Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences

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Farmer Family Learning Groups for Community Development
(Organic Denmark Global Organic, 2011-06-18) Vaarst, Mette; Tibasiima, Thaddeo; Nalunga, Jane; Dissing, Aage; Dissing, Inge. Lis
Sorghum production handbook for Uganda
(NaSARRI-NARO, 2019) Lubadde, Geofrey; Ebiyau, John; Aru, John C.; Andiku, Charles; Wandulu, Joseph A.; Ugen, Michael A.
Sorghum is an important income and food security crop for those living in drought-prone regions of Uganda. Many races of the cereal are grown in almost all zones but the northern region is the highest producer followed by eastern, western and lastly the central. Much as the northern region is the highest producer of sorghum, the region experiences the lowest productivity indicating that production is due to increased area in cultivation. The increased area is due to wide scale cultivation of improved sorghum such as Epurpur and now SESO1 which is cultivated for income generation due to its use for making larger beer. The increased production of specialty improved varieties in the last ten years has made sorghum the second most important cereal after maize. However, productivity is generally still low due to a number of factors. Farmers hardly follow the recommended agronomic practices which normally lead to high productivity. Broadcasting is the common practice of sowing sorghum yet row planting at spacing of 60x20cm or 60x30 cm would result in high productivity. Farmers weed only once and do not apply any fertliser or spray to control diseases and insect pests such as shoot flies or stem borers which are problematic especially for late planted sorghum. The most important diseases are ergot, covered kernel smut and anthracnose while insect pests are shoot fly, stem borers and midge. This is cofounded by the low fertility of the sandy-loam soils and high striga infestation which are common in most of sorghum growing regions in addition to poor postharvest handling. After harvesting farmers dry the sorghum on bare ground which leads to contamination with debris. The best practice would be to dry the sorghum on tarpaulin or cemented ground or well swept bare ground for those who cannot afford improved materials. The sorghum should be dried to about 12% moisture content before threshing or storage. Farmers store unthreshed sorghum for use as seed in the following season above the fire place in the kitchen while grain sorghum is stored in granaries either as threshed or unthreshed. The granaries are constructed on raised platforms with rat guards. The stored sorghum should be checked regularly to make sure it is not affected by moulds.
Changing Trends in Urban Agriculture in Kampala
(Sustainable Tree Crops Program, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), 2010) David, Sonii; Lee-Smith, Diana; Kyaligonza, Julius; Mangeni, Wasike; Kimeze, Sarah; Aliguma, Lucy; Lubowa, Abdelrahman; Nasinyama, George W.
Kampala in the 21st century is the showcase of Uganda’s economic, political and social transformation following the economic decay and civil war of the 1970s and 1980s. A capital city that reflects the country’s diversity, it is also the site of the historic Buganda Kingdom and its traditions, including agriculture. This and other socio-economic factors have contributed to agriculture being a visible part of the city’s life. With its tropical climate and ample rainfall Kampala is fertile, like the rest of Uganda, 75 percent of the country being suitable for agriculture, which forms 42 percent of the national economy. The agriculture sector accounts for 90 percent of Uganda’s exports, 80 percent of employment and most of the raw materials that go to the mainly agro-based industrial sector, much of which is located in Kampala. About 64 percent of Uganda’s agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) is in the form of food crops, mainly produced by around three million farm households, of which 80 percent have less than 4 ha of land and for whom the hand-hoe is the predominant technology (MFPED 2002, 2003). In the early 1990s urban agriculture (UA) was widespread both within the built-up areas of Kampala City and in peri-urban areas. A 1993 survey of three neighbourhoods found that 35 percent of households engaged in agriculture, mainly crop cultivation. In 1992, 56 percent of land within municipal boundaries was used for agriculture, while an estimated 70 percent of poultry products consumed in Kampala were produced in the city (Maxwell 1995b).
Agricultural Innovation and Sustainable Development
(MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022-05-06) Blakeney, Michael
This book deals with sustainable agriculture at a time of climate change. It seeks to identify a number of solutions to deal with the agricultural stresses caused by climate change. These range from the identification and cultivation of appropriate crop varieties and the adoption of climate adaptive agricultural practices. Significant sustainable agricultural innovation is required to deal with these challenges. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) may be of crucial importance for modern agriculture. They serve to make R&D in agriculture attractive, by encouraging investment in new technologies and generating tradeable assets. A number of the chapters of this book refer to the principal IPRs relevant to agricultural innovation, namely: (i) patents, which protect inventions; (ii) plant variety rights, which protect the breeding of new and distinct plant varieties; and (iii) trademarks and geographical indications, which facilitate the marketing of products by providing protection for the symbols of their manufacturing or geographic origin. The United Nations Climate Change Panel has urged the consideration of the agricultural practices of traditional communities and some of these practices particularly involving rice, banana, and brassica cultivation are explored in the book. This book is essential reading for officials of governments and international organizations concerned with sustainability, as well as scholars and students concerned with these subjects
Techno-economic feasibility of small-scale pressurized irrigation in Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda through an integrated modeling approach
(IOP Publishing Ltd, 2021-10-19) Jorge L Izar-Tenorio; Paulina Jaramillo; Nathan Williams
Agriculture contributes up to 50% of the gross domestic product in some East African countries and is the backbone of the region’s economy. Most farmers rely on traditional, small-scale subsistence farming with low fertilizer use and low-yield seeds. Similarly, less than 3% of the total cultivated area employs any form of irrigation, mostly non-pressurized. Meanwhile, electricity providers frequently struggle with low and unpredictable demand, challenging their ability to recover rural infrastructure investments. Using electricity to pump irrigation water can increase agricultural productivity and improve the financial sustainability of rural electricity supply. This study evaluates the productive and economic feasibility of pressurized small-scale irrigation systems in Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda for three staple crops and two horticulture crops. To study these effects, we develop simplified engineering-based irrigation and hydrology models and combine them with an existing biophysical crop growth model using district-level agrometeorological, soil, and crop physiology data as inputs. Our results indicate that small-scale pressurized irrigation can significantly increase yields for horticulture crops and staples such as maize or potato grown with improved seeds and moderate or greater fertility levels. The sensitivity analysis shows that irrigation may be techno-economically viable in up to 36% of Ethiopian woredas, 67% of Rwandan districts, and 45% of Ugandan districts provided the use of improved cultivars and non-limiting fertility conditions. These results highlight the value of complementing irrigation investments with electricity infrastructure in East Africa.
The nature and Extent of Environmental Crimes in Seychelles
(Institute for Security Studies, 2009) Mwebaza, Rose; Njuguna, Phillip; Corullus, Iris; Matatiken, Dennis
"The study consisted of a thorough analysis of the state of the environment and the extent of environmental crime in the country. In addition, the study examined the legal and institutional regime for combating environmental crime in Seychelles. Finally, an assessment of the challenges facing these institutions was undertaken and recommendations were made to effectively deal with environmental crimes in the country. The study shows that an extensive legislative framework provides for the protection of the environment in Seychelles. However,this has not prevented the commission of environmental crimes in the country. Several factors have contributed to this state of affairs. Most of the legislation is outdated and the penalties are not deterrent enough. It is therefore imperative that they be amended to reflect the present conditions and to take into account the country’s international obligations."
Bananas and Plantains (Musa spp.)
(Springer, Cham, 2017) Brown, Allan; Tumuhimbise, Robooni; Amah, Delphine; Uwimana, Brigitte; Nyine, Moses; Mduma, Hassan; Talengera, David; Karamura, Deborah; Kuriba, Jerome; Swennen, Rony
With a production of 145 million metric tons worldwide (worth 26.5 billion Euro), banana (Musa spp.) is one of the world’s most important staple food crops and arguably the world’s most popular fruit in terms of international trade (FAO 2014). Banana and plantains (Musa spp.), collectively referred to here as bananas, are grown in more than 135 countries and found in most tropical and subtropical regions around the world. While industrialized nations view banana primarily as a dessert item, many regions of the developing world consider cooking bananas and plantains as essential staples that contribute significantly to the caloric intake of low-income subsistence farmers. Although sensitivity to photoperiod has been noted in certain cultivars (Fortescue et al. 2011), banana is an almost nonseasonal crop that reliably provides a carbohydrate source year-round which makes it vitally important to both nutrition and food security.
The Contribution of Cereal Grains to Food Security and Sustainability in Africa: Potential Application of UAV in Ghana, Nigeria, Uganda, and Namibia
(Urban Science, 2021) Raheem, Dele; Dayoub, Moammar; Birech, Rhoda; Nakiyemba, Alice
Abstract: Africa is a net importer of food, especially cereal grains, despite the importance of agriculture in the continent. The agricultural growth in Africa has been undermined by low investment in agriculture, poor infrastructure, high population growth rate, and low adoption of technologies. The agri-food value chain in many African countries will benefit from the adoption of appropriate technologies that are available in the digital landscape to leverage the agricultural sector, make it more attractive to the teeming youth population, and to reverse rural-urban migration. Attention to indigenous cereal grains and other crops that are grown locally and processed into different local foods would ensure food security. However, the availability of these crops in the market is often reduced due to damage before harvest by pests and predators leading to economic losses for farmers. In this article, we review the literature from a multidisciplinary perspective on the relevance of African indigenous food grains to food security in general and we highlight the potential application of drones to increase the yield of cereal grains in three regions of the continent—eastern, western, and southern Africa.
Decentralisation of Forest Management — Is it a Panacea to Challenges in Forest Governance in Uganda? Turyahabwe, N., Byakagaba, P., & Tumusiime, D. M. (2015). Decentralisation of Forest Management—Is it a Panacea to Challenges in Forest Governance in Uganda?. In Precious Forests-Precious Earth. IntechOpen.
(In Precious Forests-Precious Earth, 2015) Turyahabwe, Nelson; Byakagaba, Patrick; Mwesigye Tumusiime, David
Decentralisation of forest management is currently implemented in many countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America as a governance strategy aimed at enhancing forest resource conservation, poverty alleviation and equity in forest resource utilisation. In Uganda, the overarching aim of decentralisation of the forest sector was to shift responsibility of forest management to lower elected local government councils so as to increase participation and accountability in the forest sector. In this chapter, we investigate whether decentralisation has led to transfer of “real” power to local authorities and the extent to which the original objectives of decentralised forest service delivery have been achieved and challenges encountered in the implementation. We used questionnaires, unstructured observations and interviews to collect data from three districts of Uganda. We found that District Forest Departments of local government are mostly involved in revenue generating activities and protection of local forest reserves with only a very limited focus on activities that endear people towards participation in the management of local forest reserves. Power sharing of District Local Governments with lower local institutions and local communities is extremely limited. Contradictory policies about forest resource governance, inequitable sharing of revenues generated from forest resources between the District and Sub-county governments, rent seeking and political corruption amongst actors who are charged with forest law enforcement are the major challenges in dispensing decentralised forest governance. There is need to increase space for citizen participation in the management of forest resources, holding accountable of the duty bearers and equity.
Diversity in Nutrient Content and Consumer Preferences of Sensory Attributes of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Varieties in Ugandan Agroecosystems
(Sustainability, 2021) Nankya, Rose; Mulumba, John W.; Lwandasa, Hannington; Matovu, Moses; Isabirye, Brian
The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the most widely consumed legumes globally due to its nutrient content, taste, and affordability. Nutrient composition and consumer preference were determined for twenty local farmer (landrace) and commercial peanut varieties grown in the Nakaseke and Nakasongola districts of the central wooded savanna of Uganda through sensory and laboratory evaluation. Significant differences in nutrient content (p < 0.05) among peanut varieties were found within and across sites. A significant relationship between nutrient content and consumer preference for varieties within and across sites was also realized (Wilk’s lambda = 0.05, p = 0.00). The differences in nutrient content influenced key organoleptic characteristics, including taste, crunchiness, appearance, and soup aroma, which contributed to why consumers may prefer certain varieties to others. Gender differences in variety selection were significantly related to consumer preference for the crunchiness of roasted peanut varieties (F = 5.7, p = 0.016). The results imply that selecting different varieties of peanuts enables consumers to receive different nutrient amounts, while experiencing variety uniqueness. The promotion of peanut intraspecific diversity is crucial for improved nutrition, organoleptic appreciation and the livelihood of those engaged in peanut value chains, especially for the actors who specialize in different peanut products. The conservation of peanut diversity will ensure that the present and future generations benefit from the nutritional content and organoleptic enjoyment that is linked to unique peanut varieties.
Management of Aflatoxins in Groundnuts: A manual for Farmers, Processors, Traders and Consumers in Uganda
(National Agricultural Research Organization, 2010) Okello, David K.; Kaaya, Archileo N.; Bisikwa, Jenipher; Were, Moreen; Oloka, Herbert K.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), also known as peanut, is the second most important legume after beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) grown mainly in Eastern and Northern Uganda but consumed widely throughout the country (Okello et al., 2010). There has been a substantial increase in groundnut production as both a food and cash crop because of increased awareness of their value as a source of protein (23-25% content), fat (40-50%), oil (40-52% content), and 10-20 % carbohydrate depending on the variety (Savage and Keenan, 1994). With the costs of animal protein ever increasing, groundnut is becoming an even more important source of protein. A kilogram of groundnuts is high in food energy and provides approximately the same energy value as 2 kilograms of beef, 4 litres of milk, or 36 medium-size eggs. Groundnut seeds are also a nutritional source of vitamin E, niacin, falacin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, riboflavin, thiamine and potassium. Groundnut is consumed raw, roasted, blanched, as peanut butter, crushed and mixed with traditional dishes as a sauce or as binyebwa, a cooked paste. These qualities make groundnut an important nutritional supplement to mainly cereal diets of maize, millet and sorghum of many Ugandans.
Groundnut Production Guide for Uganda: Recommended Practices for Farmers
(National Agricultural Research Organisation, 2013) Kalule Okello, David; Monyo, Emmanuel; Michael, Deom Carl; Jane, Ininda; Herbert Kefa, Oloka
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) also known as peanut, is cultivated in the semi-arid tropical and sub-tropical regions of nearly 100 countries in six continents between 40˚ N and S of the equator. It is an important legume grown and consumed globally and in particular in sub-Saharan African countries (Okello et al., 2010a). For people in many developing countries, groundnuts are the principal source of digestible protein (25 - 34%), cooking oil (44 - 56%), and vitamins. These qualities make groundnut an important nutritional supplement to mainly cereal diets of maize, millet and sorghum of many Ugandans. In many countries, groundnut cake and haulms (foliage, straw/stems) are used as livestock feed. Groundnut is also a significant source of cash income in developing countries that contributes significantly to livelihoods and food security. As a legume, groundnuts improve soil fertility by fixing nitrogen and thereby increase productivity of other crops in the semi-arid cereal cropping systems. Groundnut requires little input, making it appropriate for cultivation in low input agriculture by smallholding farmers. Groundnuts are grown in most of SSA by smallholder farmers as a subsistence crop under rain-fed conditions. Yields per hectare are generally low compared to those from developed countries like the USA, because of a combination of factors such as unreliable rains, mostly non-irrigated cultures, traditional small-scale farming with little mechanization, outbreaks of pest infestations and diseases, the use of low-yielding seed varieties, increased and/or continued cultivation on marginal land, poor adoption of agronomic practices and limited extension services. Insecurity instability and the frequently unsupportive oilseed policies have also played their role in low groundnut productivity. Therefore, there is excellent potential for yield improvement. This production guide seeks to address salient issues in groundnut production in order to maximize groundnut productivity.
Parasite control in pigs: Uganda smallholder pig value chain capacity development training manual
(ILRI Manual, 2015) Nakatudde, Patricia; Dione, Michel M.; Roesel, Kristina; Kawuma, Brian; Brandes-van Dorresteijn, Diana; Smith, Jeff
Pork production and consumption have risen rapidly in Uganda over the past decade, driven by population growth, urbanization, increasing incomes, and changing tastes. In 2011, Uganda had the highest per capita consumption of pork in East Africa (3.4 kg/person per year). The number of pigs has increased more than tenfold from less than 200,000 three decades ago to roughly 2.3 million. More than 1 million households in Uganda raise those pigs. The majority of the pigs are kept by women in rural areas, with limited access to technology, services and markets. The CGIAR Research Program on Livestock and Fish,2 led by the International Livestock Research Institute, started the Smallholder Pig Value Chain Development Project to improve the livelihoods of smallholder pig producers, particularly women, through increased productivity, reduced risk from disease, and improved market access. A key activity of the project is to enhance the capacity of women and men pig producers, and help them transform subsistence-level pig-keeping into viable, profitable businesses. A companion project, ‘Safe Food, Fair Food’, under the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health,3 is working to improve pork safety and market access. These efforts, in turn, should enhance food security, help preserve natural resources and reduce poverty. Poverty in Uganda currently stands at 37.8% (people living on less than USD 1.25/day). This training modules are targeted to extension workers, veterinarians and para-veterinarians, and policy makers responsible for animal disease surveillance and control and for livestock market development and regulation. Improved knowledge should help provide incentive for decision-makers to help poor pig farmers, and promote the sector.
Guideline for participatory training on African swine fever control for smallholder pig farmers in Uganda
(ILRI Manual, 2018) Dione, Michel M.; Ochago, Robert; Lule, Peter; Mayega, Lawrence
African swine fever (ASF) is among the major production constraints for smallholder pig farmers in Uganda (Atuhaire et al. 2013; Dione et al. 2014). There is no vaccine or treatment for the disease. The only way to control the disease is proper application of biosecurity along the pig value chain. However, adoption and implementation of biosecurity measures is challenging in the context of the smallholder pig production, because of the nature of the production systems which is characterized by poor housing and husbandry practices; poor hygiene during slaughtering and pork handling; and low level of knowledge and awareness of value chain actors about the disease. Also there is lack of incentive and capacities of value chain actors for reporting outbreaks of ASF to authorities, as well as observing movement control during outbreak seasons (Dione et al. 2014). Hence, farmers operate ‘panic sales’ and slaughters to avoid financial losses attributed to the death of the pigs, with most farmers ignoring the implication of such practice in spreading the disease. Proper application of biosecurity measures require that farmers be well equipped with knowledge of their principles, when and how to apply them and why? To address this gap in knowledge, ILRI and partners developed a training guide for smallholder farmers on biosecurity and control of ASF. This guide will be delivered through participatory training. Here, the authors are describing the process for an effective training of farmers using participatory training methods, step by step.
African swine fever: Uganda smallholder pig value chain capacity development training manual
(ILRI Manual, 2015) Nantima, Noelina; Dione, Michel M.; Brandes-van Dorresteijn, Diana; Kawuma, Brian; Smith, Jeff
Pork production and consumption have risen rapidly in Uganda over the past decade, driven by population growth, urbanization, increasing incomes, and changing tastes. In 2011, Uganda had the highest per capita consumption of pork in East Africa (3.4 kg/person per year). The number of pigs has increased more than tenfold from less than 200,000 three decades ago to roughly 3.2 million. More than 1 million households in Uganda raise those pigs. The majority of the pigs are kept by women in rural areas, with limited access to technology, services and markets
A review of the food safety architecture in the East African Community: Animal-source foods, fruits and vegetables
(ILRI, 2021) Kang’ethe, Erastus K.; Mutua, Florence; Roesel, Kristina; Ntawubizi, Martin; Kankya, Clovice; Niragira, Sanctus; Kilima, Beatrice; Gathura, Peter; Kuai Kuorwel, Kuorwel; Kiri, Andrew; Grace, Delia
In the 1996 World Food Summit, governments reaffirmed the right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger. They pledged to work together and eradicate hunger. ‘Zero hunger’ is one of the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Safe food is important and should be considered in attempts to ensure a world that has adequate food and is hunger free. Globally, unsafe food is estimated to cause over 600 million cases of illness and 420,000 deaths annually, resulting in a burden of 33 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Attention given to food safety is increasing, due to the evidence on the health and economic burden of foodborne diseases (FBD), and acceleration of drivers causing unsafe food. Governments are mandated to ensure available food is safe for human consumption. They can do this by developing and/or strengthening national food control systems (NFCS). Assessing NFCS in any country is one way to evaluate the state of food safety in the country. The findings can be used to define areas that need to be improved for better protection of consumers. Food safety experts from each of the six partner states in the East African Community (EAC), namely Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda, were trained on food safety, through two workshops that ILRI organized in 2019. Although the training focused on risk assessment, participants were also introduced to the concept of a NFCS, its components, and usefulness in ensuring good health, protecting consumers, and for economic development (ILRI 2019). As a follow up to the training, participants from each country, led by a team leader, were expected to, working as a team, assess the food safety situation in their country. The reports from countries were reviewed and key data extracted and summarized to give this report, which combines information on EAC countries. The reviews focused on safety of two value chains, which are most often implicated in FBD and are essential for nutrition in the EAC, namely animalsource foods (ASF) and fruits and vegetables (FV). Components of NFCS include food law and regulation, food control management, inspection, laboratories, and information, education, communication and training (IECT).
Cattle rustling stimulates profitable dairy farming
(Appropriate Technology, 2013) Onyango-Obbo, Charles
West Pokot County, in north-west Kenya, was notorious as an unruly region. It is dry and hot and the tough land is plagued by cattle rustling between the Pokot people and their neighbours. However, life, especially in South Pokot, has now moved on. Charles Onyango-Obbo reports how, in a small corner of this land, in a place called Lelan, there are hopeful lessons for Kenya and East Africa.
Conversion of native vegetation in protected areas fuels co2-equivalent losses in Uganda
(Nova Publishers, 2017) Olupot, Giregon; Otukei, John R.; Muwanika, Vincent B.; Esaete, Josephine; Tabuti, John R.S.
Protected areas (PAs) play many unique yet, irreplaceable ecosystem functions, most importantly, mitigation of CO2 emissions. However, the influence of land use and land cover (LULC) change on the sequestration of carbon in these PAs and related ecosystems is strikingly limited. This chapter consolidates the scanty data on the impact of LULC change on biomass and soil carbon stocks for evaluation of the impact of such LULC changes on CO2-equivalent (CO2-e) fluxes in the PAs of Uganda. The gist of the study was to test the hypothesis that any change in LULC or shift away from the pristine LULC type (PAs in our case), would lead to a net CO2-e loss. The results indicate that deliberate revegetation of an old (39–63 years) pine plantation segment of Kibale National Park with indigenous tree species resulted in a net 56.8% increase in CO2-e sequestration (18.10 Mg CO2-e ha-1) in 10 years. In Mt Elgon National Park (MENP) with mature native forest (>80 years), over 87% of the CO2-e was sequestered by mature trees in the intact tropical high forest (ITHF). A change in LC from an ITHF to a degraded tropical high forest (DTHF) to grassland has resulted in net losses of 91.5% and 93.6% of the CO2-e sequestered by the ITHF, respectively. In Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, a shift from closed forest canopy (CFC) to open forest canopy (OFC) translated into a net loss of over 76.8% of CO2-e. There was a significant effect of LULC change on the depth distribution of soil carbon stocks in KNP. Highest soil carbon stocks (19.0±0.86 Mg C ha-1) were observed under maize whereas the smallest (16.4±1.54 Mg C ha-1) were under ITHF. However, about 70% of the soil carbon stocks under the forest covers (11.2 Mg C ha-1) were accumulated deeper than 0–0.15 m compared with only about 47% (about 8.9 Mg C ha-1) under maize. The 2.3 Mg C ha-1 in the 0.15–0.6 m layer of soil under ITHF and restored forest in excess of what we observed under maize, highlights the importance of the forests in sequestering carbon in the area and potentially in related ecosystems elsewhere in Uganda. Our synthesis indicates that change in LULC or shift away from native LULC type leads to a net loss of CO2-e. Therefore, conservation of such PAs in Uganda is not an option but mandatory for climate change mitigation.
Generation, flow and utilisation of information on the regional fish trade
(National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI), 2006) Odongkara, Konstantine
The purpose of the study was to provide an in-depth understanding of information generation, flow and utilization within Uganda’s regional fish trade. The study was carried out at district headquarters, border points, landing sites and border markets, involving DFOs, Customs Officials, BMU executives and market managers. Authority and purpose of data collection 2. The Authority that required DFR, DFOs and BMUs to collect regional data was the Fish Act, for which MAAIF through DFR was the custodian. Within the decentralisation framework, however, this authority was devolved to the Districts, under the responsibility of the CAOs. Customs Officials were required to collect data by URA.

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