inherently sensitive to climate conditions. This makes agriculture one of the most vulnerable sectors to the risks and impacts of climate change and variability. It is projected that crop yields from rain-fed agriculture in some countries in Africa could be reduced by up to 50% by 2020 as a result of climate change. Natural resources constitute the primary source of livelihood for the majority of Ugandans and the economy of Uganda depends on exploiting its natural resources. Management of these natural resources is therefore important and critical to Uganda’s long-term development. Climate is a key determinant of the status of Uganda’s natural resources, such as agriculture, forestry, water resources, wildlife, etc. However, climate change, which has started manifesting itself through intense and frequent extreme weather events, is posing a serious threat to the country’s natural resources, and social and economic development. The impacts of climate change create challenges and impose severe losses and hardships on the poorest communities as their livelihoods are likely to be more sensitive to adverse impacts of climate change. The most dominant and widespread disaster due to climate change is drought, whose frequency is observed to be on the increase. Drought has severely affected the agricultural sector leading to impacts such as famine, malnutrition, low production and productivity of crops and animals, etc. Although all the agro-ecological zones of Uganda are grappling with the effects of climate change and variability, the Karamoja sub region is most affected. This is attributable to the fact that it is the least socially and economically developed in Uganda, even among the generally poorer parts of northern Uganda as a whole. It is characterized by a combination of acute poverty, vulnerability to drought, poor infrastructure and basic services delivery, limited marketing opportunities, natural resource degradation, social and cultural marginalization, long-standing dependency on external aid and most importantly chronic insecurity.
Climate Change Policy and Practice
(Danish Institute for International Studies, 2015) Friis-Hansen, Esbern; Aben, Charles; Okiror, John James; Bashaasha, Bernard; Suubi, Godfrey
This section first analyses the national policy response and characterizes the new climate change policy arena as compared with the more established disaster and emergency response policies. Thereafter the institutional landscape involved with climate change is mapped. This is followed by an assessment of the relationship between national policy and local government practice by introducing the principle of subsidiarity. Finally, we discuss how climate change is articulated or ignored among local government politicians, exemplified by a case study from Amuria District, where climate change was successfully used as a platform for local government elections in 2006.
Comparing the Performance of Uganda’s Intra-East African Community Trade and Other Trading Blocs: A Gravity Model Analysis
(Economic Policy Research Centre, 2013) Shinyekwa, Isaac; Othieno, Lawrence
This paper examines factors that determine Uganda’s trade flows and specifically compares the impact and performance of the different trade blocs on Uganda’s trade patterns and flows. The empirical question is whether Uganda’s trade is getting more integrated in the East African Community (EAC) region or is still dominated by other trading blocs, namely European Union (EU), Asia and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)? Two analytical approaches are used, namely: trade indicators and estimation of the gravity models using data extracted from COMTRADE for the period 2001 – 2009 (panel). We estimate determinants of export and import trade flows separately using static random, dynamic random and IV GMM models. The results suggest a strong relationship between belonging to a trading bloc and trade flows. Likewise, Uganda’s import and export trade flows have conspicuously adjusted to the gravitational forces of the EAC during the progress of the integration. Whereas exports are being integrated more in the EAC and COMESA regions, imports are more integrated in the Asian and EU trading blocs. Therefore, strong links with trading blocs outside the EAC (i.e. EU and Asia) with regards to imports still exist. The trade indicators demonstrate that Uganda exports largely primary products and imports manufactured products. It is imperative for Uganda to target implementation of regional trade agreements to expand the country’s export markets. The EAC region should attract investment in production of high technology products to increase intra-EAC imports and reduce imports from Asia and the EU.
A Comprehensive Set of Interpolated Climate Data for Alberta
(Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, 2010) Mbogga, Michael; Wang, Tongli; Hansen, Christine; Hamann, Andreas
We present an easily accessible database of interpolated climate data for Alberta that includes monthly, annual, decadal, and 30-year normal climate data for the last 106 years (1901 to 2006), as well as climate change projections for the 21st century from 23 general circulation models. The database builds on the Alberta Climate Model (Alberta Environment 2005) and a set of five future projections that are recommended and widely used by Alberta government agencies (Barrow and Yu 2005). We added 15,000 historical and projected climate surfaces that include variables relevant for biological research and infrastructure planning, such as growing and chilling degree days, heating and cooling degree days, growing season length descriptors, frost free days and extreme minimum temperature. The database can be queried through a provided software package ClimateAB. A representative subset of these climate surfaces has been thoroughly checked against observed weather station data. We report error estimates for historical climate data and discuss the strengths and limitations of this database for use by natural resource managers and researchers.
The Concentrate Feeds Supply chain in Uganda: emerging trends and implications on quality and access to smallholder farmers and chain efficiency
(East Africa Dairy Development, 2013) Lukuyu, B.; Baker, D.; Baltenweck, I.; Poole, J.; Kabi, F.; Katongole, C.; Nadiope, G.; Byarugaba, A.; Kugonza, J.; Wabwire, R.
The increasing effective demand for livestock products such as milk, meat and eggs in Uganda drives farmers to supplement their livestock with concentrates to improve on their productivity. In Uganda about 33% of the dairy farmers use compounded dairy concentrate feed while a sizeable percentage of households nearly 56% use feed ingredients such as maize bran and rice bran as straights (EADD, 2010). The annual production of compounded feeds by the commercial feed millers is estimated at about 75,000 tons with small scale mixers producing 40,000 ton (Graffham et al. 2003). In some areas farmers often supplement with compounded feeds aimed at maintaining the animals’ condition and sustaining production during the dry season (Lukuyu et al. 2009). However, Uganda is faced with serious problems related to availability of well formulated and balanced rations for adequate dairy cattle feeding. Despite an abundance of cereal grains and their by products such as maize and maize bran, sorghum, millet, rice bran and root crops (e.g. cassava) as energy concentrates as well as protein concentrates such as soybean, sunflower cakes, cottonseed cakes, peas and groundnuts, farmers have continued to lament about the high prices of commercial feeds and poor quality feeds (Nakiganda et al. 2005).

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