Browsing by Author "Jones-Lopez, Edward C."

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    High Mortality Associated with Retreatment of Tuberculosis in a Clinic in Kampala, Uganda: A Retrospective Study
    (The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 2015) Acuna-Villaorduna, Carlos; Ayakaka, Irene; Dryden-Peterson, Scott; Nakubulwa, Susan; Worodria, William; Reilly, Nancy; Hosford, Jennifer; Fennelly, Kevin P.; Okwera, Alphonse; Jones-Lopez, Edward C.
    The World Health Organization recommends for tuberculosis retreatment a regimen of isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), ethambutol (E), pyrazinamide (Z), and streptomycin (S) for 2 months, followed by H, R, E, and Z for 1 month and H, R, and E for 5 months. Using data from the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program registry, this study determined the long-term outcome under programmatic conditions of patients who were prescribed the retreatment regimen in Kampala, Uganda, between 1997 and 2003. Patients were traced to determine their vital status; 62% (234/377) patients were found dead. Having £ 2 treatment courses and not completing retreatment were associated with mortality in adjusted analyses.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Rate and Amplification of Drug Resistance among Previously-Treated Patients with Tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda
    (Clinical infectious diseases, 2008) Temple, Beth; Ayakaka, Irene; Ogwang, Sam; Nabanjja, Helen; Kayes, Susan; Nakubulwa, Susan; Worodria, William; Levin, Jonathan; Joloba, Moses; Okwera, Alphonse; Eisenach, Kathleen D.; McNerney, Ruth; Elliott, Alison M.; Smith, Peter G.; Mugerwa, Roy D.; Ellner, Jerrold J.; Jones-Lopez, Edward C.
    Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis has emerged as a global threat. In resource-constrained settings, patients with a history of tuberculosis (TB) treatment may have drug-resistant disease and may experience poor outcomes. There is a need to measure the extent of and risk factors for drug resistance in such patients. Methods. From July 2003 through November 2006, we enrolled 410 previously treated patients with TB in Kampala, Uganda. We measured the prevalence of resistance to first- and second-line drugs and analyzed risk factors associated with baseline and acquired drug resistance. Results. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant TB was 12.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 9.6%–16.3%). Resistance to second-line drugs was low. Factors associated with multidrug-resistant TB at enrollment included a history of treatment failure (odds ratio, 23.6; 95% CI, 7.7–72.4), multiple previous TB episodes (odds ratio, 15.6; 95% CI, 5.0–49.1), and cavities present on chest radiograph (odds ratio, 5.9; 95% CI, 1.2–29.5). Among a cohort of 250 patients, 5.2% (95% CI, 2.8%–8.7%) were infected with M. tuberculosis that developed additional drug resistance. Amplification of drug resistance was associated with existing drug resistance at baseline (P ! .01) and delayed sputum culture conversion (P ! .01). Conclusions. The burden of drug resistance in previously treated patients with TB in Uganda is sizeable, and the risk of generating additional drug resistance is significant. There is an urgent need to improve the treatment for such patients in low-income countries.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Treatment Outcomes of New Tuberculosis Patients Hospitalized in Kampala, Uganda: A Prospective Cohort Study
    (PLoS ONE, 2014) Kirenga, Bruce J.; Levin, Jonathan; Ayakaka, Irene; Worodria, William; Reilly, Nancy; Mumbowa, Francis; Nabanjja, Helen; Nyakoojo, Grace; Fennelly, Kevin; Nakubulwa, Susan; Joloba, Moses; Okwera, Alphonse; Eisenach, Kathleen D.; McNerney, Ruth; Elliott, Alison M.; Mugerwa, Roy D.; Smith, Peter G.; Ellner, Jerrold J.; Jones-Lopez, Edward C.
    In most resource limited settings, new tuberculosis (TB) patients are usually treated as outpatients. We sought to investigate the reasons for hospitalisation and the predictors of poor treatment outcomes and mortality in a cohort of hospitalized new TB patients in Kampala, Uganda Methods and findings: Ninety-six new TB patients hospitalised between 2003 and 2006 were enrolled and followed for two years. Thirty two were HIV-uninfected and 64 were HIV-infected. Among the HIV-uninfected, the commonest reasons for hospitalization were low Karnofsky score (47%) and need for diagnostic evaluation (25%). HIV-infected patients were commonly hospitalized due to low Karnofsky score (72%), concurrent illness (16%) and diagnostic evaluation (14%). Eleven HIV uninfected patients died (mortality rate 19.7 per 100 person-years) while 41 deaths occurred among the HIV-infected patients (mortality rate 46.9 per 100 person years). In all patients an unsuccessful treatment outcome (treatment failure, death during the treatment period or an unknown outcome) was associated with duration of TB symptoms, with the odds of an unsuccessful outcome decreasing with increasing duration. Among HIV-infected patients, an unsuccessful treatment outcome was also associated with male sex (P = 0.004) and age (P = 0.034). Low Karnofsky score (aHR = 8.93, 95% CI 1.88 – 42.40, P = 0.001) was the only factor significantly associated with mortality among the HIV-uninfected. Mortality among the HIV-infected was associated with the composite variable of CD4 and ART use, with patients with baseline CD4 below 200 cells/mL who were not on ART at a greater risk of death than those who were on ART, and low Karnofsky score (aHR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.02 – 4.01, P = 0.045). Conclusion: Poor health status is a common cause of hospitalisation for new TB patients. Mortality in this study was very high and associated with advanced HIV Disease and no use of ART.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Variability of Infectious Aerosols Produced during Coughing by Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
    (American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 2012) Fennelly, Kevin P.; Jones-Lopez, Edward C.; Ayakaka, Irene; Kim, Soyeon; Menyha, Harriet; Kirenga, Bruce; Muchwa, Christopher; Joloba, Moses; Dryden-Peterson, Scott; Reilly, Nancy; Okwera, Alphonse; Elliott, Alison M.; Smith, Peter G.; Mugerwa, Roy D.; Eisenach, Kathleen D.; Ellne, Jerrold J.
    Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted by infectious aerosols, but assessing infectiousness currently relies on sputum microscopy that does not accurately predict the variability in transmission. Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of collecting cough aerosols and the risk factors for infectious aerosol production from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in a resource-limited setting. Methods: We enrolled subjects with suspected TB in Kampala, Uganda and collected clinical, radiographic, and microbiological data in addition to cough aerosol cultures. A subset of 38 subjects was studied on 2 or 3 consecutive days to assess reproducibility. Measurements and Main Results: M. tuberculosis was cultured from cough aerosols of 28 of 101 (27.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 19.9–37.1%) subjects with culture-confirmed TB, with a median 16 aerosol cfu (range, 1–701) in 10 minutes of coughing. Nearly all (96.4%) cultivable particles were 0.65 to 4.7 mm in size. Positive aerosol cultures were associated with higher Karnofsky performance scores (P ¼ 0.016), higher sputum acid-fast bacilli smear microscopy grades (P ¼ 0.007), lower days to positive in liquid culture (P ¼ 0.004), stronger cough (P ¼ 0.016), and fewer days on TB treatment (P ¼ 0.047). In multivariable analyses, cough aerosol cultures were associated with a salivary/mucosalivary (compared with purulent/ mucopurulent) appearance of sputum (odds ratio, 4.42; 95% CI, 1.23–21.43) and low days to positive (per 1-d decrease; odds ratio, 1.17;95%CI, 1.07–1.33). The within-test (kappa, 0.81; 95%CI, 0.68– 0.94) and interday test (kappa, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43–0.82) reproducibility were high. Conclusions: A minority of patients with TB (28%) produced culturable cough aerosols. Collection of cough aerosol cultures is feasible and reproducible in a resource-limited setting.