Characterisation of the Environmental Presence of Hepatitis A Virus in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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Date
2020
Authors
Kuodi, Paul
Patterson, Jenna
Hussey, Gregory D.
Kagina, Benjamin M.
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
BMJ open
Abstract
A total of 2092 records were retrieved, of which 33 met the inclusion criteria. 21 studies were conducted in Tunisia, India and South Africa, and the rest were from Philippines, Pakistan, Morocco, Chad, Mozambique, Kenya and Uganda. In Tunisian raw sewage samples, the prevalence of HAV ranged from 12% to 68%, with an estimated average detection rate of 50% (95% CI 25 to 75), whereas HAV detection in treated sewage in Tunisia ranged from 23% to 65%, with an estimated average detection rate of 38% (95% CI 20 to 57). The prevalence of HAV detection in South African treated sewage and surface water samples ranged from 4% to 37% and from 16% to 76%, with an estimated average detection rates of 15% (95% CI 1 to 29) and 51% (95% CI 21 to 80), respectively. Over the review period, the estimated average detection rate of environmental HAV presence appeared to have declined by 10%. The quality of included studies was fair, but sampling issues and paucity of data limited the strength of the review findings.
Description
Keywords
hepatitis A, environmental, virus
Citation
Kuodi, P., Patterson, J., Silal, S., Hussey, G. D., & Kagina, B. M. (2020). Characterisation of the environmental presence of hepatitis A virus in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 10(9), e036407.http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036407