Browsing by Author "Agwu, Ezera"
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Item Appraisal of oral lesions status of HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda(Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences, 2008) Agwu, Ezera; Ihongbe, John C.; Tirwomwe, Jackson F.; Pazos, Victoria; Tirwomwe, Michael; Casadesus, LuisAim: To establish a regional surveillance data that may contribute to improvement of oral health prevention/control programs in South Western Uganda. Methods: Using WHO guidelines, HIV-associated oral lesions were identified among 605 HIV/AIDS patients (469 females and 136 males), selected at random from 4 districts of South Western Uganda. Pearson’s Chi square test of independence (α=0.01), was used to compare results. Results: Prevalence of oral lesions was 73.2%. Pseudomembranous Candidiasis (PC) showed the highest overall prevalence of 71.1% (34.9% single and 36.2% mixed); followed by 39.9% prevalence of Erythematous Candidiasis (EC) (13.2%) single; 26.7% mixed) and 18.8% prevalence of Angular Chelitis (AC) (3.1% single and 15.7% mixed). There was: 23.6% co-infection of PC and EC; 12.6% PC and AC, 3.1% were EC and AC, and 17.0% intra-oral pigmentation. Prevalence of oral lesions was significantly (p<0.01) dependent on host pre-exposure to antimicrobials. Conclusions: Oral infections are still highly prevalent among the studied HIV/AIDS patients in South Western Uganda. This observation may be due to inadequate antimicrobial agents and oral/dental care. There’s urgent need to train primary health care workers in management of oral lesions associated with HIV/AIDS. More studies are needed to evaluate HIV/AIDS oral lesions in the populace.Item Contamination Potentials of Household Water Handling and Storage Practices in Kirundo Subcounty, Kisoro District, Uganda(Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2019) Agensi, Alexander; Tibyangye, Julius; Tamale, Andrew; Agwu, EzeraIntroduction. Waterborne diseases constitute a major public health burden in developing and underdeveloped countries. Consumption of contaminated water causes health risk to the public, and the situation is alarming in rural areas. *e objective of this study was to assess the contamination potentials of different house water handling and storage practices in the Kirundo subcounty, Kisoro District, Uganda. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional and descriptive study in which 344 water samples were collected randomly and analysed for bacteriological contamination, total coliforms (TCs) and Escherichia coli per 100 ml, using the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique and reported in terms of CFU/100 ml. Results. *e 43.2% samples from unprotected water sources had total coliforms and 34.1% had Escherichia coli. In analysed household drinking water, 25% had total coliforms and 8.7% had Escherichia coli. Most drinking water sources were found to have coliform counts above the recommended national and international guidelines. *ere was a statistically significant difference among water sources with respect to total coliforms and Escherichia coli (p < 0.05). Conclusion. *e overall results indicated that there is a strong linkage between microbiological water quality and water source sanitation; hence, the protected water source was safer than unprotected water sources. For the unprotected water sources, protection strategies as well as monitoring are recommended for this community.Item Diagnostic oral biomarkers of immunosuppression in apparently healthy seropositive HIV population, in South Western Uganda(J Microb Biochem Technol, 2020) Agwu, EzeraAccurate diagnosis remain key to effective intervention of endemic and pandemic diseases even up to the developed world. Despite availability of many high-quality diagnostic tests for immunosuppression in the developed countries, they are neither available, affordable nor accessible in rural communities of Africa. Clinical diagnostic surrogate biomarkers may be suitable alternative. Objective: To evaluate oral clinical manifestations as biomarkers of immunosuppression in apparently healthy population of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients in resource poor Masaka, Mbarara and Rukungiri districts, of South Western Uganda. Methods: Visual oral inspection of 304 apparently health and HIV seropositive patients attending the AIDS Support Organization clinics in study districts of Uganda was done to detect and establish oral biomarkers associated with immunosuppression in HIV disease. Standard methods were used to reconfirm the HIV sero-positivity status and clinical staging of oral manifestations of consenting clients. Result: Figures 1-22 shows representative 304 oral manifestations of research participants. Figures 1-5 depicts 140 (46.1%) pseudomembranous candidiasis. Figures (6-9) depicts representative photographs of 53 (17.4%) erythemathous candidiasis (Figures 7 & 8) and also 63 (20.7%) shows erythemathous candidiasis found co-infecting with pseudomembranouse candidiasis in (Figures 9 & 10). Figure 10 shows linear gingival erythemathouse banding. Figures 11-15 shows Karposi sarcoma developmental stages and Figure 16-18 shows 7 (2.3%) Angular cheilitis. Figure 19 shows 3 (1.0%) aphthous ulceration of anterior portion of the tongue. Figure 20 shows 1 (0.3%) Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) while Figures 21 & 22 shows 10 (3.3%) intra-oral pigmentation. Conclusion: Visual oral inspection of apparently healthy HIV seropositive individuals revealed different oral manifestations that may serve as diagnostic oral biomarkers of immunosuppression in apparently healthy but HIV infected population in Uganda. Poor resources drive the need for available and affordable diagnostic tools for improved and effective intervention.Item Distribution of yeast species associated with oral lesions in HIV-infected patients in Southwest Uganda(Medical Mycology, 2012) Agwu, Ezera; Ihongbe, John C.; MCManus, Brenda A.; Moran, Gary P.; Coleman, David C.; Sullivan, Derek J.Oropharyngeal candidiasis remains a signifi cant clinical problem in HIV-infected and AIDS patients in regions of Africa where anti-retroviral therapy isn ’ t readily available. In this study we identifi ed the yeast populations associated with oral lesions in HIV-infected patients in Southwest Uganda who were receiving treatment with nystatin and topical clotrimazole. Samples were taken from 605 patients and 316 (52%) of these yielded yeast growth following incubation on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Samples were subsequently re-plated on CHROMagar Candida medium to facilitate identifi cation of the yeast species pr esent. The majority (56%) of culturepositivesamples yielded a mix of two or more species. Candida albicans was present in 87% (274/316) of patient samples and accounted for 87% (120/138) of single species samples. Candida glabrata , Candida tropicalis and Candida norvegensis were also found in cultures that yielded a single species. No Candida dubliniensis isolates were identifi ed in this population.Item Evaluation of the bacterial agents associated with PID among women of reproductive age at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital(Biotechnology and Allied Fields, 2022) Baruti, Petrus; Nzabandora, Emmanuel; Agwu, EzeraPelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is major health problem in developed and developing country involving more young women. It is associated with high rate of female reproductive health morbidity; it can complicate with ectopic pregnancy, infertility and chronic pelvic pain. A poor response therapy increases the likelihood of these complications; this could be due to an increase in antimicrobial resistant pathogens. The aim of this research was to determine common bacterial pathogens from endocervical swab of women with PID at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among women who attended gynecology clinic at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital. Consecutive enrolment of 324 participants who consented to participate was done daily until a required sample size was realized from November 2019 to January 2020. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on associated factors; endocervical swab was taken from patient clinically diagnosed with PID. Culturing for colony characteristics followed by Gram stain was used for provisional identity of pathogenic bacteria. Further identification was done by a set of biochemical tests. Data was analyzed using STATA VERSION 14.2. Not being educated, having two or more sexual partners, previous history of PID and induced abortion, also the previous use of contraceptives specifically the use of IUD ,were all significantly associated with Pelvic inflammatory disease (P value <0.05). The isolated bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus and the least-prevalent pathogen was citrobacter species. In conclusion, Staphylococcus aureus is the commonest organism isolated from the endocervical swab of patients with PID. Keywords: Bacteriology, Pelvic, Inflammatory, Disease and WomenItem A Global Perspective of Vibrio Species and Associated Diseases: Three-Decade Meta-Synthesis of Research Advancement(Environmental Health Insights, 2022) Onohuean, Hope; Agwu, Ezera; Nwodo, UUOutbreaks of Vibrio infections have a long history of global public health concern and threat to the aquaculture industry. This 3-decade (1990-2019) meta-synthesis of global research progress in Vibrio species and associated disease outbreaks was undertaken to generate the knowledge needed to design effective interventions with policy implications. Using PRISMA protocol, we obtained data on the online version of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus from January 1990 to September 2021 by title search of the keywords “Vibrio species OR Vibrio spp. OR vibriosis.” On the 3-decade survey, the result has shown that a total of 776 publications document types were published on the subject, with an average of 24.25 ± 13.6 published documents per year with an annual growth rate of 4.71%. The year 2020 recorded the highest output of 52 published documents accounting for 6.70% of the total. The most prolific author, Blanch A., published 12 articles on the subject and has received citations of 1003 with an h-index of 10. While the most global cited paper author is the journal of J. Bacteriol (Bassler et al), receiving total citation (TC) (550) and per Year (22). The top active corresponding authors country is the United States of America with (92) articles, freq. 12.40%; TC of 3103. The observations in this study, such as the collaborations network map, and index, which have outlined a big difference between countries based on economic status, have underscored the need for a sustained research mentorship program that can define future policies.Item The idiosyncrasy of oropharyngeal yeast response to antifungal agents used as prophylaxis by HIV infected patients in South-Western Uganda(Special Fungal Pathogens Journal, 2021) Agwu, EzeraAlthough cutting edge technologies have advanced overall knowledge of microbial infections, what microorganisms will do when challenged with different surface-active agents is still incompletely understood, in resource-limited settings. Objective: This study was therefore designed to determine the idiosyncratic in-vitro response of yeast strains, challenged with selected routine antifungal agents used for routine prophylactic management of HIV infected Methods: A total of 304 (235 females and 69 males) patients with different conditions were recruited and oral lesions collected and analyzed using standard phenotypic methods. The MIC) of the isolates were determined by the E-test stable agar gradient method (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) Results: All Candida albicans strains were sensitive to the azoles except in Masaka District where C albicans showed a sensitive-dose dependent MIC of (0.14 μg/ml) to Itraconazole. District of isolation of yeast strains significantly (p<0.05) impacted on MIC results as different MIC values were obtained after testing similar yeast strains from different districts against the same anti-fungal agents. Thus, intra-species variations in average MIC values were noted among the yeast strains from different Districts. Itraconazoles tested against C. albicans showed varying MICs values of 0.05 μg/ml in Mbarara District; 0.03 μg/ml in Rukungiri District and 0.14 μg/ml in Masaka District. Fluconazole tested against C. albicans also showed varying MICs of 0.5 in Mbarara District; 0.99 μg/ml in Rukungiri District and 0.14 μg/ml in Masaka District.Item Molecular characterization of Acinetobacter baumannii from patients with prolonged hospital stays in three tertiary hospitals of Kano Metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria(African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2019) Bashir, Alkali; Aliero, Adamu A.; Idris, Abdurrazak M.; Takalmawa, Hamisu U.; Faruk, Sarkinfada; Agwu, EzeraAcinetobacter baumannii is one of the most important opportunistic bacterial pathogens that cause serious health care associated complications in hospitalized patients. This leads to prolong hospital stay which increase cost to both healthcare provider and family of the patients. The study aimed at molecular characterisation of A. baumannii from patients with prolonged hospital stays in three tertiary hospitals of Kano Metropolis, Northwestern Nigeria. A total of 401 samples were collected from orthopedic and post-surgical wound infections, urine, urine catheters and nasal intubation. Acinetobacter spp was isolated using standard microbiological methods. Identification of A. baumannii isolates were done using Phynotypic methods such as culture on Leed Acinetobacter medium, conventional biochemical tests and API 20NE. Suspect Acinetobacter species were further identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequence typing methods. Out of 401 samples collected 138 (34.4%) were positives by yield suspect bacterial isolates 14 (10.1%) of which were suspect A. baumannii. The results of confirmatory sequence typing of isolates showed that 9 (6.5%) of suspect Acinetobacter spp were A. baumannii. The result of susceptibility test showed that A. baumannii isolates were highly resistance to Ampicillin\ salbactam 13 (92.8%) and least resistance to Ciprofloxacin 2 (14.3%) and Amikacin 3 (21.4). The results of this finding showed presence of A. baumannii species resistant to conventional antibiotics and associated with prolonged duration of patients admission in the three studied hospitals. There is need for improved sanitary working condition and proper patients management to reduce the spread of this health care associated infection agent.Item Phylogenetic analysis of multidrug resistant E. coli isolates from the urinary tract in Bushenyi district, Uganda using the new Clermont phylotyping method(African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2020) Odoki, Martin; Aliero, Adamu A.; Tibyangye, Julius; Onkoba, Sarah K.; Bashir, Alkali; Maniga, Josephat N.; Eilu, Emmanuel; Wampande, Eddie; Kato, Charles D.; Agwu, Ezera; Bazira, JoelDue to the increasing rates of multidrug resistance (MDR) among the Enterobacteriaceae that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs), selection of antimicrobial agents for empirical therapy is becoming a major challenge. This study determined the antimicrobial resistance profiles, multidrug resistance profiles, multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI), factors associated with MDR UTIs and the phylogenetic groups of MDR Escherichia coli strains isolated from the urinary tract among patients attending hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 86 bacterial uropathogens isolated from 267 study participants suspected to have UTIs were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using the Kirby Bauer Disk diffusion method. Data for the factors associated with MDR were obtained by the use of questionnaires. Phylogenetic groups of the MDR E. coli were determined using the new Clermont method for phylotyping E. coli. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression statistical tools were used to determine phylogenetic groups, and assess for statistically significant relationship between MDR UTIs and factors suspected to be associated with MDR UTIs respectively. The isolates assigned as group B2 9/12 (75.0%), B1 2/5 (40.0%) and A 2/7 (28.6%) by using the old Clermont method could not be phylotyped using the new Clermont method and were grouped as non-typeable strains of E. coli. Our study demonstrated high prevalence of the non-typeable strains of MDR E. coli, we therefore recommend the use of modern DNA sequencing-based approaches which is the gold standard for genotyping bacteria, that this current study could not affordItem Predictors Patterns Of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections Among Febrile Children Under-Five Years Of Age At Kampala International University Teaching Hospital(Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2015) Nakalema, Gloria; Ortiz, Yamile A.; Agwu, EzeraAn accurate and reliable diagnosis of UTI in children is critical because they are usually underdiagnosed or over-diagnosed especially in children under five years of age. Antimicrobial susceptibility results are key to effective intervention. This study was done to determine the predictors patterns of bacterial urinary tract infections among febrile children aged less than 5 years presenting at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in entry points of the pediatric ward of KIU-TH between December 2020 and March 2021. The study enrolled a total of 350 children 2-59 months by consecutive enrolment. Urinalysis and urine culure was done, clinical and demographic data was collected using questionnaires and data analysed using SPSS version 27 with significance at 95% confidence interval. Factors that were independently predictive of a UTI were age less than 24 months (p 0.002), male children (p 0.010), undernutrition (p 0.012), diarrhea (p 0.032), vomiting (p 0.005). Children who were wiped back to front after defecation (p 0.021), diapers use (p 0.014). Among the laboratory urinalysis predictors, Children with nitrites and those with more than 5 white blood cells at urine microscopy were 17.875(p <0.001) and 6.505(p<0.001) times more likely to suffer from Urinary tract infection respectivelyItem Prevalence of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Factors among Patients Attending Hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda(International journal of microbiology, 2019) Aliero, Adamu A.; Odoki, Martin; Tibyangye, Julius; Maniga, Josephat N.; Wampande, Eddie; Kato, Charles D.; Agwu, EzeraUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the major causes of morbidity and comorbidities in patients with underlying conditions, and it accounts for the majority of the reasons for hospital visit globally. Sound knowledge of factors associated with UTI may allow timely intervention that can easily bring the disease under control. (is study was designed to determine the prevalence of UTI by isolating and characterizing the different bacterial etiological agents and to evaluate the factors associated with UTI. In this crosssectional study, a total of 267, clean catch midstream urine (MSU) samples were collected aseptically and analyzed using standard microbiology methods. Data for the factors associated with UTI were obtained by use of questionnaires and standard laboratory tests for selected underlying conditions. (e study revealed 86/267 (32.2%) UTI prevalence among patients attending hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent bacterial uropathogen with 36/86 (41.9%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus 27/86 (31.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae 10/86 (11.6%), Klebsiella oxytoca 6/86 (7.0%), Proteus mirabilis 3/86 (3.5%), Enterococcus faecalis 3/86 (3.5%), and Proteus vulgaris 1/86 (1.2%). (is study has demonstrated that age ≤19 years, female gender, married individuals, genitourinary tract abnormalities, diabetes, hospitalization, indwelling catheter <6 days, and indwelling catheter >6 days had statistically significant relationships (p < 0.05) with UTI. Screening for UTI in hospitalized patients, female gender, married individuals, genitourinary tract abnormalities, indwelling catheter, and diabetics should be adoptedItem Prevalence of Quinolone susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in Delayed healing DFU's in Ekpoma, Nigeria(Int Wound J, 2010) Agwu, EzeraAim. To investigate the prevalence and antibiogram of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus from delayed-healing foot ulcers among patients with diabetes in Ekpoma. Methods. Using standard aseptic microbiological methods, 220 delayed-healing diabetic foot ulcer samples were analyzed for bacteria isolation, identification, and susceptibility before and 12 weeks after antibiotic administration. Chi-squared (α = 0.01) was used to test for statistical significance. Results. Out of the 220 samples analyzed, 181 (82.3%) were infected (P aeruginosa [41.8%]; S aureus [30%]; co-infection of P aeruginosa and S aureus [10.5%]). Wound healing was significantly (P < 0.01) dependent on the presence of P aeruginosa and S aureus in the study population. S aureus and P aeruginosa showed the highest (74.2% and 71.3%, respectively) and lowest (38.2% and 34.8%) susceptibilities to levofloxacin and sparfloxacin, respectively. P aeruginosa was 68.7% susceptible to rifampicin; 53% to erythromycin, 52.2% to vancomycin; 38.3% to ceftriazone; 36.5% to cefuroxin; and 32.2% to oxacillin. S aureus was 51.7% susceptible to rifampicin, 37.1% to cefuroxin; 33.7% to ceftriazone; 28.1% to vancomycin; and 25.8% to oxacillin. Twelve weeks after antibiotic administration, 54% of samples had no growth and showed accelerated wound healing; 26.7% yielded P aeruginosa, while 19.3% yielded S aureus. Conclusion. Delayed-healing diabetic foot ulcers in Ekpoma are colonized by levofloxacin- and sparfloxacin-susceptible P aeruginosa and S aureus. Microbial load reduction due to appropriate antibiotic administration contributed to the acceleration of the wound healing process for 54% of patients who participated in the follow-up procedures. Surveillance with improved diagnostic facilities is recommended. Address correspondence to: Ezera Agwu, PhD Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Health Sciences Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka Box 71, BushenyiItem Prevalence patterns of bacterial urinary tract infections among febrile children under-five years of age at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital(Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2015) Nakalema, Gloria; Ortiz, Yamile A.; Agwu, EzeraAccurate and reliable diagnosis of UTI in children is critical because they are usually underdiagnosed or over-diagnosed especially in children under five years of age. Antimicrobial susceptibility results are key to effective intervention. This study was done to determine the prevalence patterns of bacterial urinary tract infections among febrile children aged less than 5 years presenting at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in entry points of the pediatric ward of KIU-TH between December 2020 and March 2021. The study enrolled a total of 350 children 2-59 months by consecutive enrolment. Urinalysis and urine culure was done, clinical and demographic data was collected using questionnaires and data analysed using SPSS version 27 with significance at 95% confidence interval. Out of 350 children studied, 97 (27.7%) had a UTI. E.coli was the most commonly isolated uropathogen (56.7%). There is a high intra hospital prevalence of bacterial UTIs among febrile children under five years of age with with E.Coli as the predominant causative organism.Item Risk Factors and Bacteriological Assessment of Patients on Prolonged Hospital Admission at Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital Kano State, Nigeria(IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 2020) Bashir, Alkali; Abubakar, Muhammad H.; Takalmawa, Hamisu U.; Agwu, EzeraAbstract: Background: Prolonged hospital admissions of patients remain a challenge to healthcare providers and seekers, particularly in resource-limited settings. Bacterial infections contribute significantly to prolonged stay despite numerous advances in research updates on nosocomial bacterial infections, including many suggestions on associated risk factors. This study aimed at evaluating the risk factors and bacteriology of patients on prolonged hospital admission at Murtala Muhammad specialist hospital Kano state (MMSH), Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional and retrospective study design was used to determine the prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) and prolonged hospital stay, respectively. One hundred and forty (140) swabs and urine samples were collected from the medical, surgical, and accident/orthopedic wards at MMSH. Samples were processed using standard microbiological methods. Prolong hospital stay and its associated factors were assessed using health records and closed-ended questionnaires, respectively. Result: The prevalence of healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) and prolonged hospital stay were 41.43% and 50.50%, respectively. The prevalence of HCAIs, according to the site of infection, showed that urinary tract infections (UTIs) had the highest prevalence of 58.89%. The distribution of bacterial pathogens showed E. coli was having the highest distribution of 22.40%. Lack of qualified staff, training, equipment, essential drugs, and quality assurance statistically linked with risk factors associated with a prolonged hospital stay in the studied hospital. Conclusion: This study reported a high prevalence of HCAIs and prolongs hospital stays in the MMSH and has indicated some risk factors associated with the findings with E. coli being the most frequently isolated bacteria.Item Superbugs-related prolonged admissions in three tertiary hospitals, Kano State, Nigeria(Pan African Medical Journal, 2019) Bashir, Alkali; Garba, Iliyasu; Aliero, Adamu A.; Kibiya, Abdurrazak; Abubakar, Muhammad H.; Ntulume, Ibrahim; Sarkinfada, Faruk; Agwu, Ezerasuperbugs are pathogenic micro-organism and especially a bacterium that has developed resistance to the medications normally used against it. As the superbug family increases, the need for appropriate diagnostic, treatment, prevention and control strategies cannot be over emphasized. Therefore, this work determined the distribution of superbug bacteria among patients on prolonged hospital admissions in three tertiary hospitals of Kano state, Nigeria. Methods: a descriptive cross sectional study was undertaken among 401 patients from medical, surgery, orthopedic and burn centre wards in a three tertiary hospitals in Kano state. A sample collected comprises wound/pus, urine, urine catheter and nasal intubation and were analysed using standard microbiological methods for Acinetobacter spp and other related nosocomial bacterial pathogens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: one hundred and thirty eight (138) isolates were recovered, from the studied participants. More than 80% of the nosocomial infections (NIs) were caused by Gram-negative bacteria, predominantly Escherichia coli, Klebseilla spp, Proteus spp, Pseudomona spp and Acinetobacter spp. In-vitro antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that acinetobacter were 100% resistant to amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole, perfloxacin and imipenem. Conclusion: Superbugs (Acinetobacter species) significantly contributed to delayed hospital admissions through observed 100% resistance to used antibiotics. The healthcare managers of these hospitals and the ministry of health need to take measures against this resistant bacteria (Acinetobacter spp) especially on prescribing antibiotics that showed 100% resistant from these studied hospitals.Item Susceptibility patterns of bacterial urinary tract infections among febrile children under-five years of age at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital(IDOSR Journal of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2015) Nakalema, Gloria; Ortiz, Yamile A.; Agwu, EzeraA reliable diagnosis of UTI in children is critical because they are usually under diagnosed or over-diagnosed especially in children under five years of age. Antimicrobial susceptibility results are key to effective intervention. This study was done to determine the prevalence, predictors, and susceptibility patterns of bacterial urinary tract infections among febrile children aged less than 5 years presenting at Kampala International University Teaching Hospital. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in entry points of the pediatric ward of KIU-TH between December 2020 and March 2021. The study enrolled a total of 350 children 2-59 months by consecutive enrollment. Urinalysis and urine culure was done, clinical and demographic data was collected using questionnaires and data analysed using SPSS version 27 with significance at 95% confidence interval. Isolates had a sensitivity pattern to Imipenem of 93.4%, Ciprofloxacin (85.4%), Amikacin (77.4%) and were extremely resistant to Cotrimoxazole (83.3%), Amoxicillin (80.0%) and Ampicillin (74.4%). There is a high resistance to commonly used antibiotics thus need to review the treatment protocols of UTI.