Covid-19 and Erythrocrine Function: The Roller Coaster and Danger

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dc.contributor.authorAl-kuraishy, Hayder M.
dc.contributor.authorAl-Gareeb, Ali I.
dc.contributor.authorBatiha, Gaber El-Saber
dc.contributor.authorOnohuean, Hope
dc.date.accessioned2023-07-05T07:31:05Z
dc.date.available2023-07-05T07:31:05Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.description.abstractErythrocrine function refers to erythrocytes’ ability to synthesize and release active signaling molecules such as ATP and nitric oxide (NO). Erythrocyte NO regulates its deformability and increases its perfusion and circulation that prevent tissue hypoxia. Recently, there is a connotation between SARS-CoV-2 infection and erythrocrine function due to alteration in the release of NO and ATP from erythrocytes. SARS-CoV-2 binds erythrocyte band3 protein, which has a similar characteristic of ACE2, leading to alteration of erythrocyte physiology like oxygen transport with development of hypoxia. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 infection activates erythrocyte protein kinase C alpha (PKC-α), causing significant changes in the erythrocyte functions. The erythrocytes can bind SARS-CoV-2 and its active particles with subsequent virus delivery to the liver and spleen macrophages. Thus, the erythrocytes act as elimination for SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19. Moreover, the erythrocyte stored, release sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) improves endothelial and regulates lymphocyte functions. SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 protein binds the porphyrin part of hemoglobin heme at the β1 chain, causing hemolysis and dysfunctional hemoglobin to reduce oxygen-carrying capacity. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated pro-inflammatory disorders lead to abnormal erythrocrine function with subsequent inflammatory complications and endothelial dysfunction due to deficiency of protective released molecules (NO, G1P, and ATP) from functional erythrocytes. In vitro, preclinical, and clinical studies are mandatory in this regard.en_US
dc.identifier.citationAl-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Onohuean, H., & El-Saber Batiha, G. (2022). COVID-19 and erythrocrine function: The roller coaster and danger. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 36, 03946320221103151.https://doi.org/10.1177/03946320221103151en_US
dc.identifier.issn2058-7384
dc.identifier.urihttps://nru.uncst.go.ug/handle/123456789/9041
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherInternational Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacologyen_US
dc.subjectCOVID-19en_US
dc.subjectSARS-CoV-2en_US
dc.subjectErythrocrine functionen_US
dc.titleCovid-19 and Erythrocrine Function: The Roller Coaster and Dangeren_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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