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Item The Status of Implementation of the Education Sector Early Childhood Development Policy in Uganda(Uganda National Commission for UNESCO, 2012) Ejuu, GodfreyUganda is one of the many African countries that still has majority of her people living in poverty. Although the share of Ugandans living in poverty decreased from 56.4 to 24.5 percent between 1992/3 and 2009/10 (MoFPED, 2012), there is substantial and growing urban-rural inequality and imbalance between regions. Despite the impressive growth, Uganda‟s Gini coefficient has been rising over the years, and stands at 0.426 (UNHS, 2009/2010), indicating a worrying trend towards increased income inequality (Kaduru, 2011). This inequality may mean that some children who are born into poor families are much more likely to have parents who have low levels of education attainment, low-quality jobs, and low wages, thus such children are more likely to have less access to public services, such as water and sanitation, health care, and education (Vegas & Santibanez, 2010). A number of interventions have been tried in terms of poverty alleviation such as NUSAF, SACCOs; Youth credit schemes, entandikwa, and PEAP. Even with these interventions, poverty still persists in many communities especially in the rural areas where they live on less than a dollar a day. One of the ways of poverty eradication and reduction of inequality among people is through the use of early childhood development programmes which put children on equal footing prior to starting primary schooling, regardless of the different conditions in life such as poverty, neglect and ignorance (Kisitu, 2009). This notion is expressed in a number of international declarations and frameworks like the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Education for All (EFA) goal and the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD), all of which have provisions for inclusion of ECD as a priority area (UCRNN, 2010). In 1990 at Jomtien in Thailand, 155 nations of the world agreed on a joint plan of action to fulfill six Education For All goals. The first goal required nations to work towards the expansion and improvement of comprehensive ECD by the year 2015. Similarly, the Dakar Framework of Action adopted by the World Education Forum, Uganda, among other participants, committed herself to attain the goals pertaining to the child with emphasis on expanding and improving comprehensive early childhood care and education especially for the most vulnerable and disadvantaged children. Therefore, any attempts to improve the status of ECD in the country will be an effort that is geared towards the fulfillment of the Education For All (EFA) targets and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).Item Estimation of Disaggregated Impacts of Education Expansion on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa(Modern Economy, 2018) Nnyanzi, John Bosco; Kilimani, NicholasUnderpinned by evidence from the theories of endogenous growth which stress the role of human capital accumulation in enhancing growth, this pa- per investigates the disaggregated impact of school enrolment on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) for the period 1995-2016. The analysis is based on the augmented Solow, and Mankiw models and employs the Gener- alized Method of Moments (GMM) technique that takes care of endogeneity in a dynamic panel environment. The results point to a significant but differ- ential impact of educational expansion in facilitating economic performance in the SSA region. Essentially, the growth enhancing impact of education de- pends on the type of education with secondary education yielding the largest impacts. The gender disaggregated model results show that and secondary school and primary enrolment yield higher growth effects relative to tertiary enrolment. Most interestingly and contrary to existing literature on the gen- der disaggregated impact of education on growth, the education of girls is seen to yield higher growth effects relative to boys. Based on evidence of the positive impact of girl-child education, policy interventions to support and sustain girl child education in Sub-Saharan Africa ought to be encouraged.Item Mitigating the Effects of the Credit Crunch through Trade: The Case of Uganda(African Economic Research Consortium (AERC), 2009) Kilimani, NicholasThe global financial crisis is envisaged to cause substantial global economic instability in the foreseeable future. More worrying however is the fact that the developing countries, which at the start of the crisis seemed to be far away from its effects (first round) will most likely bear a considerable share of its blunt (through the second round effects). In the developing world, Sub-Saharan Africa is likely to be severely affected largely because of the high level of susceptibility of most of its economies to external shocks (through the various transmission channels) and also from the fact that these economies had steadily started to be integrated into the global economy over the last one and half decades. This paper analyzes how Uganda could exploit export market diversification as one of the possible responses to the potential impacts of the global financial crisis. It provides an overview of the possible impact of the crisis on the macroeconomic outlook and ways in which the effects can be mitigated with regard to casting a wider export destination for Uganda’s products. The analysis indicates that Uganda can diversify her export markets by capitalizing on the regional market as well as emerging markets in Asia, the Middle East and Europe.Item Trade Liberalization, Export and Import Growth: Evidence from Uganda(Makerere University, 2009) Kilimani, Nicholas; Sebaggala, RichardThe study explores the impact of trade liberalization on export and import growth in Uganda. A number of developing countries have opened up their own economies to take full advantage of the resultant opportunities for economic development through trade. Proponents of trade liberalization envisage positive results emanating from the increased competition in the sector. For instance, liberalization aids competition in the market, by increasing the basket of goods and services with better quality and lower prices. However, trade liberalization in developing countries has been criticized for increasing import penetration on the pretext of opening up the sector to more competition. The reason is that trade policy reforms tend to have a more immediate effect on the imports than on the exports. This concern has motivated researchers to investigate whether or not the impact of trade liberalization has been greater on export growth than on import growth. This is because Uganda is one of the countries to have implemented significant economic reforms, including the liberalization of the trade regime, over the last two decades and a half. These reforms have been both external and domestic. Substantial progress has been made to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers through the EAC. The study investigated the issue using macro and micro analysis of the Ugandan economy. The macro analysis was employed by estimating the export and import models estimated using Vector Error-Correction modeling (VECM) using time series macroeconomic data for the period 1981-2009. The results of the study suggest that trade liberalization has led more to growth in imports than exports. The macro study findings are in line with previous observations made by Morrissey, et al., (2003); Santos-Paulino (2003); Santos-Paulino & Thirlwall (2004) and Hye & Mashkoor (2010). With regard to the micro analysis several, issues under the trade sector were highlighted that could be linked to the macro evidence which were; larger growth in imports than exports. Such critical issues included the adverse effect of the dismantling of the marketing boards, the inadequacy of the trade sector infrastructure, the low value addition and limited research and dissemination of the ever-changing trends in international trade regarding the products on high demand, the standards required to access such markets as well as the absence of value chains in the tradeables sectors. These have served to inhibit export growth. These issues were manifested at a macro level analysis for instance in the weak significance of the coefficient of the foreign income as well in that of the reel exchange rate in the export growth modelItem Covid-19 Policies: Human Rights Approaches to Protecting Vulnerable Groups in Africa(Africa Academic Science, 2021) Chavarro, Diego; Kagaha, Alexander; Kaunda, Blessings; Zakumumpa, Henry; Manderson, LenoreMultiple social interventions have been introduced to contain the COVID-19 pandemic across Africa. These policies have caused school and workplace closures, controlled informal work activities, led to the cancellation of many public events, restricted the size of public and private gatherings (including religious congregations, weddings and funerals), suspended public transport, limited travel, imposed curfews, and required contact tracing. In anticipation of negative economic impacts of these measures, many governments introduced cash transfers, social pensions, food aid, utility and tax waivers and related measures. However, people living precariously and/or in a structurally vulnerable position have not always had access to this support, and the measures imposed to contain and mitigate the pandemic did not take sufficient account of the effects of the human rights of these individuals. The pandemic is too recent for much empirical research on the impacts of COVID-19, or on the effect of interventions to protect human rights. In undertaking a rapid review of these questions, we examined primary studies, editorial notes, opinion papers and literature reviews using mainly qualitative approaches, and discussions of quantitative studies where these contribute to further understanding the impacts of interventions on human rights in Africa. In this synthesis and analysis, we contribute to understanding how social interventions impact the human rights of vulnerable populations and identify proposals for a policy response to COVID-19 that better integrates the needs of these populations in Africa.Item Issues, beliefs and experience of child marriage and gender-based violence in Uganda: A Qualitative Study(The University of Huddersfield Queensgate, 2021) Kalule Nanfuka, Esther; Turyomurugyendo, Florence; Awich Ochen, EricChild marriage refers to any formal marriage or informal union between a child under the age of 18 and an adult or another child. While the prevalence of child marriage has decreased worldwide – from one in four girls married a decade ago to approximately one in five today – the practice remains widespread.3 Child marriage is often the result of entrenched gender inequality, making girls disproportionately affected by the practice. Globally, the prevalence of child marriage among boys is just one sixth that among girls.Item Gender Dimensions, Food Security, and HIV and AIDS in Internally Displaced People’s (IDPs) Camps in Uganda: Implications for HIV-Responsive Policy and Programming(Social Work and Social Administration, 2008) Bukuluki, Paul; Mugumya, Firminus; Neema, Stella; Awich Ochen, EricThis study set out to investigate in specific terms how gender relations influence the interaction between food insecurity and HIV/AIDS in two armed conflict-affected districts, Gulu, in northern Uganda and Katakwi. The study largely embraced qualitative and ethnographic approaches of investigation supplemented by quantitative approaches. An exploratory and descriptive study design largely applying an ethnographic approach was employed. This facilitated the research team to gain a clear understanding of the local meanings and contextual issues that influence interactions between gender, food insecurity, and risky sexual behavior in situations of internal displacement. Quantitative variables were also generated from the ethnographic phase of the study. The ethnographic phase helped to clarify the key variables and indicators, such as the extent of food insecurity, risky sexual behavior, perceived and actual risk to HIV infection, that were followed up and measured using quantitative research instruments. Since the whole philosophy underlying this research is to improve policy and programming, the approach employed was a collaborative one that involved deliberate consultation with relevant government departments as well as local and international agencies involved in activities related to food security and HIV/AIDS in internally displaced peoples (IDPs) camps.Item Rural Youth Entrepreneurs in East Africa: A view from Uganda and Kenya(Investment Climate and Business Environment Research Fund (ICBE-RF), 2012) Namatovu, Rebecca; Dawa, Samuel; Mulira, Fiona; Katongole, Celestine; Nyongesa, StellaThis report is a result of a project titled Entrepreneurship empowering marginalized groups. The project was made possible through funding from the IDRC Trust Africa Investment Climate and Business Environment- Research Fund. The overall objective of the project was to explore the entrepreneurship initiatives that marginalized groups which included women, rural youth and the disabled are engaged in. From earlier studies it is evident that governments are aware of the looming youth problems especially the rising unemployment and entrepreneurship is being considered as a measure to mitigate the crisis. This report is intended to document the rural youth entrepreneurship situation in East Africa, the Ugandan and Kenyan contexts in particular, looking at why rural youth engage in entrepreneurship and what benefits arise there from. The report explores several facets of entrepreneurship as it compares rural youth activities and behaviors in Uganda and Kenya. It examines the socio economic environment in which these young people operate. Further, the report highlights the current policy gaps in youth entrepreneurship by exposing the unique challenges they face and assessing if the initiatives that have been devised have indeed worked. Proposals to achieve entrepreneurship for sustainable growth are then outlined.Item Business Unusual? The Conceptualization and Implementation Readiness of the Global Financing Facility (GFF) in Uganda.(CEHURD, 2018) Kiiza, Julius; Nassimbwa, Jacqueline; Mulumba, MosesThis report presents findings from a scoping assessment of the Global Financing Facility (GFF) for Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCAH)as a development funding model and Uganda’s readiness to implement the project. The GFF model uses a hybrid funding approach that mobilizes, coordinates and utilizes resources from the World Bank (concessional lending), partner donor countries and private funders – pooled in the GFF Trust Fund. World Bank-hosted GFF secretariat uses trust fund resources to catalyze financing from multiple sources and to “crowd-in” additional domestic resources.Item Irrigation Investment and Market Analysis Study(Agribusiness Initiative Trust Uganda Ltd, 2018) Wanyama, JoshuaThe agricultural sector in Uganda faces increasing incidence of prolonged drought and unreliable rainfall attributed to climate change resulting into decline in agricultural productivity and household incomes. However, Uganda has an irrigation potential estimated at about 3,030,000 ha with only less than 1% currently exploited by less than 1% of agricultural households. In addition, access to water for livestock at present is estimated at 48.8%. Lessons learned from the past 8 years indicate increasing importance of irrigation as one of the key factors for increasing productivity, incomes and competitiveness of agribusinesses in both domestic and international markets. Evidence shows that irrigation can increase yields of coffee, vegetables and fruits by 2 to 4 fold stabilize and increase production and enhance product quality. It is against this background that a study was carried out to identify priority areas for enhancing private-sector investment and adoption of irrigation technologies by SMEs and small scale farmers.Item Stock Take Report of Uganda’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCS) and NDC Partnership Plan Implementation(Ministry of Water and Agriculture, 2020) Byakagaba, Patrick; Naturind, ZerubabeeliUganda is a landlocked country located within the East African region lying between latitudes 4°N and 2°S, and longitudes 29° and 35°E. The average altitude is about 1,100 metres above sea level, sloping very steadily downwards to the Sudanese Plain to the north. It has got a varied but modified equatorial climate. The UNDP Human Development Report of 2018 indicated that Uganda’s human development index is 0.516 (UNDP, 2018). The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Uganda was last recorded at 799 US dollars in 2018 with GDP growth in financial year 2018/2019 registered at 6.5% (GoU, 2018). Agriculture remains the main source of livelihoods for over 68.9% of the population (NPA, 2020). Approximately 90 percent of Uganda’s energy needs is generated from biomass, mostly dominated by firewood and charcoal which remain the primary energy source for most sectors of the economy apart from transport and service sector. It is worth noting that Uganda’s energy consumption is steadily increasing rapidly. The demand for electricity is growing annually at 10% while that of charcoal at 16.5% (Egeru et al. 2014) and firewood at 2.5-3% (Bamwesigye et al. 2017). The country continues to rely on electricity generated from hydropower sources with installed capacity at 932.45 MW while that of solar remains at 50.83MW (ERA, 2018).Item MDG Achievement and Debt Sustainability In HIPC and other Critically Indebted Developing Countries: Thoughts on an Assessment Framework(New York, 2006) Kitabire, Damoni; Kabanda, MosesThis paper reviews the evidence on post-HIPC debt sustainability, 10 years on from the start of the HIPC process. In light of the evidence, it discusses the assessment of debt sustainability in the context of MDG achievement in low income countries. The evidence on post-HIPC debt sustainability is not encouraging, although the volumes of debt relief delivered by the HIPC initiative have been significant. An independent World Bank evaluation2 shows that debt ratios have deteriorated in 11 out of the 13 countries for which post-completion point data is available, with ratios having risen above the HIPC thresholds in 8 of them.Item Impact of creative capacity building of local innovators and communities on income, welfare and attitudes in Uganda: a cluster randomized control trial approach(International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, 2019) Nkonya, Ephraim; Bashaasha, Bernard; Kato, Edward; Bagamba, Fredrick; Danet, MarionTechnologies and innovations are a key driver of human developments and competitiveness. Failure of imported technologies has galvanized efforts on technologies generated by close collaboration between external investors and local committees. The general objective of the study was to determine the impact of Creative Capacity Building (CCB) training on human welfare and local communities’ perception on their ability to innovate. Specifically, the study targeted a number of major outcomes of CCB training namely, economic impacts, behavioral changes, attitudinal change and technology creation and use including policy influence. CCB is a hands-on training approach whose students are community members with any educational level. CCB focuses on harnessing local creativity and indigenous knowledge in the technology design process, facilitating community innovations and invention. In skills training workshops, trainees work collaboratively to design and develop tools that meet their needs. The training encourages and trains people to make technologies that generate income, improve health and safety, save labour and time and change perceptions about themselves.Item Mapping of Civil Society Organizations in Uganda(UPHOLD CSO, 2004) Muhangi, DenisThis report discusses the results of the Phase I study to map Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the 20 districts of Uganda, where UPHOLD is operating. Phase I was based on a review of secondary data both at national and district levels, as well as interviews with selected key informants at national level.The study focused on CSOs involved in the UPHOLD target sectors of Health, education, and HIV/AIDS, as well as the cross-cutting areas of gender, advocacy, capacity building, management, and communication. At national level, documentation of CSOs exists in form of directories and inventories compiled by different organizations. Most such compilations have been made by NGO network organizations including DENIVA, the National NGO Forum, HURRINET, and UNASO. Some NGOs and government programmes have also compiled directories to serve their needs. The NGO Registration Board in the Ministry of Internal Affairs has a listing of all organizations registered with it. The level and quality of documentation of CSOs at district level varies across districts. Some districts such as Pallisa and Gulu, through their Community Development Department or the District NGO Forum have directories of CSOs. Others (Lira, Bushenyi, Bundibugyo, Mbarara and Rukungiri) are in the process of recording CSOs. Yet others do not have any systematic or comprehensive record of their CSOs. The study results indicate that a very big number of CSOs exists in the districts, a listing by this study revealing 3,400 CSOs in the 20 districts. Yet this figure does not represent the actual number of CSOs that exist, but rather, only those captured in the documents that were accessed. The South-Western district of Bushenyi, Rukungiri and Mbarara revealed the biggest number of CSOs, while the Northern and North Eastern districts had the least number. Bushenyi had 1,160 CSOs, being the district with the biggest number of CSOs recorded. Districts that have been registering CBOs through their Community Development Departments reveal a very big number of CBOs. In almost all districts, CBOs were the most dominant type of CSOs that exists. International NGOs were mainly found in districts that have a history of civil war and other forms of conflict (Gulu, Kitgum, Nakapirirpirit, Bundibugyo, Luwero), and those with a history of other calamities such as HIV/AIDS (Rakai). Several of the CSOs could not be classified in terms of their type, due to unavailability of such information.Item Study of Civil Society Organizations in Uganda(UPHOLD CSO, 2004) Muhangi, DenisThis study was conducted to enable better understanding of the nature, operations and scope of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in the 20 districts of Uganda where UPHOLD operates. CSOs can be understood to include a range of non-government, non-profit, voluntary organizations that seek to achieve specified goals to benefit a cross-section of the population. The study is expected to provide information that would enable UPHOLD and districts to maximize the benefits of partnerships with CSOs and communities. The study was conducted in two phases, and the present report integrates results from both phases. Data for phase one was collected through documents review supplemented with key informant interviews. During the second phase, primary data was collected from local governments and a sample of 321 CSOs. In addition, workshops were held in districts with local government staff and representatives from CSOs, during which a dialogue process about CSO-local government relations was facilitated between the two sets of actors.Item Participatory Review Of National Policies On: Land; Health; And Trade.(Office of the President-Cabinet Secretariat, 2020) Office of the President-Cabinet SecretariatGovernment of Uganda has put in place a number of public policies. Public policies are means of addressing public issues in an effort to improve the lives of the citizens and transforming the country into a middle income status. Good practice requires that reviews are conducted to determine public policies that have worked and those that haven not. The involvement of stakeholders is a contemporary principle that requires their participation in all matters that concern them for inclusiveness, relevance and effectiveness. The Government of Uganda approved The National Land Policy (NLP) in 2013 and the key issues it was to address included: Historical injustices and colonial legacies, which had resulted in multiple rights and interests over the same piece of land; disposition and loss of ancestral land by some communities; border disputes arising out of tribal, ethnic groupings and trans-state border disputes; and the ineffective dispute resolution mechanisms, which resulted into illegal evictions. The National Health Policy II (NHP) was approved in 2010 and the key issues it was to address were; health promotion, disease prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The National Trade Policy (NTP) was approved in 2007 and its overall Mission and Policy objective was to develop andnurture private sector competitiveness, and to support the productive sectors of the economy to trade at both domestic and international levels, with the ultimate objective of creating wealth, employment, enhancing social welfare and transforming Uganda from a poor peasant society into a modern and prosperous society. However, since the approval of the above mentioned policies, there has been no review conducted to determine their effectiveness and relevance to the different stake holders. It is against this background that the participatory review was carried out to determine the effectiveness and relevance of the National Land Policy, NationalHealth Policy and National Trade Policy.