Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences

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Uganda
(Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators, 2002) Beintema, Nienke M.; Tizikara, Clesensio
This brief reviews the major investment and institutional trends in Ugandan public agricultural research since the early 1990s, drawing directly on a new set of survey data collected through the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) initiative.
Uganda’s access to the European Union agricultural market: Challenges and opportunities
(Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment ACODE, 2003) Mugyenyi, Onesmus; Naluwairo, Ronald
The last three decades of trade between Uganda and European Union have not benefited Uganda. Generally the annual trade balance has been negative raising the level of Uganda's external debt to US$ 3.68 billion as of June ,2000. The Lomé Trading arrangement (1975-2000) has not been able to change the trend due to a number of challenges. The Cotonou Partnership Agreement and the EBA initiative may not be able to change the trend unless these challenges have been addressed. The major constraints have been internal, external and structural. The internal factors range from poor trade policies, inadequate support to private sector, narrow export base, reliance on export of raw materials and high level corruption. The external factors include non-tariff barriers, protectionist policies, subsidies, tariff peaks and escalation. The structural challenges mainly relate to poor infrastructure, poor product quality, poor and obsolete technology, poor marketing techniques and insufficient market knowledge which can be summarized as supply side constraints.
HIV/AIDS in the fisheries sector in Africa
(Worldfish Center, 2005) Gordon, Ann
Poverty in Africa is still a largely rural phenomenon. Rural economic development is thus critical to poverty alleviation in Africa. Africa’s fisheries can be an engine of growth because there is robust local and international demand for fish products (both marine and freshwater) and under-exploited potential for fish farming. Fish products are also an important source of affordable animal protein and micronutrients for Africa’s poor. Yet fisheries livelihoods are severely threatened.
Promoting food security and sustainable agriculture through facilitated access to plant genetic resources for food and agriculture
(Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment ACODE, 2006) Naluwairo, Ronald; Tabaro, Edgar
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (herein after referred to as the Treaty) is a landmark international agreement for ensuring food security and sustainable agriculture especially in the developing countries. It establishes an elaborate system of facilitated access to a number of plant genetic resources considered key in agriculture production and meeting the nutritional and food related needs of humanity. Under the system, access is to be provided expeditiously with minimal costs, if at all, only to cover the administrative costs involved. The system also offers several monetary and non-monetary benefits that are vital for ensuring sustainable agriculture, and increased and improved food production to feed the rapidly growing world population.
Certified Organic Export Production – Implications for Economic Welfare and Gender Equity amongst Smallholder Farmers in Tropical Africa
(UNCTAD, 2007) Bolwig, Simon; Gibbon, Peter; Odeke, Moses; Taylor, Alastair
Over the last fifteen years the market for certified organic agricultural products has grown from a very low base to reach 1.5-2.5% of total food sales both in North America and the EU, up to 5% in Denmark and Switzerland (Willer & Yussefi, 2006; Oberholtzer et al., 2005; CBI 2005; Financial Times, 2006). Global organic sales were estimated at US$ 33 billion in 2005, compared to US$ 23 billion in 2002 (Willer & Yussefi, 2007), representing an increase of 43% or about 14% per year. Most of this growth has been satisfied by increases in the area under certified organic production in North America and EU itself. Yet there has been also an increase in certified organic imports into both regions. In the case of the EU these mainly comprise cereals and oilseeds from temperate and semi-temperate countries, but they also include fruit and vegetables (from a much wider range of countries) and tropical beverages.
Sustainable intensification of agriculture - the role of birds, bees and trees
(Cambridge Conservation Initiative, 2008) Uganda Wildlife Authority
Uganda’s population is now above 34.5 million up from about 16 million in the 1991 (UBOS, 2002). The country’s size and in particular arable land upon which people depend however remain constant and is seriously undergoing degradation. Increasing land productivity yet conserving biodiversity is a challenge Uganda has to meet to secure survival and wellbeing of its people and also the environment. To help determine approaches that would help enhance productivity per unit area of land while conserving biodiversity and consequently the ecosystem’s ecological integrity and services (natural capital), two studies were conducted in the banana coffee zones(the most densely populated region) of Uganda. This policy brief is based on results from research carried out between 2006 and 2008 under the project “Conserving biodiversity on the modernizing farmed landscapes of Uganda”. The project identified best practices for the long-term conservation of biodiversity in a sample of typical farmed landscapes in Uganda and established a framework for sustainable agricultural development and monitoring. The results can be used to support both policy and technological approaches to protect the environment and provide a basis for sustainable development.
Inorganic fertilizer in Uganda- Knowledge gaps, profitability, subsidy, and implications of a national policy
(International Food Policy Research Institute, 2009) Bayite-Kasule, Stephen
Agriculture is at the core of the livelihoods of most rural households in Uganda. It is a major engine for overall economic growth and possibly the single most important pathway out of poverty in the rural space. Although measures to enhance the rural farm economy are reflected in national policy through the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture, tangible benefits, such as improved smallholder farm productivity, income growth, poverty reduction, and national food security, continue to elude the farm sector. Increasing the availability of inputs such as inorganic fertilizer and improved seed is critical to meeting the above policy objectives. The lack of functional and efficient agricultural inputs markets in Uganda is often highlighted among the major constraints to substantial agricultural growth in the country. Improved soil fertility management through increased levels of fertilizer use, increased use of available organic soil amendments, and improved farm management practices, together with the use of improved seed, can result in positive gains in farm productivity. This brief specifically addresses fertilizer use in Uganda.
Improving smallholder farmer adoption of climate smart agriculture practices
(Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), 2010) Margiotta, Sarah; Giller, Onno
The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), with CIAT, Sustainable Food Lab and Rainforest Alliance, are promoting increased smallholder coffee farmer adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices in Uganda. Initial IITA research on coffee began in 2010 and has subsequently expanded across 17 districts, 899 farmers, 51 on-farm field trials and 26 demonstration sites. IITA collaborates with Hanns R. Neumann Stiftung (HRNS) in Robusta coffee in Luwero and Olam, Kawacom and Great Lakes Coffee in Arabica coffee growing regions in Uganda. CSA practices in coffee are practices such as planting shade trees and soil and water conservation structures, that are fine tuned to the local context. Research concluded that CSA adoption is hindered, in part, due to limited resources and differing levels of entrepreneurship amongst smallholder coffee farmers in Uganda. In addition, farmer limitations and aspirations, farming systems, and climate change impact vary from site to site. Enablers of CSA adoption therefore need to be contextually specific to ensure they relate to local needs. A suite of studies have been conducted to explore the diversity in Uganda’s smallholder coffee farmers, their ranking of constraints to implementing CSA practices, and land use mapping to identify different ecological zones within a district.
In Defense of Farmers’ and Community Rights: Justifying their Inclusion in Uganda’s Plant Variety Protection Legislation
(Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment ACODE, 2010) Naluwairo, Ronald; Tabaro, Edgar
In 2008, it was reported that President Museveni directed that issues of community rights (which in certain respects also include farmers’ rights) should be removed from the draft Plant Variety Protection Bill. There is no convincing reason that was given for the President’s directive. Apparently, in conformity with the President’s directive, when the draft Plant Variety Protection legislation was finally gazetted as a Bill, the substantive sections that had provided for the recognition and protection of farmers’ and community rights had been removed.
Trade opportunities from the EU-ACP EPAs: Prospects for the Fresh Fruits and Vegetables subsector in Uganda
(Economic Policy Research Centre, 2011) Guloba, Madina; Ogwal, Francis
With the signing of the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) in January 2009, Uganda as a member of the ACP, should endeavour to re-strategize itself to benefit from the opportunities such trading blocks create through increased trade. Trade is likely to increase with EPA in place and this is likely to lead to biodiversity conservation challenges amidst the need for increased production. Uganda signed and ratified the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) on 12th June 1992 and 8th September 1993 respectively. The objectives of CBD are the conservation of biodiversity; sustainable use of bio diversity; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. Although Government has made significant progress in achieving these objectives, balancing trade and biodiversity under EPA presents challenges. In this brief we focus on fresh fruits and vegetables production and suggest some trade options that would be beneficial under EPA and also ways on how to mitigate biodiversity loss. In addition, some key policy interventions that can lead to sustainable trade in fresh fruits and vegetables are recommended.
Towards Equitable Agriculture Development in Uganda: A look at the Terms of Trade amongst Stakeholders
(CUTS International Geneva, 2011) Mwambutsya, Ndebesa
Between 2000 and 2008, the share of agriculture in GDP fell rapidly while that of industry registered impressive growth rates in Uganda. Whilst this decline is mainly on account of growth in other sectors, it is also true that agricultural productivity has been on the decline as a result of limited application of scientific methods and inputs among other shortcomings. Notwithstanding the decline in its performance, the agriculture sector contributes significantly to Uganda’s employment and the number of people working in the sector has been increasing since the 1990’s, as evidenced by Figure 1 below. Available evidence indicates that the majority of those employed in the sector are subsistence farmers and fishermen. Besides this, the sector currently generates 45 percent of export earnings. Coffee, tobacco, tea, cotton, cocoa, cut flowers, and maize are the major exports, while oilseeds, sugarcane, fish and livestock provide raw materials for the expanding agro-processing sector that supplies both domestic and export trade.
Promoting Agriculture Sector Growth and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Uganda’s Political Party Manifestos (2011-2016)
(Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment ACODE, 2011) Naluwairo, Ronald
This paper is an analytical comparison of the promises made by Uganda’s different political parties in their manifestos (2011 – 2016) with regard to the measures proposed to address the challenges facing the agriculture sector. The comparison is along eight major areas generally considered key for agricultural growth and development in Uganda. These areas are: agriculture sector financing; agricultural inputs; agricultural credit for farmers; agro-processing and marketing; agricultural education; agricultural extension and advisory services; agricultural research and technology development; and water for agricultural production.
Investing in orphan crops to improve food and livelihood security of Uganda’s rural poor
(Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment ACODE, 2011) Naluwairo, Ronald
This policy research paper is an analysis of the extent to which Uganda’s food and agricultural-related policies and policy frameworks support the production and wider use of orphan crops in national development. Its major objective is to provide policy recommendations that can be adopted to support the production, conservation and wider use of orphan crops for enhanced food and livelihood security, particularly of Uganda’s rural poor.
Trade opportunities from the EU-ACP EPAs: Prospects for the flower sub-sector in Uganda
(Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC), 2011) Guloba, Madina; Ogwal, Francis
With the signing of the EU-ACP Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) in 2009, the Government of Uganda as a member of the ACP, should endeavour to re-strategize itself to benefit from the opportunities such trading blocks create through increased trade. While Uganda ratified the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in 1993 considerable efforts need to be put into its implementation. Trade is likely to increase with EPAs in place and this will lead to biodiversity conservation concerns amidst the need for increased production. Biodiversity concerns have been of little interest in relation to trade, thus, in here, we focus on cut flower production and suggest some trade options that are beneficial while mitigating biodiversity loss. In addition, we propose policies that can lead to (actionable points) for cut flower farmers and policy makers.
Addressing Gender Gaps in the Ugandan Labor Market
(Economic Policy Research Centre, 2011) Kasirye, Ibrahim
Four out of every five women in Uganda are employed in agriculture, according to the 2008 Gender and Productivity Survey (GPS) in Uganda (EPRC, 2009); and 42 percent of women in the labour force are unpaid family workers—receiving no income despite contributing the largest proportion of the agricultural labour. Gender discrimination in the labour market is a pervasive economic problem in developing countries.1 Discrimination based on sex can take many forms in the labour market—from restricted access to certain sectors of employment—to differential pay by gender. As earlier noted, whereas 42 percent of women in Uganda are unpaid family workers, the corresponding rate for men is only 16 percent according to the 2008 GPS. Furthermore, the 2008 GPS shows that in the private sector, women in Uganda receive on average lower pay than men. Gender gaps in the labour market do not only lead to reduced incomes for women but also affects the status of women within society. Nevertheless, gender norms continue to dictate what a woman can and cannot do in Uganda and whether she can work outside her marital home. This environment has ensured that female exploitation in the labour market persists. As such, there is a need to address gender equity in labour market in Uganda—especially as the country attempts to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
Widening Opportunities for Increased Marketing of Processed Milk in Uganda Introduction
(Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC), 2012) Mbowa, Swaibu; Shinyekwa, Isaac; Mayanja Lwanga, Musa
The analysis of the 2009 Uganda National panel Survey (UNPS) collected by the UBoS shows that milk production from smallholder farm units was 1 billion litres, and about 52 percent (524 million litres) joined the second level of the milk value chain – and of which 72 percent was marketed in unprocessed form to consumers. High informality in milk marketing can be reduced by supporting strong primary dairy farmers’ cooperative societies with capacity to invest in processing of scale neutral dairy products (yoghurts, ghee and cheese), at the same time hold strong bargaining power with large milk processing companies. This would allow the deeper participation of farmers (as groups) in the down-stream milk value chain, and enable having the right price incentives to draw more raw milk into the formal stream of the milk value chain. This would foster equitable spread of benefits and opportunities from the growing domestic demand for milk and other dairy products at all levels of the milk value chain.
Who Owns the Land: Perspectives from Uganda
(United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 2012) Bomuhangi, Allan; Doss, Cheryl; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth
Rapid growth of demand for agricultural land is putting pressure on property rights systems, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa where customary tenure systems have provided secure land access. Patterns of gradual, endogenous change toward formalization are being challenged by rapid and large-scale demands from outsiders. The sudden rise in global food prices in 2007-2008 precipitated increased demand for agricultural land from the Gulf countries, China and India, all of which are dependent on food imports. As these countries began seeking to secure their food supplies, European demands for biofuels and speculative demand from other investors also grew, thus increasing pressure on agricultural land in Africa.
East African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis — Uganda
(International Food Policy Research Institute, 2012) Bashaasha, Bernard; Thomas, Timothy S.; Waithaka, Michael; Kyotalimye, Miriam
Uganda occupies a total area of 241,038 square km, most of which is suitable for agriculture. Sixteen percent of the total area is water and swamps, while 7 percent is forested. Maize, beans, cassava, and banana (plantain) are the most widely grown crops. Uganda’s climate is regarded as its most valuable natural resource, one central to the livelihoods of many Ugandans. However, the last few decades have been marked by climate variability that has given rise to more frequent extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, and landslides, damaging natural resources and hindering social and economic development. The country’s population grew by 3.7 percent between 2009 and 2010 (to a total of 32 million people). The population is expected to reach 103.2 million in 2050, assuming growth declines to 2.9 percent per annum between 2040 and 2050. The population remains predominantly rural (85 percent in 2010). At 50 years, life expectancy remains low. Malaria is the most prevalent fatal illness. The poverty rate is down from 31 percent in 2006 but, at 24.5 percent, remains high.
Gender Policy Brief for Uganda’s Agriculture Sector
(Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF), 2012) Forum for Women in Democracy (FOWODE)
The Government’s vision for the agriculture sector is to transform the sector from a peasantry farming system to commercial agriculture through improved productivity and production as well as market access. This policy brief presents an analysis of gender issues in the agriculture sector in Uganda; highlights the efforts so far made by the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) in addressing these issues; constraints that hinder engendering of the agriculture sector and makes policy recommendations for improvement. The analysis is based on desk review of secondary data sources including the Uganda National Household Surveys (UNHSs), analytical work undertaken by Rosette Nabumba Nayenga in 2008 and various MAAIF documents including the DSIP, Ministry Policy Statement and the budget for FY 2010/11.
Improved Smallholder Dairy Farming in Uganda through Technological Change
(Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC), 2012) Mbowa, Swaibu; Shinyekwa, Isaac; Mayanja Lwanga, Musa
The dairy sector in Uganda has been transformed into a more competitive and dynamic sector. Supply-side factors have enabled expansion in milk production. Between 2005 and 2009 –milk production (estimated at 1.5 billion litres in 2010) has been partly an outcome of a 20 percent increase in the number of households engaged in dairy farming, and an increase (21 percent) in the proportion of crossbred dairy cows in the national herd (estimated to be 11 million cattle). At farm level concerted efforts have been directed towards technological change – transforming the farming system from predominantly extensive grazing local breeds to more intensive rearing of fewer but improved breeds. The lack of consistent long-term support to the breeding programs negatively affect numbers of dairy cattle stocks especially in Northern Uganda. Furthermore, the perpetually low farm gate milk prices could deter the optimal uptake of required dairy farm husbandry practices in the milk surplus Western region.

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