NRU :: Browsing by Author "Ayiga, Natal"

Browsing by Author "Ayiga, Natal"

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Attitudes towards weapon carrying in Gauteng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa
(IUSSP., 2017) Malisha, Lutendo; Ayiga, Natal
South Africa continues to be one of the most violent countries on the African continent. The high level of violence is demonstrated by the pervasiveness of interpersonal violence which has been ranked as a major cause of morbidity, mortality and disability. Interpersonal violence continues to be a national phenomenon that impacts on many groups across diverse settings. It has been described as a significant problem in both urban and rural settings. A study explaining violence in South Africa by Simpson (1993) argued that the “culture of violence” has its roots in the apartheid social, economic and political system, which institutionalized and imbedded violence in the psychic of the population as not only normative, but also a legitimate means of resolving interpersonal social, economic and to some extent political conflicts. Although interpersonal violence in South Africa affects people of all walks of life, the demography of violence in South Africa suggests that the majority of victims and perpetrators are youth and black. Attitudes and beliefs towards interpersonal violent behaviour is an important domain in understanding the dynamics and prevalence of interpersonal violence
Classifying the Involvement of Men and Women in Climate Smart Agricultural Practices in Kayonza Sub-county, Kanungu District, Uganda
(International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science, 2022) Turyasingura, Benson; Ayiga, Natal
Globally, climate change is currently recognized as one of the most serious risks to communities' socio-economic activity, health, and livelihood. Climate Smart Agriculture is an essential tactic to developing the technical, policy, and investment conditions that enable actions aimed at achieving sustainable agricultural development for food and nutrition security in a changing climate. The purpose of this study was therefore classifying the involvement of men and women in climate smart agricultural practices in Kayonza sub-county, Kanungu district, Uganda. The study was guided by the specific objectives which include investigating the engagement of both men and women in climate-smart practices, establishing different climate-smart practices that are being used and assessing the climate smart agricultural practices adopted in in Kayonza sub-county. The study used descriptive research design utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analyses methods. Using simple random and purposive sampling techniques, a total of 374 respondents were selected to participate in the study. Questionnaires, key informant interviews, observation methods of data collection were used in this study. It was found out that both men and women were involved in the planting of trees and crops on farms that are typically used for fruit, fodder. Improved cooking stoves, fisheries and aquaculture, pasture management and planting of plant tolerant verities were among the CSA practices. The study recommends that the government should develop a strategy plan for gender quality based on goals that reflect an awareness of the economic and social implications of compromised climate smart agriculture. It was also concluded that both men and women were active in climate-smart farming methods.
Determinants of age at first marriage in sub-Saharan Africa: A comparative study of Uganda and South Africa
(Journal of social development in Africa, 2013) Ayiga, Natal; Rampagane, Veronica
Marriage has traditionally been early and universal in sub-Saharan Africa and this has been blamed for high fertility and the failure to achieve most MDGs including the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, achieving the goal of universal primary education, promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women, reduction of childhood mortality, improvement in quality of maternal health, and combating HIV and AIDS and other diseases. The paper used the 2006 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey and the 2003 South African Demographic and Health Survey data to investigate the hypothesis that ethnicity has a significant effect on age at first marriage even after controlling for the effects of other socio-demographic covariates. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the data
The Discourse of Non-Citizens Expulsion Reinvigorated: Examination of Racial Undertones in Asians Expulsion from Uganda in 1972
(African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 2021) Adyanga, Francis A.; Eton, Marus; Ayiga, Natal
The expulsion of non-citizens from countries around the globe is not a new phenomenon. In Africa, there have been numerous documented and undocumented cases after the continent acquired political independence in the 1960’s. In the critical antiracist study, forceful expulsion of citizens of another country may constitute racism. However, our position in this paper is that expulsion of non-citizens for the interest of the host country is not necessarily a racial act. It is on this basis that we examine the expulsion of Asians from Uganda in 1972 and argue that the act, at the basic level of bigotry analysis may not have constituted racism. However, categorizing the Asians population in Uganda by then, the main argument in this paper justifies the expulsion for certain groups on one hand. But on the other hand, we admonish the Uganda government for collective expulsion of the Asians whose ancestors were brought in the country in the late 19th century to build the Uganda railway. Furthermore, the paper argues that as much as many of the Asians were second or third generations having been born in Uganda and were legal citizens, they do not fall within the category of indigenous population. Therefore, their expulsion based on indigeneity and correcting economic imbalance by then is racially unbiased and defensible.
Diversity at Landscape Level to Increase Resilience. A Review
(East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources, 2022) Turyasingura, Benson; Mwanjalolo, Majaliwa; Ayiga, Natal
Tree species increases the number of ecological niches and associated species such as understory plants and animals hence, increased landscape ecosystem diversity. Rapid environmental and economic changes are posing serious dangers to ecosystems and economic systems around the world. This has resulted in the extinction of species, droughts, and price fluctuations in agricultural products. The aim of this review is to document landscape diversity and ecosystem resilience as a tool for natural resources management. The species from one ecosystem's functional group may temporarily support a functional group in another ecosystem, significant variety can help to maintain ecological stability. Hence, building on these insights, diversity at landscape level is paramount to promoting resilient livelihoods as a means of improving the health and functioning of socio-ecological systems, as well as a mechanism for achieving food security. The study concludes that there should be involving many actors in a landscape management aspect to stimulate knowledge exchange and training.
The effect of the AIDS epidemic on widowhood in Northern Uganda
(The continuing HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa, 1999) Ntozi, James P. M.; Ahimbisibwe, Fred E.; Ayiga, Natal; Odwee, Jonathan O.; Okurut, Francis N.
This paper uses data from a survey in northern Uganda to examine the situation of widowers and widows in the era of AIDS. A high level of widowhood was observed, almost a third being caused by AIDS. Widowhood was more prevalent among women than men. More than one-third of the widows and widowers had remarried or acquired new sexual partners mainly for procreation. Widows also remarried or acquired new sexual partners because they looked healthy. However, the husbands of more than one-third of them had died of AIDS. There were few movements of widowers and widows due to AIDS. Those who had migrated had more children. Other determinants of migration of widows and widowers were age, district of origin and having had children. The AIDS epidemic has been noted as a cause of the current high level of widowhood in Africa (Palloni, Lee and Lamas 1990). It is therefore likely that many of the widowed are HIV infected and will spread AIDS through sexual networking with other groups (Nunn 1989; Maiga et al. 1993; Okeyo and Allen 1994; Taverne 1996). Sexual networking of the widowed may be through widow inheritance, remarriage, casual sexual partners or prostitution. The practice is common among the widowed for social, cultural and economic reasons (Butlerys et al. 1994).
Factors influencing high dropout rates of girl child from education: A case study of black women in North West Province, South Africa
(Journal of social development in Africa, 2013) Karabo, Mhele; Ayiga, Natal
Progress in education of the girl child in sub-Saharan Africa in general and South Africa in particular has been impeded by the high rates of school dropout, which occurrence has implications for the attainment of the MDGs, particularly eradication of extreme poverty and hunger, improving the health of children and mothers, achieving gender equality and empowerment of women, curbing the spread of HIV and AIDS and other diseases and improving environmental sustainability. The objectives of the study were to assess the magnitude of school dropout and identify factors influencing this tendency in the North West province. The study used event history data on 582 women collected by use of the cross-sectional research design. It found that school dropout rates are signijlcantly influenced by factors that include high rates of school pregnancies, low grades at a high age, low educational attainment of mothers and a young age at flrst sexual intercourse. The paper recommends greater emphasis of sexual abstinence through school based programmes, zero tolerance to sexual crimes involving minors by raising the age threshold for such crimes, reducing over-age enrolments and adoption of flexible schooling systems to accommodate pregnant and student mothers
Financial abuse of older people in low and middle-income countries: the case of South Africa
(Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 2018) Lloyd-Sherlock, Peter; Penhale, Bridget; Ayiga, Natal
This paper assesses what is currently known about the financial abuse of older people in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), making specific reference to South Africa. It demonstrates that individual and environmental risk factors for financial abuse are present, but the issue is generally neglected by researchers and policymakers. As a result, empirical data are limited and there is an urgent need for new studies. The paper begins by introducing the issue of elder financial abuse in LMICs more generally, identifying key risk factors and evaluating available evidence. The paper then provides a detailed case study of South Africa, reviewing local risk factors and available evidence of financial abuse. It concludes with recommendations about future research in this emerging area of concern
Has the HIV/AIDS epidemic changed sexual behaviour of high risk groups in Uganda?
(African health sciences, 2003) Ntozi, James P. M.; Mulindwa, Innocent N.; Ahimbisibwe, Fred; Ayiga, Natal; Odwee, Jonathan
Uganda, was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to reverse its HIV/AIDS epidemic. Long distance drivers, prostitutes and barmaids have been identified as the groups that engage in risky sex, which promotes HIV transmission in Uganda and other countries across the continent. This paper investigates whether and why there were changes of sexual behaviour and practices among five risky groups in Uganda as a consequence of HIV/AIDS epidemic. Methodology The paper is based on data generated from a survey on ‘resistance to sexual behaviour change in the African AIDS epidemic’, which was conducted in the districts of Kabale, Kampala and Lira in 1999. For purposes of this paper, only data from the focus group discussions with high-risk groups have been analysed. These include commercial sex workers, street children, long haul truck drivers, bar maids and adolescents in three towns of Uganda (Kabale, Kampala, Lira). Results indicate that despite the HIV/AIDS epidemic, these groups had only changed their sexual behaviour a little, and they reported to be continuing with multiple sexual partners for a variety of reasons. The adolescents and street children were under peer pressure and a lot of sexual urge; commercial sex workers and bar maids attributed their risky behaviour to the need to survive due to the existing poverty; and the truck drivers reflected on the need for female company to reduce their stress while on the long lonely travels across Africa. Nevertheless, they are all aware and perceive people with multiple sexual partners as being highly vulnerable to contracting HIV and they all reported to have adopted condom use as an HIV preventive strategy. They also observed that married people were at a high risk of contracting HIV due to non-use of condoms in marital relationships and unfaithfulness of spouses. Conclusions Females engage in high-risk sexual relations as a means of economic survival, and perceive their acts as a strategy to improve their socio-economic well being. On the contrary, men in these high-risk categories do such acts out of pleasure and as avenues for attaining fulfilled sexual lives. The search for money among women and the constant desire for men to have sexual pleasure, which are greatly facilitated by their financial status are the forces behind reckless sexual behaviour among high-risk groups.
Male involvement in utilization of emergency obstetric care and averting of deaths for maternal near misses in Rakai district in Central Uganda
(African Population Studies, 2015) Nansubuga, Elizabeth; Ayiga, Natal
Although studies have assessed male involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness, little is known about their involvement after the onset of maternal near miss complications. This information is important in developing appropriate strategies for male involvement in accessing emergency obstetric care (EmOC) in order to reduce Uganda’s high maternal mortality ratio. The study examined the roles played by men after the onset of maternal near miss complications in Uganda. A qualitative study using narratives of 40 purposively selected maternal near misses and in-depth interviews of 10 randomly selected men was conducted. Results showed that men were involved in postpartum uptake of long term contraceptive methods, management of obstetric complications, decision making, social support, transport arrangements and provision of financial support to access EmOC. Therefore, men should be sensitized on the recommended haemorrhage medication during home births, the need for supervised deliveries and prompt referral of their wives to health facilities
Patterns of Substance use and Its Predictors Among North-West University Students Mafikeng Campus
(African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies, 2016) Osuafor, Godswill N.; Maputle, Sonto M.; Ayiga, Natal
The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of substance use among university students in South Africa. A cross-sectional study of randomly selected 416 students was conducted. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. The result of the study indicated that current alcohol use was reported by 67.5%, Cigarette, 21.4%, cannabis, 17.3% and glue 2.9%. Alcohol consumption was associated with sex, age, religious affiliation, home language, family influence, and substance experimentation. Sex and substance experimentation were predictors of cigarette smoking. Cannabis use was associated with respondent’s sociocultural group and family influence. There is need to strengthen the family structure of homes as present substance use is rooted in family influences. Educational programmes that emphasise the dangers of experimenting with substance to young people may have great potential in minimizing substance use.
Predictors of school reintegration of black women who previously dropped out of school in the North West province of South Africa
(African Population Studies, 2014) Ayiga, Natal; Karabo, Mhele
Despite policies being in place, school re-entry of the girl child after school dropout continues to be low in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper estimated the school re-entry of girls who dropped out of school and identified the predictors affecting school re-entry. The paper used cross-sectional data on 306 black women who dropped out of school in the North West Province of South Africa and the logistic regression model to analyse the data. The result shows that only 28.1% of the women returned to school. School pregnancy, dropping out of school at 17-19 and 20 years of age, perceiving that neighbourhood peers were not in school and residing in rural neighbourhoods, significantly reduced school re-entry. We conclude that school re-entry after school dropped out is low in the North West province, which calls for programmes to address factors impeding school re-entry of the girl child.
Prevalence and predictors of elder abuse in Mafikeng Local Municipality in South Africa
(African Population Studies, 2014) Bigala, Paul; Ayiga, Natal
Elder abuse is widespread in South Africa and is a serious public health problem. This paper estimated the prevalence and identified the forms and predictors of elder abuse. The paper used cross-sectional data on 506 elderly people from Mafikeng Local Municipality in South Africa, and used the chi-square statistic and the logistic regression model to analyse the data. Overall 64.3% of men and 60.3% of women experienced elder abuse. Physical abuse was more common among men while emotional, financial and sexual abuses were more common among women. Having no working children, being currently single, living in elderly couple family, living in rural areas, having a poor self-perception of health and having a disability were significantly associated with elder abuse. We conclude that the prevalence of elder abuse is high and common, which calls for strategies to prevent the vice
Prevalence of maternal near miss and community-based risk factors in Central Uganda
(International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 2016) Nansubuga, Elizabeth; Ayiga, Natal; Moyer, Cheryl A.
Objective: To examine the prevalence of maternal near-miss (MNM) and its associated risk factors in a community setting in Central Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional research design employing multi-stage sampling collected data from women aged 15–49 years in Rakai, Uganda, who had been pregnant in the 3 years preceding the survey, conducted between August 10 and December 31, 2013. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted. WHO-based disease and management criteria were used to identify MNM. Binary logistic regression was used to predict MNM risk factors. Content analysis was performed for qualitative data. Results: Survey data were collected from 1557 women and 40 in-depth interviews were conducted. TheMNMprevalence was 287.7 per 1000 pregnancies; the majority of MNMs resulted from hemorrhage. Unwanted pregnancies, a history of MNM, primipara, pregnancy danger signs, Banyakore ethnicity, and a partner who had completed primary education onlywere associated with increased odds of MNM (all P b 0.05). Conclusions: MNM morbidity is a significant burden in Central Uganda. The present study demonstrated higher MNM rates compared with studies employing organ-failure MNM-diagnostic criteria. These findings illustrate the need to look beyond mortality statistics when assessing maternal health outcomes. Concerted efforts to increase supervised deliveries, access to emergency obstetric care, and access to contraceptives are warranted.
Rates and Predictors of Consistent Condom-use by People Living with HIV/AIDS on Antiretroviral Treatment in Uganda
(Journal of health, population, and nutrition, 2012) Ayiga, Natal
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been recognized as one of the methods for reducing the risk of HIV transmission, and access to this is being rapidly expanded. However, in a generalized HIV epidemic, ART could increase unprotected sex by people living with HIV/AIDS (PHAs). This paper assessed the rates and predictors of consistent condom-use by sexually-active PHAs after initiating ART. The study used crosssectional data on sexual behaviour of 269 sexually-active ART-experienced individuals (95 males and 174 females) aged 18 years and above. The results revealed that 65% (70% of men and 61% of women) used condom consistently after initiating ART. Consistent use of condom was more likely if PHAs had secondary- or tertiary-level education and had more than one sex partner in the 12 months preceding the study. However, PHAs were less likely to have used condom consistently if they worked in the informal and formal sectors, belonged to the medium- and high-income groups, and were married. PHAs, who were on ART for less than 1 year and 1-2 year(s), had a good self-perception of health, had a sexual partner who was HIV-negative or a partner with unknown HIV status, and desired to bear children, were also less likely to have used condom consistently. The paper concluded that, although the majority of PHAs consistently used condom, there was potential for unprotected sex by PHAs on ART
Rates and predictors of school pregnancy among black women in the North West province, South Africa
(African Population Studies, 2014) Karabo, Mhele; Ayiga, Natal
Learner pregnancy is one of the challenges impeding the unlocking of the potentials of women in sub-Saharan Africa. This paper estimated the prevalence of learner pregnancy and identified its predictors in the North West province of South Africa. The paper used cross-sectional data on 582 black women and the nested logistic regression model to analyse the data. The study found that 38% of the women become pregnant at school. Learner pregnancy was significantly higher for women who had sexual debut at <18 years; were in grades 8 and 9 or higher at age 14; attained
Re-thinking on land degradation and its impacts on livelihoods of the farmers in Kanungu District, Uganda
(2022) Turyasingura, Benson; Ayiga, Natal; Benzougagh, Brahim
Worldwide, land degradation reduces the productivity of agricultural land by roughly 75%. Land degradation has made it difficult for people to make a living in Uganda, one of the world's poorest nations. Land degradation in Uganda poses a severe danger to rural populations' ability to support themselves and little effort has been done. The primary natural resource used by humans for economic, social, infrastructure, and other human endeavors is land. Land resources are so crucial in determining rural livelihoods, and the absence of sustainable land management techniques results in land degradation. Results: The study findings proved that there was a significant positive relationship between the effects of land degradation and the livelihoods of farmers (p 0.01, r =.530**) in Kanungu District, which suggests that adoption of new seed varieties which can withstand harsh climatic conditions, strengthening agricultural reforms, and agroforestry would improve the livelihoods of local farmers to improve their savings and production of quality crop products. Therefore, the alternative hypothesis was therefore accepted and it was concluded that "There is a significant relationship between land degradation and the livelihoods of farmers in Kanungu District
Risky Sexual Behaviour Among Married and Cohabiting Women and its Implication for Sexually Transmitted Infections in Mahikeng, South Africa
(Sexuality & Culture, 2016) Osuafor, Godswill N.; Ayiga, Natal
Risky sexual behaviour continues to be the main means through which sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV are spread in South Africa. However few studies have assessed risky sexual behaviour among married and cohabiting women in this high HIV prevalence country. The aim of this study was therefore to assess the prevalence and identify the predictors of risky sexual behaviour among married and cohabiting women in Mahikeng Local Municipality where HIV is generalized. The study used cross-sectional mixed methods data obtained from 568 women responding to a survey and 33 women participating in in-depth interviews in 2012. All the women were aged 18–49 years, married or cohabiting and were residing in rural and urban areas of Mahikeng Local Municipality at the time of the study. The data was analyzed by the use of the Chi square statistic and a parsimonious binary logistic regression model, and the thematic content analysis method. The study found that 4 in 10 of the women experienced risky sexual behaviour, which was significantly predicted by being in marriage or cohabitation for\5 years, having a partner working in agriculture, government and mining sectors, having sex to achieve motherhood, having the perception by the women that they were unlikely to contract STIs, having the belief that partners have the right to use force to obtain sex and having partners who were unwilling to use condoms. All the above predictors were exacerbated by culturally sanctioned gender inequality and structural factors. The findings suggest that risky sexual behaviour is prevalent among married and cohabiting women in the study area which has serious implication for the marital transmission of STIs and HIV. We suggest interventions that enhance gender equality in sexual decisions and initiatives that encourage men to change their sexual beliefs and values.
Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs), Environmental Management and Poverty Reduction in Western Uganda
(International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 2019) Eton, Marus; Ayiga, Natal; Agaba, Moses; Mwosi, Fabian; Ogwel, Benard P.
The study aimed at assessing the role of SMEs and environment management in poverty reduction in Western Uganda. The study a descriptive and correlation study design. The data was collected by use of structured and closed ended questionnaires. The findings revealed a strong association between (SMES and environmental management) and poverty reduction (r =.644; sig. <.05). The study found out that SMEs lack access to innovative technologies, which are essential in buttressing SME roles in poverty reduction. The study revealed that very little financial resources are directly channeled to SMEs amidst ever increasing interest rates on loans. Government policies on SMEs are deficient in terms of technical, technological, financial, and managerial and infrastructures needed for effective contribution to economic growth and poverty reduction. The study further suggest that SMEs can resolve problems of poverty and unemployment if they can access cheap capital. The study therefore recommends that government should prioritize SME sector in budgets to enhance its contribution to economic growth and poverty reduction.
Socio-Demographic Changes in the Timing of First Birth in Ghana: Evidence from Three Waves of the Demographic and Health Survey Data
(PAA., 2018) Amoateng, Acheampong Y.; Ayiga, Natal
This study employs the 1988, 1998 and 2014 waves of the Demographic and Health Survey Data to examine the effect of the social and demographic factors such as birth cohorts, education, marital status, place of residence, region of residence, ethnicity, and religion on changes in the age at first birth in Ghana. Preliminary analysis using the Cox regression model of the data show that overall age at first birth has been increasing over the years in Ghana. Moreover, the data show that the changes in age at first birth has been affected by the two main coordinates of modernization, namely, education and level of urbanization even though factors such as ethnicity, birth cohorts, marital status and religion have also played a role in explaining the changes in the timing of birth. The policy implications of the findings are discussed

Browsing by Author "Ayiga, Natal"

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