Browsing by Author "Bunalema, Lydia"

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    Anti-tubercular activity of Callistemon citrinus and Piptadenistrum africanum on resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using Microplate alamar blue assay
    (ScopeMed, 2015) Bunalema, Lydia; Tabuti, John; Sekagya, Yahaya; Ogwang, Sam; Waako, Paul
    Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death among infectious diseases in the world. It is responsible for killing approximately 1.4 million people per year worldwide. This devastating situation has steadily worsened, exacerbated by the emergence of drug-resistance and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection. The objectives of the study were to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of selected plant species on three TB strains and to determine different phytochemicals contained in the plant species. Methods: Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) was used to determine the MIC of two commonly mentioned plant species, Piptadenistrum africanum and Callistemon citrinus on resistant variant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Qualitative tests were used to determine the phytochemicals in the plants. Results: The chloroform extract of Callistemon spp. had MICs of 0.048mg/ml, 0.158mg/ml and 0.19mg/ml on the pan sensitive, isoniazid resisistant and rifampicin resistant strains respectively. P. africanum had MICs of 0.395 mg/ml, 0.395 mg/ml and 0.78 mg/ml on the pan sensitive, rifampicin and isoniazid resistant strains respectively. Conclusion: These plant species appear to be active not only on the pan sensitive strains of TB but also on resistant strains and could be developed into drugs for the treatment of Multi drug resistant (MDR) TB.
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    Callistemon Citrinus (Curtis) Skeels as A Source of Antitubercular Compounds
    (Research Square, 2021) Bunalema, Lydia; Wabo Fotso, Ghislain; Waako, Paul; Yeboah, Samuel
    Tuberculosis (TB) is still a principal cause of death in the world. There is considerable emphasis for search of novel drugs against TB due to increased Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance and co infection with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that are challenging to treat. Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) skeels is one of the medicinal plants that are used in treatment of tuberculosis by local communities in Uganda. Though crude extracts from the plant have shown antimycobacterial activity invitro, the specific phytochemicals responsible for this activity are not known. The study aimed at isolating and characterizing compounds from C. citrinus and testing the compounds on different strains of M. tuberculosis.
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    Efficacy of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta root extract on slow-growing rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    (Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012) Kirimuhuzya, Claude; Bunalema, Lydia; Waako, Paul; Tabuti, John R. S.; John, Orodho; Magadula Jangu, Joseph; Otieno, Nicholas; Okemo, Paul
    We report here, the results from total crude methanol extract as well as serial ether, chloroform, and methanol extracts of the root of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl) Schltr that were screened against three strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The strains used included the pan sensitive H37Rv, the rifampicin-resistant TMC-331 and a wild strain of Mycobacetrium avium (MA) isolated from a Ugandan patient. The disc diffusion method was used for susceptibility tests on solid Middle brook 7H10 while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the microtitre plate method using Middle brook 7H9 broth. We report that the total crude methanol extract showed the highest activity against H37Rv and TM-331 with complete clearance of quadrants at 50 mg/ml and zones of inhibition of 10.0 to 11 mm at 25 mg/ml concentration although it was not effective against M. avium. The corresponding MIC values were 1.17 mg/ml for H37Rv and 1.56 mg/ml for TMC-331. The values for isoniazid were 0.25 and 9.38 μg/ml for H37Rv and TMC-331, respectively, while for rifampicin the MIC value was 0.25 μg/ml for H37Rv but it was not active on TMC- 331. Acute toxicity test gave an LD50 of 758.5 mg/kg body weight while the phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids.
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    The in vitro antimycobacterial activity of medicinal plants used by traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) to treat tuberculosis in the Lake Victoria basin in Uganda
    (Chest, 2011) Kirimuhuzya, Claude; Bunalema, Lydia; Tabuti, John R.S.; Kakudidi K., Esezah; Orodho, John; Magadula Jangu, Joseph; Otieno, Nicholas; Paul, Okemo
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    Knowledge on plants used traditionally in the treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda
    (Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2014) Bunalema, Lydia; Obakiro, Samuel; Tabuti, JohnR.S.; Waako, Paul
    Ethnopharmacological relevance: Tuberculosis(TB) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally.The disease is especially important because of increasing drug resistant strains and co infection with human immune virus(HIV) and acquired immune disease syndrome(AIDS). Because of this there is need to identify new leads that can be developed in to new drugs. The objectives of this study were to document plant species commonly used by traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) to treat TB, methods of preparation and administration of drugs(2) document disease recognition by TMPs and (3) document medicine preservation and packaging practices by TMPs. Materials and methods: We interviewed 40 TMPs from Mpigi and Butambala districts using a guided questionnaire. Results: A total of 90 plant species, distributed within 44 families were documented. Priority plants identified include Zanthoxylumleprieurii, Piptadeniastrumafricanum, Albiziacoriaria and Rubia cordifolia which were most mentioned by TMPs. TMPs had knowledge of how TB is transmitted and they admitted that it is closely associated with HIV. Decoctions of multiple plant species were commonly used. Plant parts frequently used were leaves followed by the stem bark and root bark. The TMPs had insufficient knowledge about packaging and preservation techniques. Conclusion: Plant based therapies for treating TB have been identified in this study and further investigation of these plants is appropriate as these, may be developed in to new drugs to curb the resistant strains of TB.
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    Potential of Zanthoxylum leprieurii as a source of active compounds against drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis
    (BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2017) Bunalema, Lydia; Wabo Fotso, Ghislain; Waako, Paul; Tabuti, John; Yeboah, Samuel O.
    Tuberculosis (TB) is still a global health problem mainly due to development of resistance and co-infection with the Human immune Virus (HIV). Treatment of multi and extensively drug resistant TB requires use of second line drugs which are less efficacious, expensive and very toxic. This has necessitated a need to search for new treatment regimens especially from medicinal plants. Zanthoxylum leprieurii, a plant species fromRutaceae is used locally in the treatment of tuberculosis in Uganda. The aim of the study was to isolate, identify and characterize bio active compounds from Z. leprieurii stem bark with antimycobacterial activity. Methods: Crude extracts, fractions and compounds from air dried stem bark of Z. leprieurii were tested against pan sensitive (H37rv), isoniazid resistant (TMC 301) and rifampicin resistant (TMC 331) strains of M. tuberculosis using micro plate alamar blue assay. Isolation of active compounds was done by using column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. They were analysed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. Results: The methanol extract had minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 47.5, 75.3 and 125.0 μg/ml on the pan sensitive strain, rifampicin resistant and isozianid resistant strains of M. tuberculosis respectively. The chloroform extract had MIC values of 260 μg/ml agnaist the pan sensitive strain and 156 μg/ml on the rifampicin resistant strain. Of the sixteen fractions from the methanol extract, fraction Za4 (MIC = 6.3 μg/mL, 23.0 μg/mL, 11.7 μg/mL) and Za6 (MIC = 11.7 μg/mL 31.2 μg/ml, 31.2 μg/ml) were the most active. Three acridone alkaloids; hydroxy-1, 3-dimethoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (1), 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone (2) and 3-hydroxy-1, 5, 6-trimethoxy-9-acridone (3) were isolated fromZa4 and Za6. TheMIC of compound 3 was found to be 5.1 μg/ml, 4.5 μg/ml and 3.9 μg/ml on H37rv, TMC 331 and TMC 301 while that of 1 was found to be 1.5 μg/ml, 8.3 μg/ml and 3.5 μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that Z. leprieurii is active on resistant strains of M. tuberculosis and could be a potential source of new leads against resistant tuberculosis. It also verifies the local use of the plant in treatment of tuberculosis.
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    Traditional Medicinal Uses, Phytoconstituents, Bioactivities, and Toxicities of Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. (Fabaceae): A Systematic Review
    (Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021) Baker Obakiro, Samuel; Kiprop, Ambrose; Kigondu, Elizabeth; K’Owino, Isaac; Odero, Mark Peter; Manyim, Scolastica; Omara, Timothy; Namukobe, Jane; Oriko Owor, Richard; Gavamukulya, Yahaya; Bunalema, Lydia
    Many studies have been undertaken on the medicinal values of Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. (Fabaceae). )e details, however, are highly fragmented in different journals, libraries, and other publication media. )is study was therefore conducted to provide a comprehensive report on its ethnobotany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemicals, and the available pharmacological evidence supporting its efficacy and safety in traditional medicine. Method. We collected data using a PROSPERO registered systematic review protocol on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and ethnopharmacology of Erythrina abyssinica from 132 reports that were retrieved from electronic databases. Documented local names, morphology, growth habit and habitat, ethnomedicinal and nonmedicinal uses, diseases treated, parts used, method of preparation and administration, extraction and chemical identity of isolated compounds, and efficacy and toxicity of extracts and isolated compounds were captured. Numerical data were summarized into means, percentages, and frequencies and presented as graphs and tables. Results. Erythrina abyssinica is harvested by traditional herbal medicine practitioners in East, Central, and South African communities to prepare herbal remedies for various human and livestock ailments. )ese include bacterial and fungal infections, tuberculosis, malaria, HIV/AIDS, diarrhea, cancer, meningitis, inflammatory diseases, urinary tract infections, wounds, diabetes mellitus, and skin and soft tissue injuries. Different extracts and phytochemicals from parts of E. abyssinica have been scientifically proven to possess anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiplasmodial, antiproliferative, antifungal, antimycobacterial, antidiarrheal, anti-HIV 1, antidiabetic, and antiobesity activities. )is versatile pharmacological activity is due to the abundant flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids present in its different parts. Conclusion. Erythrina abyssinica is an important ethnomedicinal plant in Africa harboring useful pharmacologically active phytochemicals against various diseases with significant efficacies and minimal toxicity to mammalian cells. )erefore, this plant should be conserved and its potential to provide novel molecules against diseases be explored further. Clinical trials that evaluate the efficacy and safety of extracts and isolated compounds from E. abyssinica are recommended.