Browsing by Author "Eilu, Emmanuel"
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Item A Systematic Review of the Microbial Landscape of Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Uganda(Informa UK Limited, 2024-01) Makeri, Danladi; Eilu, Emmanuel; Odoki, Martin; Agwu, EzeraBackground Diabetes is a growing health concern globally. Poorly managed diabetes may result in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), which can become a source of chronic infection known as diabetic foot infections. The increasing trend of diabetes in Uganda speaks to the potential for diabetic foot ulcers which may eventually become infected and their attendant impact on the quality of life of diabetic patients. This review assesses the microbial diversity of DFUs in Uganda, aiming to guide treatment and identify research gaps. Main Body of the Abstract We searched PubMed, Scopus and Embase for studies conducted in Uganda that reported isolating microorganisms from diabetic foot ulcers. Following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA), we included two eligible studies that reported isolating 122 bacteria spread across eleven (11) species using swab samples and conventional culture methods. Significant isolates included World Health Organization priority pathogens including: Enterobacter specie, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter specie. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) constituted 33.3% of Staphylococci species and 26% of all bacterial isolates while extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella specie constituted 14.29% of total microbial isolates. Most bacteria showed susceptibility to Imipenem, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, and Clindamycin, but resistance to Cotrimoxazole and Ampicillin was noted. Short Conclusion We conclude that data on the microbiology of DFUs in Uganda is scarce; however, the bioburden of DFUs in the country is similar to those in other parts of the world, and MRSA poses a challenge to antibiotic therapy. Consequently, the continued use of swab samples and conventional culture and sensitivity methods may limit the isolation, identification, and presentation of other important isolates. We recommend characterization of bacterial isolates to better understand their genetic makeup, and the development of a national guideline for managing diabetic foot infections.Item Assessment of the microbiological quality of bottled water and protected spring water in Bushenyi district, Uganda(Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences, 2015) Nkatha Micheni, Lisa; Nsiko, Peter; Eilu, Emmanuel; Echoru, Isaac; Maniga Nyabayo, JosephatWhereas microbiological quality of bottled drinking water is routinely monitored for reasons of legal compliance, microbial numbers in spring water are grossly understudied. Safety of water is a major public concern. However, the portability status of each type of water is a major concern to the public health. This study was carried out to assess of the microbiological quality of bottled and protected spring water in Ishaka-Bushenyi District. A total of 33 samples of bottled water and 8 samples of protected spring water were analysed using the Membrane Filtration Method. This method involved filtering the samples through a membrane filter (size 25um), culturing on lactose (TTC) with sodium heptadecylsulfate media and performing biochemical tests (oxidase and Indole) for confirmation of coli forms and E. coli respectively. Four (50%) of the protected springs showed growth of typical yellow colonies on lactose agar media. The presence of E. coli signified that protected springs were being contaminated with fresh faecal matter. However, no bottled water showed any signs of contamination (0%) with total coli forms or E. coli. There was a strong association (P= 0.01) between water source and water quality. Bottled water sold in Ishaka, Bushenyi District of Uganda showed high quality standards while protected spring water showed significant level of contamination with E. coli which could potentially cause disease to the consumers. Therefore all stakeholders in public health should come together to look into the matter of increasing access cheap and safe water other than the unsafe water from the so called ―protected springs‖.Item A Bird’s Eye View of a Sustainable Learning Game Design(Springer, Cham., 2021) Boogere, James; Oyo, Benedict; Eilu, Emmanuel; Birevu Muyinda, PaulWe empirically explore learning games with an aim of empowering learners’ lifelong learning skills to enable them deal with complex situations sustainably. Learning is better by doing and the relation between learning and fun in games is essentially much deeper. It is also important for the players to clearly know the game system, which involves goals, entities and rules, in order to improve the vital individual social skills required to succeed. This chapter presents learning designs as a major determinant of motivation towards meaningful learning and challenge learners through continual provision of new aspects to learn, discover and develop oneself. Prior consequences designate that holistic learning game practices are more intense in a home compared to a school context. Moreover, the overall influence of context on perceived learning is significantly smaller than that of other experimental factors such as identification and enjoyment.Item Chromosomal and plasmid-encoded virulence and multidrug resistance of Escherichia coli ST58/24 infecting a 2-year-old sickle cell patient with sepsis in Kampala Uganda, East Africa(Elsevier Ltd, 2024-05) Maghembe, Reuben S; Magulye, Maximilian A.K; Eilu, Emmanuel; Sekyanzi, Simon; Mwesigwa, Savannah; Katagirya, EricSepsis and drug resistance represent a complex of the most common global causes of mortality in intensive care units (ICUs) especially among patients with comorbidities. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains are highly implicated in systemic infections, with multidrug resistance exacerbating the risk of chronic conditions and patient mortality. The diversity of virulence and evolution of multidrug resistance are yet to be fully deciphered. In this work, we aimed at unveiling the pathogens and their genomic determinants of virulence and drug resistance relevant to increased sepsis in a sickle cell child admitted to ICU. From a rectal swab, we isolated a strain of E. coli from the patient and phenotypically tested it against a panel of selected beta lactams, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, aminoglycosides and colistin. We then sequenced the entire genome and integrated multiple bioinformatic pipelines to divulge the virulence and multidrug resistance profiles of the isolate. Our results revealed that the isolate belongs to the sequence type (ST) 58/24, which (ST58), is a known ExPEC. With the use of PathogenFinder, we were able to confirm that this isolate is a human pathogen (p = 0.936). The assembled chromosome and two plasmids encode virulence factors related to capsule (antiphagocytosis), serum survival and resistance, type 6 secretion system (T6SS), multiple siderophores (iron acquisition), and biosynthetic gene clusters for polyketides and nonribosomal peptides exhibiting host cell damaging activity in silico. The genome also harbors multidrug resistance genotypes including extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) genes such as blaTEM-1A/B, sulfonamide resistance genes sul1/2, fluoroquinolone resistance genes dfrA5 and nonsynonymous mutations of the gene pmrB, conferring intrinsic colistin resistance. Conclusively, this pathogen holds the potential to cause systemic infection and might exacerbate sickle cell anemia in the patient. The virulence and multidrug resistance profiles are encoded by both the chromosome and plasmids. Genomic surveillance of pathogens with multidrug resistance among patients with commodities is crucial for effective disease management. [Display omitted] •Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) causes blood stream infections.•The genome carries genes that enhance its dissemination and blood stream survival.•With multidrug resistance, it can exacerbate sepsis in patients with commodities.Item Designing Reality Fit m-Voting(2013) Eilu, Emmanuel; Baguma, RehemaIn this paper, we examine the declining trends in voter turn-up in Uganda and other developing countries. We also look at the possibility of using ICT especially the widely used mobile phones to improve citizen participation in voting. We also assess the current citizen perception and responses towards using their mobile phones for voting. In addition we discuss political, technological, social and cultural factors that are likely to affect the use of mobile phones for voting.Item Envisioning Life-Long Learning Skills Report Review On Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning (AI/ML)(Artificial Life and Robotics, 2020) Boogere, James; Eilu, Emmanuel; Nakatumba, JoyceArtificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) are running almost all aspects of our daily lives. However, there is little impact of these recent advancements in AI/ML on the education sector. We highlight issues why education is lagging behind while bearing in mind that education is highly structured and processoriented compared to most of other sectors that are either service or product-oriented. We explore this challenge courtesy of numerous reports such as “The Envisioning Report for Empowering Universities, 2nd edition, April 2018” from two folds: What are the expected benefits? What are the risks and opportunities for public education actors? This desk research recommends natural language processing and/or learning analytics (LA) as a vital technique in fostering individualised visualisation of life-long learning skill.Item Improving Access to Health Services in Sub-Saharan Africa Using Mobile and Wireless Technologies(Springer, Cham, 2018) Eilu, EmmanuelIn sub-Saharan Africa, communicable sicknesses are still the leading cause of death, causing about 70% of deaths (IPIN 2012). WHO (2016) reports that sub-Saharan Africa accounts for about 90% of the world’s yearly 300–500 malaria cases. The most affected are children and pregnant women. Furthermore, with just about 12% of the world’s population, sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 49% of maternal mortality and about 50% of infant mortality under age 5 years (Soucat 2014). Additionally, a sub-Saharan African population is the most affected with HIV and AIDS epidemic in the world. For example, in 2013, 71% (about 24.7 million) of the people living with HIV globally were from sub-Saharan Africa, with 1.5 million new HIV infections and 1.1 million AIDS-related deaths every year (UNAIDS 2014). On the other hand, viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are steadily gaining ground in sub-Saharan Africa, with frequent occurrence of epidemics such as yellow fever, the Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Rift Valley fever, or Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus (IPIN 2012). The recent Ebola epidemic in the West African countries of Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone is the gravest in history. It is reported that, out of 13,500 Ebola cases, about 4900 resulted in deaths (WHO 2016). Despite the massive disease prevalence, there are extremely few medical facilities and professionals to handle the disease burden. In many sub-Saharan African countries, there are very few hospital beds, doctors, nurses, midwives, and other health professionals as compared to their counterparts in developed countries. For instance,Item M-voting in developing countries: Findings from Uganda(Commonwealth Governance Handbook, 2014) Eilu, Emmanuel; Baguma, Rehema; Pettersson, John S.In the last two decades, competitive elections have become the standard in a number of African countries. Free and fair elections have not only helped consolidate emerging democratic institutions, but also improved projection for greater economic and political development. In other cases, such as Liberia and Sierra Leone, plausible elections have shaped the route for national reconciliation and a return to democratic rule after years of armed conflict and civil war (CAE, 2009). However, there has been a decline in voter turnout in many developing countries. The African continent has the lowest voter turnout in the world with an average of 65 per cent (Vergne, 2009). The 2005 referendum in Uganda had a voter turnout of only 47 per cent (Petersen, 2006), while, in the 2011 presidential elections in Uganda, more than 40 per cent of the registered 13.5 million voters did not turn up to vote (Oola, 2011; Young, 2005). The reasons for low voter turnout in developing countries range from violence, intimidation and rigging, to voter apathy and election delays (Pande, 2011). Vergne (2009) suggests that this is problematic as low voter turnout creates very weak incentives for politicians to adopt or implement policies in thepublic interest.Item Phylogenetic analysis of multidrug resistant E. coli isolates from the urinary tract in Bushenyi district, Uganda using the new Clermont phylotyping method(African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2020) Odoki, Martin; Aliero, Adamu A.; Tibyangye, Julius; Onkoba, Sarah K.; Bashir, Alkali; Maniga, Josephat N.; Eilu, Emmanuel; Wampande, Eddie; Kato, Charles D.; Agwu, Ezera; Bazira, JoelDue to the increasing rates of multidrug resistance (MDR) among the Enterobacteriaceae that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs), selection of antimicrobial agents for empirical therapy is becoming a major challenge. This study determined the antimicrobial resistance profiles, multidrug resistance profiles, multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI), factors associated with MDR UTIs and the phylogenetic groups of MDR Escherichia coli strains isolated from the urinary tract among patients attending hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 86 bacterial uropathogens isolated from 267 study participants suspected to have UTIs were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using the Kirby Bauer Disk diffusion method. Data for the factors associated with MDR were obtained by the use of questionnaires. Phylogenetic groups of the MDR E. coli were determined using the new Clermont method for phylotyping E. coli. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression statistical tools were used to determine phylogenetic groups, and assess for statistically significant relationship between MDR UTIs and factors suspected to be associated with MDR UTIs respectively. The isolates assigned as group B2 9/12 (75.0%), B1 2/5 (40.0%) and A 2/7 (28.6%) by using the old Clermont method could not be phylotyped using the new Clermont method and were grouped as non-typeable strains of E. coli. Our study demonstrated high prevalence of the non-typeable strains of MDR E. coli, we therefore recommend the use of modern DNA sequencing-based approaches which is the gold standard for genotyping bacteria, that this current study could not affordItem Prevalence of Dermatophytosis and Antifungal Activity of Ethanolic Crude Leaf Extract of Tetradenia riparia against Dermatophytes Isolated from Patients Attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Uganda https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9328621(Dermatology research and practice, 2019) Kakande, Taufik; Batunge, Yonah; Eilu, Emmanuel; Shabohurira, Ambrose; Abimana, Justus; Adekunle Akinola, Saheed; Muhwezi, Reagan; Adam, Abubakar S.; Onkoba, Sarah K.; Aliero, Adamu A.Dermatophyte infections are a global health problem but neglected in Uganda. This work aimed at determining prevalence of dermatophytosis and antifungal activity of ethanolic crude leaf extract of Tetradenia riparia against dermatophytes isolated from patients attending Kampala International University Teaching Hospital (KIU-TH), Uganda. A total of 100 samples of skin and nail scrapings were collected and processed using standard microscopy (KOH) and cultural methods. T. riparia leaves were collected and processed with 95% ethanol using standard extraction method. The crude leaves ethanolic extract was tested against three dermatophytes: Trichophyton tonsurans, T. mentagrophyte, andMicrosporum audouinii using modified agar well diffusion method. Minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) andminimumfungicidal concentration (MFC) of the ethanolic leaves crude extractwere also determined using broth tube dilution and culture, respectively. Out of 100 samples collected, 49 (49%, 95%CI: 0.3930-0.5876) were found positive for microscopy. The prevalence of dermatophytosis was significantly (p=0.001) associated with age groups of participants with higher infection among those aged 11-20 and 21-30 years with 75.0% each. Out of the 49 that were positive by microscopy, 28 (57.15%, 95% CI: 0.1987-0.3739) were positive by culture. Thirty-one (31) fungal isolates were obtained which included both dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte fungi. T. verrucosumhad highest distribution 6 (19.35%) among dermatophytes species while Aspergillus spp. were found to have highest distribution 7 (22.58%) among non-dermatophyte species.The result of the antidermatophytic test showed that T. riparia ethanolic crude leaves extract had activity against tested dermatophytes at 1 g/ml. MIC and MFC of the crude extract of T. riparia against tested dermatophytes ranged from62.5 to 250mg/ml and 125 to 500mg/ml, respectively.The findings of this study reported the presence of dermatophytes causing dermatophytosis among patients attending KIU-TH.The results of the current study showed that T. riparia leaves ethanolic crude extract has antidermatophytic activity against tested dermatophytes.