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Psychiatric disorders in HIV-positive individuals in urban Uganda
(Psychiatric Bulletin, 205) Ovuga, Emilio; Boardman, Jed; Wasserman, Danuta
There is a well-documented strong association between depressive disorders and HIV/AIDS (e.g. Maj et al, 1994; Perkins et al, 1994; Judd et al, 1997). High levels of depression are seen in people with HIV/AIDS attending primary care clinics (Savetsky et al, 2001) and in HIV medical clinics (Lyketsos et al, 1994a). There appears to be a sustained rise in depressive symptoms as AIDS develops (Lyketsos et al, 1994b). Depression is also associated with HIV-related risk behaviours among those without HIV (Kelly et al, 1993). Nevertheless, most persons affected by HIV/AIDS in Uganda do not receive any care for their mental health problems. The early cases of AIDS were described in Uganda, but there has been little work examining the existence of psychiatric disorders in AIDS/HIV in that country. The national rate of HIV at the end of 2003 was 4.1% (UNAIDS, 2004), but is as high as 13% in war-torn northern Uganda. Of adult deaths at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, 60-70% are attributable to HIV.Wilk & Bolton (2002) investigated how people in two districts of Uganda (Masaka and Rakai), which have been severely affected by HIV, perceive the mental health affects of the disease. The individuals interviewed described two independent depression-like syndromes resulting from the HIV epidemic and rates of depressive disorder were estimated to be 21% in these districts (Bolton et al, 2004). Anecdotal evidence also links HIV/AIDS to suicide in Uganda (Musisi et al, 2001; Kinyanda & Musisi, 2002).
Investigating factors associated with uptake of HIV voluntary counselling and testing among pregnant women living in North Uganda
(Psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV,, 207) Cawthorne, A.; Nattabi, B.; Ayella, E. O.; Ogwang, M.; Declich, S.; Fabiani, M.
We investigated factors potentially associated with the uptake of HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), which is the first step in acceding to programmes for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. For the period 2001 2003, we estimated the VCT uptake among the 12,252 first-time attendees of the Antenatal Clinic (ANC) at Lacor Hospital (Gulu District, North Uganda). Associations between VCT uptake and socio-demographic characteristics and reproductive history were evaluated using log binomial regression models. VCT uptake was 55.6% for the overall study period; it increased from 51.0% in 2001 to 58.6% in 2002 and 57.7% in 2003 (PB/0.001). Having some education [primary versus none, adjusted prevalence proportion ratio (PPR) /1.05, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.00 1.10] and being unmarried (cohabitating, PPR /1.07, 95% CI: 1.03 1.10; single/widowed/divorced, PPR /1.10, 95% CI: 1.03 1.18) were significantly associated with VCT uptake. Associations of borderline significance were found for: recent change of residence, having a partner with a modern occupation, and past use of contraceptives. VCTuptake is still low in this district of North Uganda. Although some socio-demographic factors were found to have been associated with uptake, the associations were weak and not of public-health significance.
Mycobacteria causing human cervical lymphadenitis in pastoral communities in the Karamoja region of Uganda
(Epidemiology & Infection, 208) Oloya, J.; Opuda-Asibo, J.; Kazwala, R.; Demelash, A. B.; Skjerve, E.; Lund, A.; Johansen, T. B.; Djonne, B.
Mycobacteria from lymph node biopsies of patients with cervical lymphadenitis reporting for tuberculosis treatment in Matany and Moroto Hospitals in the transhumant areas of Karamoja, Uganda were isolated and characterized. The AccuProbe1 culture identiﬁcation kits for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), M. avium complex (MAC) and M. avium were used to identify the isolates. Spoligotyping, IS901 PCR and IS1311 and IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were used to characterize the isolates. Of the 43 biopsies, ten M. avium, seven M. tuberculosis, three M. bovis, and two M. intracellulare were isolated. Two isolates could not be identiﬁed with AccuProbe1 and from 19 samples no mycobacteria could be isolated. Three isolates with the Beijing spoligotype were identiﬁed from the seven M. tuberculosis isolates. The spoligopatterns of the M. bovis isolates had previously been detected in cattle in Uganda. Isolation of members of the MAC group reﬂects the complex interaction between the transhumant communities, water sources and their cattle. None of the M. avium isolates harboured IS901, and all showed several bands on IS1311 and IS1245 RFLP, in accordance with M. avium subsp. hominissuis. Composite dendrograms of IS1311 and IS1245 RFLP showed that the isolates were similar and identical patterns were found. The isolation of M. bovis conﬁrms the human infection with zoonotic mycobacteria in areas where consumption of raw milk and meat is routine. Isolation of environmental mycobacteria also conﬁrms their increasing role in human disease and the occupational risk of infection in the transhumant ecosystem in the absence of safe drinking water and environmental contamination.
Power conditioning of thermoelectric generated power using dc-dc converters: A case study of a boost converter
(University of Nottingham, 1930) Twaha, Ssennoga; Zhu, Jie; Yan, Yuying
The near exhaustion of non renewable energy resources such as fossil fuels followed by disastrous climatic changes have alerted the world to invest in alternative energy sources. Thermoelectric (TE) technology is responsible for innovating TE devices such as thermoelectric generators (TEGs) which are used to generate electrical energy from heat in an environmentally friendly manner. One of the challenges behind TEG is that they have low efficiency due to low figure of merit. Moreover the power generated is unstable and therefore needs proper power conditioning mechanism before it is connected to the load. The objective of this work is to analyze the performance of a boost dc dc converter connected on TEG system. The simplified models have been used as the basis of TEG design. Results indicate that the converter is able to stabilize and boost the voltage and higher converter efficiencies are achieved at different hot side temperatures.
Buruli (Mycobacterial) Ulceration in Uganda. (A New Focus of Buruli Ulcer in Madi District, Uganda.)
(East African Medical Journal, 1965) Lunn, H. F.; Connor, D. H.; Wilks, N. E.; Barnley, G. R.; Kamunvi, F.; Clancey, J. K.; Bee, J. D. A.
A form of skin ulceration, Buruli ulcer, has been described in Uganda which differs from the ordinary tropical ulcer in its clinical and histological appearances and its lack of response to antibiotics [this Bulletin, 1962, v. 59, 204]. A similar form of ulceration has been described in Australia, and a Mycobacterium (M. ulcerans) isolated. This, or a similar organism, has been found in Buruli ulcer in Uganda [ibid., 1963, v. 60, 375]. In 1962, a new focus of the disease was found in the Madi district, an area along the Nile in the north of the country bordering on the Sudan. A team from Makerere medical school visited the area in 1963 to study the condition.
Ethnobotanical uses of Lantana trifolia L. and Sida cuneifolia Roxb. in Mukungwe and Wabinyonyi sub-counties of central Uganda
(Journal of Complementary Medicine Research, 1970) Nalubega, Rebecca; Nyanzi, Steven A.; Nakavuma, Jesca L.; Kamatenesi-Mugisha, Maud
Aim: This was an ethnobotanical study that was carried out to establish the traditional uses of Lantana trifolia L. and Sida cuneifolia Roxb. plants in selected parts of Central Uganda. Methods: The ethnobotanical study was done in August and September, 2012 in Mukungwe and Wabinyonyi sub-counties in Masaka and Nakasongola Districts respectively located in Central Uganda. Study sites and respondents were purposefully selected and information was obtained through semi-structured interview guides, key informant interview guides as well as observations. Eighty respondents were considered for semi-structured interviews and 15 for key informant interviews. Results: Seven ethnobotanical uses for Lantana trifolia were cited by respondents and majority (46.25%) of them used it as a herbal remedy. As a herbal remedy, Lantana trifolia managed 13 human disease conditions and mainly used in the management of cough and common colds by 22.5% of the respondents. Four ethnobotanical uses were cited for Sida cuneifolia and majority of the respondents (62.5%) used it as a herbal remedy as well as sweeping brooms. As a herbal remedy, Sida cuneifolia was reported to be useful in management of 12 disease conditions, fractures and sprains (bone setting) being mentioned by the majority of the of respondents (36.25 %). Conclusion: In conclusion, Lantana trifolia and Sida cuneifolia were culturally important ethnomedicines. Scientific validation of traditional claims as well as conservation of these plants should be encouraged in order to preserve and promote their use.
New Directions in Teacher Education in East Africa
(International Review of Education, 1971) Kajubi, W. Senteza
The three countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, of 650,000 square miles and an estimated population million, form a compact geographical and quasi-political East African Community. They have much in common: Lake Victoria; they have a common historical and political having been until recently under British administration. common market and customs union, and an inter-state running such services as railways, harbours, posts and telecommunications, aviation, research, and (until June 1970) a federal university. share the same problems relating to their economic and social This paper is concerned with the problems involved in improvement of education in these countries, with particular the education of teachers.
Increased Government Control of Buganda's Financial Sinews since the Revolution of 1966
(Public Administration and Development, 1971) Nsibambi, Apolo
The quest for a more equitable allocation ofresources and income in all parts of Uganda, has gained more commitment, support and above all possibilities and credibility since the revolutionary changes which abolished "federalism" in Uganda and Buganda's special privileges and political hegemony. Indeed even before 1967 the Government was exposed to pressure from the "neglected" areas to rectify the imbalance of not only economic resources allocation but of political "goods" as well.! For example, members of the West Nile District Council proposed that their district should be represented in the cabinet, claiming that industries were being established only in the districts which were represented in the cabinet and that tractors were only given to such districts.e The determination of the government of Uganda to distribute the economic growth and social services has been boldly and publicly declared and reiterated. Only recently the Minister of Planning and Economic Development Mr. J. M. Okae who was touring Lango District, declared, "economic development of Uganda, is aimed at bringing those areas neglected by the British Administration in line with other parts of the country't.t He added, "during the colonial administration, some areas were not allowed to grow some crops, and others were not given the essential services."
Educational priorities in Africa
(Prospects, 1973) Kajubi, W. Senteza
When over half the nation is illiterate and the people clamour for education; when public expenditure on education is mounting, but the number of children who are denied the right to education is increasing; when classroom techniques are autocratic and teachers are in short supply and inadequately trained; when government and private firms demand trained recruits, but unemployment is widespread and is increasing; when a country is poor, what policies should the national officials responsible for the planning of educational development pursue? Although these problems do not occur to the same extent in every country, it would be true to say that to a greater or lesser degree, all countries of the world are faced with the problem of the population explosion, and of the scientific and technical revolution, both of which have resulted in more people to be taught and more information to be learned, which have in turn caused an unprecedented and almost insatiable social demand for more and better education. However, despite public zeal and heavy investment in formal education, the gap between supply and demand for education in the various countries is wide and increasing, as is the gulf IV. Senteza Kajubi (Uganda). Director of the National Institute of Education, Makerere University, Kampala. Chairman of the Association for Teacher Education in Africa ( A TEA). 76 between the rich and the poorer countries of the world. About half of the world's population can neither write nor read, while only half of the children of primary school age receive more than a few years of schooling in most developing countries. Combined with this is the widening cleavage between country and town, and the inability of the economies of the developing countries to absorb readily the products of the schools. These, and similar problems, baffle policy makers and educational planners everywhere. How can the limited resources available for education be used to tackle these massive problems, and make a difference? The report of the International Commission on the Development of Education (I972) is a wide-angle lens covering a vast array of educational problems and zooming in on a number of the major issues related to educational development.
Urban Planning Law in East Africa with special reference to Uganda
(Progress in Planning, 1974) Kanyeihamba, George W.
The city has always held a magnetic attraction for all manner of men. To urban dwellers, it is a home and a recreational centre. To rural dwellers, it is a market place for their produce and a shopping centre. To foreign visitors, it is a stopping place on their journey to the country and a source of souvenirs. To the unemployed and to the criminal, it offers work and opportunities. If it happens to be the administrative capital of the state, it is likely to contain the major political and economic institutions of the country and, invariably, major national policies are decided there. In almost all countries, the city is the centre and symbol of modernisation.
The role of olfaction in host preference by Aedes (Stegomyia) simpsoni and Ae.aegypti
(Physiological Entomology, 1976) Mukwaya, L. G.
Host preference in females of the mosquitoes Aedes simpsoni (Theo.) and Aedes aegypti (L) appears to be based largely on responses to specific odours at short range, with the site of olfaction being the antennae. In blank Y‐olfactometer tests, 48 % of an anthropophilic (llobi) strain of Ae. aegypti responded to one arm and 52% to the other. However, presented with a man's hand in one arm of the olfacto‐meter and a whole rat, Arvicanthis niloticus, in the other, 65% responded to man and 35% to the rat. With the same strain in a blank Gouck's type of olfactometer, the response was very poor, only 1 % of the mosquitoes in the olfactometer responded at all, again with no preference for either side. On the introduction of the same hosts into the Gouck's olfactometer, the total response was c. 31 %, of which 72 % responded to man and 28 % to the rat. Elimination of some visual cues affected neither the total response nor the preference. Removing one antenna, reduced the preference for man from about 70 % in the normal mosquitoes to about 58%. The total response remained approximately the same as in the normal mosquitoes. Removing both antennae, in both Ae. aegypti and Ae. simpsoni, caused a sharp depression in the total response and in host discrimination.
East Coast Fever Immunisation Trials in Uganda: Field Exposure of Zebu Cattle Immunized with Three Isolates of Theileria Parva
(Tropical Animal Health and Production, 1977) Robson, J.; Odeke, G G. M.; Kamya, E. P.; Brown, C. G. D.
Zebu cattle were immunised against East Coast fever (ECF) using three isolates ofTheileria parva inoculated as cryopreserved stabilates of infective particles harvested fromRhipicephalus appendiculatus. These isolates included the East African laboratory type strain,T. parva (Muguga), and two isolates ofT. parva from Entebbe, Uganda. Pairs of cattle received an inoculation of stabilate and were allowed to react and recover fortuitously, while groups of five cattle received both stabilate and were protected by chemoprophylactic therapy with oxytetracycline. An IFA serological response was elicited in 17 of the 21 stabilate recipients. These 21 cattle, along with eight susceptible controls, were exposed to a massive and continuing natural challenge ofT. parva andT. mutans, accompanied by very heavy tick infestation in an ECF enzootic area at Kigungu, Entebbe. All eight controls died of ECF in a mean time of 25·6 days. The stabilate recipients were significantly protected, their mean time to death being 71·3 days. Only six of these 21 cattle died of theileriosis within 40 days of exposure and these included three which did not exhibit a serological response following inoculation of stabilate. The implications ofT. mutans pathogenesis, unlimited heavy tick challenge and the potential value of complexes ofT. parva strains are discussed.
A Pepsin-Revealed Material Possibly Related to Chromosomal Banding
(Chromosoma, 1978) Byarugaba, Wilson
The enzymes pepsin, c~-chymotrypsin, trypsin, RNase and DNase were applied to preparations of human metaphase chromosomes before staining to study whether dissociable materials related to the formation of G-, Q- and C-bands would be seen. Treatment with active pepsin but not the other enzymes revealed material with ribonucleo-protein properties which dissociated from the chromosomes and formed a halo. - Lateral extensions from the chromatids stretched to the rim of the halo and appeared at positions corresponding to G-bands. A G-band may be defined as a ring of stable chromatid-matrix binding at positions where the chromatids coil to form lateral extensions.
Long-Term Experience With Burkitt’s Lymphoma In Uganda
(International journal of cancer, 1980) Olweny, Charles L.M.; Mbiddde, Edward Katongole; Otim, David; Lwanga, Stephen K.; Magrath, Ian T.; Ziegler, John L.
The cumulative results and long-term follow-up of all patients with Burkitt's lymphoma treated at the Uganda cancer Institute Kampala are reported. The annual admission rate is 29. The tumor patients commonly present with jaw swelling (72%), abdominal swelling (56%) and central nervous system involvement (30%). Complete response rate is achieved in a high proportion of patients (81 %). About 50% of these relapse, equal numbers relapsing before and after 3 months. The most important factor influencing remission duration and survival is disease stage. Other important factors are treatment protocols and, to a lesser extent, the type of relapse. Central nervous system relapse does not necessarily augur poor prognosis as second remissions and long-term survival can be achieved with appropriate therapy. Presently 25% of all treated patients have survived free of disease well beyond 5 years.
Borderline Tuberculoid Leprosy following BCG Vaccination. A Case Report
(INTERNAL IONAL JOURNAL OF LEPROSY, 1981) Stoner, Gerald L.; Belehu, Ayele; Nsibambi, John; Warndorff, Jan
We describe a case of leprosy in a child following vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Our finding confirms observations made more than 20 years ago (2 . 5 ' 9 ) and illustrates a concept of the leprosy spectrum which has important implications for the design and interpretation of a leprosy vaccine trial
A microcomputer-controlled solid-state dark adaptometer
(Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentatio, 1981) Omara, Peter A.; Zwick, Harry; Van Sice, Charles W.
A low-cost microprocessor-controlled light-emitting diode (LED) dark adaptometer is described. The apparent intensities of red and green stimuli are controlled by changing the duty cycles of LED display elements which are operated at constant pulse repetition rates. The psychophysical method of limits is used to obtain threshold data. Stimulus parameters and test procedures are under software control. The design utilizes programmable integrated circuitry that may be used with a variety of microprocessors.
Birth Asphyxia. I. Measurement of Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) in the Healthy Fetus and Newborn Lamb
(1981) Woods, James R.; Coppes, Valerie; Brooks, Daniel E.; Knowles, Peggy J.; Freeman, Marla; Parisi, Valerie; Omara, Peter; Mccarty, Garland E.
The visual evoked potential (VEP) of five healthy, near-term exteriorized fetal lambs was compared with the VEP obtained from the same animals during the first hour after ventilation. Characteristics of the individual wave components and their relationship to blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial blood gas measurements concomitantly obtained were examined. ~esults show that the VEP of the healthy fetus is a stable, reproducible signal consisting of four basic components, and that the latencies (msec) and the amplitude (pV) of the individual components of the VEP are similar to those of the newborn. In two related experiments, fetal asphyxia of unknown duration was encountered during fetal exteriorization and instrumentation. In the first case, neonatal acidosis persisted despite aggressive resuscitation efforts and was accompanied by an atypical VEP. In the second case, the neonatal VEP obtained after 15 min of resuscitation was markedly depressed despite restoration of acid-base balance but gradually recovered during the remainder of the 1-hr newborn period. In conclusion, the VEP is a reproducible measure of cortical function in the healthy fetus and neonate and may reflect the acute status of cerebral function during fetal asphyxia and neonatal resuscitation.
Infantile Autism in Kenya
(The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 1982) Dhadphale, Manohar; Lukwago, Mariam G.; Gajjar, Menakeshi
Clinical features of infantile autism in three African children from Kenya are described. There is no essential difference in features of childhood autism as described in the west. In this prospective study the authors were able to confirm the onset of major symptoms of infantile autism before the age of three years and also an upper socio-economic background of the parents of all three cases.
The status of the Muslim community in Uganda
(Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal, 1982) Kiggundu, Suleiman I.; Lukwago, Isa K. K.
Islam was brought to Uganda in the middle of the nineteenth century by Arab traders coming from the East African Coast and especially from the trading centre of Zanzibar. The exact date of their arrival at the palace of the Kabaka of Buganda is still a matter of dispute and a subject for further research, but all opinion is agreed that this must have been during the last" fifteen years of (King) Sunna II's reign, that is between 1839 and 1854". l The fate and fortunes of Islam at this early stage were closely tied to the palace of the Kabaka of Uganda. The first Kabaka to be most aware of the existence of an outside world and to cultivate strong trade relations with foreigners was Mutesa, the First, whose reign stretched from 1854 to 1884. Mutesa is noted to have been a very wise ruler who was very keen and able to deal with foreigners in a way that tended to strengthen his kingdom. His trade with the Arabs increased his power by strengthening his army which could now be equipped with modern arms. In addition to the assistance they gave him in modernising his army and in streamlining the administration, the Arabs also taught Mutesa the religion of Islam: Thus Mutesa came to know many Arabs and hence their religion. He began to trust them and to listen to what they taught him. As a result he began to read Islam. As he was a King of immense power, he used this power to extend Islam to all his subjects. This is why we think that Mutesa I, was the first most important cultivator of Islam in Uganda. He used power to influence people in becoming Muslims.... After the demise of Mutesa, Christianity which had been introduced by Henry Morton Stanley, started to vie for influence and converts with Islam. Durine 1888-1889, or what Sir John Gray has called" The year if the three Kings" 3 there occured a fierce struggle between the Muslims and Christians, with each party seeking to dominate Buganda society. Nevertheless, throughout this period, and until they were defeated by the Christians with the assistance of the colonising British, the Muslims''were the arbiters of the political situation'': The Muslims were by far the largest and militarily the most formidable group. They had among them several dynamic leaders. All the palace armed guards for instance were Moslems and they even used to refuse access of the King to the Prime Minister, something unheard of in Kiganda history. The desire for continuation of Muslim dominance led to pressure on successive Kabakas to ensure that they did not challenge that dominance, or allow an upperhand to the Christians. Mwanga and Kiwewa resisted conversion to Islam despite the preponderance of the Muslims among their subjects.
Dose Response Relationship of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae Aerosols in Pigs
(Canadian Journal of comparative medicine, 1983) Sebunya, T.N.K.; Saunders, J.R.; Osborne, A.D.
The virulence of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae was quantitated for ten and 12 week old pigs following aerosol exposure. The volume and concentration of culture aerosolized, the estimated numbers of organisms inhaled by the pigs and the mortality rates at 72 hours postexposure were computed and used to calculate the LD50. There was correlation between the concentration of culture aerosolized, the amount of the estimated inhaled dose and the mortality rates. The ten week old pigs were apparently more susceptible to aerosols of H. pleuropneumoniae than the 12 week old pigs. The LD50 value or a multiple of it appears to be a reasonable basis for a standardized aerosol challenge of the immunity of pigs vaccinated with experimental or commercial H. pleuropneumoniae vaccines.

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