Browsing by Author "Mullis, Caroline E."

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    High Frequency of False-Positive Hepatitis C Virus Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay in Rakai, Uganda
    (Clinical infectious diseases, 2013) Mullis, Caroline E.; Laeyendecker, Oliver; Reynolds, Steven J.; Ocama, Ponsiano; Quinn, Jeffrey; Boaz, Iga; Gray, Ronald H.; Kirk, Gregory D.; Thomas, David L.; Quinn, Thomas C.; Stabinski, Lara
    The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in sub- Saharan Africa remains unclear. We tested 1000 individuals from Rakai, Uganda, with the Ortho version 3.0 HCV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All serologically positive samples were tested for HCV RNA. Seventy-six of the 1000 (7.6%) participants were HCV antibody positive; none were confirmed by detection of HCV RNA.
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    Previously Transmitted HIV-1 Strains Are Preferentially Selected During Subsequent Sexual Transmissions
    (The Journal of infectious diseases, 2012) Redd, Andrew D.; Collinson-Streng, Aleisha N.; Chatziandreou, Nikolaos; Mullis, Caroline E.; Laeyendecker, Oliver; Martens, Craig; Ricklefs, Stacy; Kiwanuka, Noah; Hninn Nyein, Phyu; Grabowski, Mary K.; Kong, Xiangrong; Manucci, Jordyn; Sewankambo, Nelson; Wawer, Maria J.; Gray, Ronald H.; Porcella, Stephen F.; Fauci, Anthony S.; Sagar, Manish; Serwadda, David; Quinn, Thomas C.
    A genetic bottleneck is known to exist for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at the point of sexual transmission. However, the nature of this bottleneck and its effect on viral diversity over time is unclear. Methods. Interhost and intrahost HIV diversity was analyzed in a stable population in Rakai, Uganda, from 1994 to 2002. HIV-1 envelope sequences from both individuals in initially HIV-discordant relationships in which transmission occurred later were examined using Sanger sequencing of bulk polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products (for 22 couples), clonal analysis (for 3), and next-generation deep sequencing (for 9). Results. Intrahost viral diversity was significantly higher than changes in interhost diversity (P < .01). The majority of HIV-1–discordant couples examined via bulk PCR (16 of 22 couples), clonal analysis (3 of 3), and next-generation deep sequencing (6 of 9) demonstrated that the viral populations present in the newly infected recipient were more closely related to the donor partner’s HIV-1 variants found earlier during infection as compared to those circulating near the estimated time of transmission (P = .03). Conclusions. These findings suggest that sexual transmission constrains viral diversity at the population level, partially because of the preferential transmission of ancestral as opposed to contemporary strains circulating in the transmitting partner. Future successful vaccine strategies may need to target these transmitted ancestral strains.
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    Short Communication Colony-Forming Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Are Not Preferentially Infected by HIV Type 1 Subtypes A and D in Vivo
    (AIDS research and human retroviruses, 2012) Mullis, Caroline E.; Oliver, Amy E.; Eller, Leigh Anne; Guwatudde, David; Mueller, Amy C.; Eller, Michael A.; Kibuuka, Hannah; Robb, Merlin; Quinn, Thomas C.; Redd, Andrew D.
    HIV subtype C has previously been shown to infect hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) at a significantly higher rate than subtype B. To better understand the subtype-specific nature of HPC infection, we examined the prevalence of HPC infection in vivo by HIV-1 subtypes A and D. HIV-1 infection of HPC was examined in 40 individuals, 19 infected with subtype A and 21 with subtype D, using a single colony assay format. DNA from 1177 extracted colonies was tested for integrated viral DNA of the p24 gene. Four colonies were found to be stably infected, three of 462 colonies (0.65%) from HIV-1A-infected individuals (1/19 individuals) and one of 715 colonies (0.14%) from HIV-1D-infected individuals (1/22 individuals). These rates of colony infection were comparable to the rates observed in PBMCs from the same subjects. Additionally, no correlation was observed between cell colony density and circulating viral load or proviral load. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 subtypes A and D do not preferentially infect colony-forming HPCs over mature HIV target cells in vivo.