NRU :: Browsing by Author "Kisakye, Annet"

Browsing by Author "Kisakye, Annet"

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Achieving measles control: lessons from the 2002–06 measles control strategy for Uganda
(Health policy and planning, 2002) Mbabazi, William B.; Nanyunja, Miriam; Makumbi, Issa; Braka, Fiona; Baliraine, Frederick N.; Kisakye, Annet; Bwogi, Josephine; Mugyenyi, Possy; Kabwongera, Eva; Lewis, Rosamund F.
The 2002–06 measles control strategy for Uganda was implemented to strengthen routine immunization, undertake large-scale catch-up and follow-up vaccination campaigns, and to initiate nationwide case-based, laboratory-backed measles surveillance. This study examines the impact of this strategy on the epidemiology of measles in Uganda, and the lessons learnt. Methods Number of measles cases and routine measles vaccination coverage reported by each district were obtained from the National Health Management Information System reports of 1997 to 2007. The immunization coverage by district in a given year was calculated by dividing the number of children immunized by the projected population in the same age category. Annual measles incidence for each year was derived by dividing the number of cases in a year by the mid-year projected population. Commercial measles IgM enzyme-linked immunoassay kits were used to confirm measles cases.
Descriptive epidemiology of rubella disease and associated virus strains in Uganda
(Journal of Medical Virology, 2020) Tushabe, Phionah; Bwogi, Josephine; Abernathy, Emily; Birungi, Molly; Eliku, James P.; Seguya, Ronald; Bukenya, Henry; Namuwulya, Prossy; Kakooza, Proscovia; Suppiah, Suganthi; Kabaliisa, Theopista; Tibanagwa, Mayi; Ampaire, Immaculate; Kisakye, Annet; Bakainaga, Andrew; Byabamazima, Charles R.; Icenogle, Joseph P.; Bakamutumaho, Barnabas
Rubella virus causes a mild disease; however, infection during the first trimester of pregnancy may lead to congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in over 80% of affected pregnancies. Vaccination is recommended and has been shown to effectively reduce CRS incidence. Uganda plans to introduce routine rubella vaccination in 2019. The World Health Organization recommends assessing the disease burden and obtaining the baseline molecular virological data before vaccine introduction. Sera collected during case‐based measles surveillance from January 2005 to July 2018 were tested for rubella immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. Sera from confirmed rubella outbreaks from January 2012 to August 2017 were screened using real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR); for positive samples, a region within the E1 glycoprotein coding region was amplified and sequenced. Of the 23 196 suspected measles cases serologically tested in parallel for measles and rubella, 5334 (23%) were rubella IgM‐positive of which 2710 (50.8%) cases were females with 2609 (96.3%) below 15 years of age. Rubella IgM‐positive cases were distributed throughout the country and the highest number was detected in April, August, and November. Eighteen (18%) of the 100 sera screened were real‐time RTPCR‐ positive of which eight (44.4%) were successfully sequenced and genotypes 1G and 2B were identified. This study reports on the seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology of rubella. Increased knowledge of former and current rubella viruses circulating in Uganda will enhance efforts to monitor the impact of vaccination as Uganda moves toward control and elimination of rubella and CRS.
Emerging epidemic of iatrogenic Acute Flaccid Paralysis in children under 15 years in Uganda
(Pan African Medical Journal, 2012) Kisakye, Annet; Ndungutse, David; Byarugaba, Justus; Naddumba, Edward.K.; Mbabazi, William; Bakamutumaho, Barnabas; Bwogi, Josephine; Bakainaga, Andrew; Seruyange, Rachel; Mwesigye, Innocent; Ndugwa, Christopher M.
Poliomyelitis a differential diagnosis of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is a major disability. The prevalence of AFP associated with an intramuscular gluteal injection (s) among children below 15 years of age with fever reported through the AFP surveillance system between 2002 and 2008 in Uganda was studied. Methods A cross sectional study using AFP surveillance data. Any child aged below 15 years, who developed sudden flaccid paralysis between 1st January 2002 and 31st December 2008 was enrolled. NPEC conducted a desk review of completed AFP investigation forms for final classification. A case of an Injection Related Paralysis was defined as sudden onset of flaccid paralysis setting in within 72 hours of receipt of a gluteal intramuscular injection.
Environmental surveillance detects circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 that was undetected by acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in 2021 in Uganda
(Archives of Virology, 2021) Tushabe, Phionah; Bwogi, Josephine; Eliku, James Peter; Aine, Francis; Birungi, Molly; Gaizi, Joseph; Nakabazzi, Lucy; Kabaliisa, Theopista; Turyahabwe, Irene; Namuwulya, Prossy; Nanteza, Mary Bridget; Bukenya, Henry; Kanyesigye, Christopher; Katushabe, Edson; Ampeire, Immaculate; Kisakye, Annet; Bakamutumaho, Barnabas
The success of the global polio eradication initiative is threatened by the genetic instability of the oral polio vaccine, which can result in the emergence of pathogenic vaccine-derived polioviruses following prolonged replication in the guts of individuals with primary immune deficiencies or in communities with low vaccination coverage. Through environmental surveillance, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 was detected in Uganda in the absence of detection by acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. This underscores the sensitivity of environmental surveillance and emphasizes its usefulness in supplementing AFP surveillance for poliovirus infections in the race towards global polio eradication.
Novel Oral Poliovirus Vaccine 2 Safety Evaluation during Nationwide Supplemental Immunization Activity, Uganda, 2022
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2024-04) Tobolowsky, Farrell A; Nsubuga, Fred; Gilani, Zunera; Kisakye, Annet; Ndagije, Helen; Kyabayinze, Daniel; Gidudu, Jane F
Abstract Given its enhanced genetic stability, novel oral poliovirus vaccine type 2 was deployed for type 2 poliovirus outbreak responses under World Health Organization Emergency Use Listing. We evaluated the safety profile of this vaccine. No safety signals were identified using a multipronged approach of passive and active surveillance.
Possible Interruption of Measles Virus Transmission, Uganda, 2006–2009
(Emerging infectious diseases, 2011) Baliraine, Frederick N.; Bwogi, Josephine; Bukenya, Henry; Seguya, Ronald; Kabaliisa, Theopista; Kisakye, Annet; Mbabazi, William B.; Smith, Sheilagh B.
To determine what measles virus genotype(s) circulated in Uganda after strategic interventions aimed at controlling/ eliminating measles, we examined samples obtained during 2006–2009 and found only genotype B3.1, which had not been previously detected. Kenya was the likely source, but other countries cannot be excluded.
Possible Interruption of Measles Virus Transmission, Uganda, 2006–2009
(Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2011) Baliraine, Frederick N.; Bwogi, Josephine; Bukenya, Henry; Seguya, Ronald; Kabaliisa, Theopista; Kisakye, Annet; Mbabazi, William B.; Sheilagh, B. Smit
To determine what measles virus genotype(s) circulated in Uganda after strategic interventions aimed at controlling/eliminating measles, we examined samples obtained during 2006–2009 and found only genotype B3.1, which had not been previously detected. Kenya was the likely source, but other countries cannot be excluded
Rubella virus genotype 2B endemicity and related utility of serum-based molecular characterization in Uganda
(BMC Research Notes, 2023) Phionah Tushabe; Barnabas Bakamutumaho; Eliku, James Peter; Birungi, Molly; Aine, Francis; Namuwulya, Prossy; Bukenya, Henry; Ampeire, Immaculate; Kisakye, Annet; Byabamazima, Charles R.; Bwogi, Josephine
There are 13 globally recognized rubella virus genotypes of which only 2 (1E and 2B) have been detected recently. The largest percentage of all reported rubella virus sequences come from China and Japan with Africa reporting limited data. In a bid to address the lack of rubella genotype data in Uganda and the World Health Organization Africa region, we sought to characterize rubella viruses retrospectively using sera collected from suspected measles patients that turned out rubella IgM positive. Seven sequences belonging to genotype 2B sub-lineage 2B-L2c were obtained. These sequences clustered with other genotype 2B sequences previously reported from Uganda. None of the other genotypes (1E and 1G) reported from Uganda in the earlier years were detected. In addition, none of the sequences were obtained after the introduction of the measles-rubella containing vaccine. The above highlight the need for continuous rubella virological surveillance to confirm interruption of endemic rubella genotype circulation.
Surveillance for Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis in Children Aged !5 Years: Implications for Immunization in Uganda
(Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2009) Kisakye, Annet; Makumbi, Issa; Nansera, Denis; Lewis, Rosamund; Braka, Fiona; Wobudeya, Eric; Chaplain, Duku; Nalumansi, Esther; Mbabazi, William; Gessner, Bradford D.
Affordable pneumococcal conjugate vaccines will soon become available to developing countries through the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. Data on Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis epidemiology in Uganda will assist decision makers in determining the best national vaccine policy. We reviewed acute bacterial meningitis surveillance data for children aged !5 years from 3 sentinel surveillance sites in 3 Ugandan districts collected from 2001 through 2006. Serotype and antibiotic-resistance testing were performed on pneumococcal isolates collected from 2005 through 2006 from the Kampala district in the tropical central region of Uganda. Minimum pneumococcal meningitis incidence estimates were calculated for a portion of the Kampala district and all of the Gulu district, where case ascertainment was more complete. At the 3 sites, 14,388 probable acute bacterial meningitis cases were observed. The most common cause identified was S. pneumoniae ( ; np331 35% of all confirmed cases), which had an overall case fatality ratio of 19%. Yearly pneumococcal meningitis incidence was 3–20 cases per 100,000 population in Kampala versus 28–42 cases per 100,000 population in Gulu. The most commonly identified serotypes were 6A/6B (40%); 43% of isolates were serotypes that are in the available 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 70% are in the proposed 13- valent pneumococcal vaccine. Twenty-five isolates (83%) had intermediate resistance to penicillin but none were fully resistant. Pneumococcal meningitis is common and severe in Uganda, indicating a role for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
Surveillance for Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis in Children Aged <5 Years: Implications for Immunization in Uganda
(Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2009) Kisakye, Annet; Makumbi, Issa; Nansera, Denis; Lewis, Rosamund; Braka, Fiona; Wobudeya, Eric; Duku, Chaplain; Nalumansi, Esther; Mbabazi, William; Bradford, D. Gessner
Affordable pneumococcal conjugate vaccines will soon become available to developing countries through the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization. Data on Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis epidemiology in Uganda will assist decision makers in determining the best national vaccine policy. We reviewed acute bacterial meningitis surveillance data for children aged !5 years from 3 sentinel surveillance sites in 3 Ugandan districts collected from 2001 through 2006. Serotype and antibiotic-resistance testing were performed on pneumococcal isolates collected from 2005 through 2006 from the Kampala district in the tropical central region of Uganda. Minimum pneumococcal meningitis incidence estimates were calculated for a portion of the Kampala district and all of the Gulu district, where case ascertainment was more complete. At the 3 sites, 14,388 probable acute bacterial meningitis cases were observed. The most common cause identified was S. pneumoniae ( ; 35% of all confirmed cases), which had an overall case fatality ratio of 19%. Yearly n p 331 pneumococcal meningitis incidence was 3–20 cases per 100,000 population in Kampala versus 28–42 cases per 100,000 population in Gulu. The most commonly identified serotypes were 6A/6B (40%); 43% of isolates were serotypes that are in the available 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 70% are in the proposed 13- valent pneumococcal vaccine. Twenty-five isolates (83%) had intermediate resistance to penicillin but none were fully resistant. Pneumococcal meningitis is common and severe in Uganda, indicating a role for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.
The detection of 3 ambiguous type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV2s) in Uganda
(Virology Journal, 2018) Nanteza, Mary Bridget; Bakamutumaho, Barnabas; Kisakye, Annet; Namuwulya, Prossy; Bukenya, Henry; Katushabe, Edson; Bwogi, Josephine; Byabamazima, Charles Rutebarika; Raffaella, Williams; Gumede, Nicksy
Background The Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV or Sabin) is genetically unstable and may mutate to form vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs). Methods In 2014, two VDPVs type 2 were identified during routine surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases. Consequently, a retrospective VDPV survey was conducted to ensure that there was no circulating VDPV in the country. All Sabin poliovirus isolates identified in Uganda 6 months before and 6 months after were re-screened; Sabin 1 and 3 polioviruses were re-screened for Sabin 2 and Sabin 2 polioviruses were re-screened for VDPVs type 2. The Poliovirus rRT-PCR ITD/VDPV 4.0 assay and sequencing were used respectively. Results The first two VDPVs type2 were identified in Eastern Uganda and the third was identified during the survey from South-western Uganda. These regions had low OPV coverage and poor AFP surveillance indicators. Conclusion The retrospective VDPV survey was a useful strategy to screen for VDPVs more exhaustively. Supplementary surveillance methods need to be encouraged.
Vaccine Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis Cases From Children Presenting With Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Uganda
(Journal of medical virology, 2015) Nanteza, Mary B.; Kisakye, Annet; Ota, Martin O.; Gumede, Nicksy; Bwogi, Josephine
Poliomyelitis is caused by Poliovirus 1, 2, and 3 which belong to the family Picornaviridae and the genus Enterovirus. Paralytic polio usually affects one lower limb and presents with hypotonia, reduced reflexes, wasting of muscles but with no loss of sensorium. Plans to eradicate poliomyelitis are intensively on-going and these are being achieved by the use of both oral polio vaccine (OPV) as well as the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). The viral strains in OPV (Sabins) are unstable (Agol, 2006) for example Sabin poliovirus 1 harbors an attenuating mutation of A480G in the 50UTR whereas that of Sabin Poliovirus 2 and 3 are at the G481A and C472U sites respectively [Kew et al., 2004; Kew, 2009]. The mutations at these specific sites are not infrequent. They are associated rarely with increased neurovirulence and only infrequently cause AFP. This underrates their importance.
Viruses associated with measles-like illnesses in Uganda
(Journal of Infection, 2024) Namuwulya, Prossy; Shirin, Ashraf; Marc, Niebel; Ssekagiri, Alfred; Tushabe, Phionah; Kakooza, Proscovia; Lily, Tong; Bukenya, Henry; Hanna, Jerome; Chris, Davis; Birungi, Molly; Turyahabwe, Irene; Mugaga, Arnold; Eliku, James Peter; Aine, Francis; Nakabazzi, Lucy; Nsubuga, Fred; Katushabe, Edson; Kisakye, Annet; Ampeire, Immaculate; Nanteza, Ann; Kaleebu, Pontiano; Bakamutumaho, Barnabas; Nsamba, Peninah; Kazibwe, Anne; Ana, da Silva Filipe; Tweyongyere, Robert; Bwogi, Josephine; Thomson, Emma C.
Objectives In this study, we investigated the causes of measles-like illnesses (MLI) in the Uganda national surveillance program in order to inform diagnostic assay selection and vaccination strategies. Methods We used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (M-NGS) on the Illumina platform to identify viruses associated with MLI (defined as fever and rash in the presence of either cough, coryza or conjunctivitis) in patient samples that had tested IgM negative for measles between 2010 and 2019. Results Viral genomes were identified in 87/271 (32%) of samples, of which 44/271 (16%) contained 12 known viral pathogens. Expected viruses included rubella, human parvovirus B19, Epstein Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6B, human cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus and measles virus (detected within the seronegative window-period of infection) and the blood-borne hepatitis B virus. We also detected Saffold virus, human parvovirus type 4, the human adenovirus C2 and vaccine-associated poliovirus type 1. Conclusions The study highlights the presence of undiagnosed viruses causing MLI in Uganda, including vaccine-preventable illnesses. NGS can be used to monitor common viral infections at a population level, especially in regions where such infections are prevalent, including low and middle income countries to guide vaccination policy and optimize diagnostic assays.

Browsing by Author "Kisakye, Annet"

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