Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mothers' breast milk and associated health risk to nursing infants in Uganda

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dc.contributor.authorMatovu, Henry
dc.contributor.authorSillanpää, Mika
dc.contributor.authorSsebugere, Patrick
dc.date.accessioned2022-11-14T15:59:22Z
dc.date.available2022-11-14T15:59:22Z
dc.date.issued2019
dc.description.abstractThe aimof this studywas to investigate levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk samples from healthy primiparous mothers who had lived in Kampala capital city (urban area) and Nakaseke district (a rural area) for the last five years. Fifty sampleswere collected between March and June 2018 andwere extracted by dispersive solid-phase extraction (SPE). Clean-up was performed on an SPE column and analysis was done using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Total (Σ) PBDEs (BDE 28, 47, 49, 66, 77, 99, 100,138,153, 154, 183 and 209) ranged from0.59 to 8.11 ng/g lipidweight (lw). The levels of PBDEs in samples fromKampala capital citywere significantly higher than those fromNakaseke (p b 0.01,Mann-Whitney U test). Themost dominant congenerswere BDE-209 and -47 (contributed 37.1% and 20.2%, respectively toΣPBDEs), suggesting recent exposure of mothers to deca-and penta-BDE formulations. Fish and egg consumption, plastics/e-waste recycling and paint fumes were associated with higher levels of BDE-47, -153 and -99, respectively, implying that diet and occupation were possible sources of the pollutants. Estimated dietary intakes (ng kg−1 body weight day−1) for BDE-47, -99 and -153 were below the US EPA reference doses for neurodevelopmental toxicity, suggestingminimal health risks to nursing infantswho feed on themilk. Generally, the risk quotients for BDE-47, -99 and -153 were b1 in majority (96%) samples, indicating that the breast milk of mothers in Uganda was fit for human consumption.en_US
dc.identifier.citationMatovu, H., Sillanpää, M., & Ssebugere, P. (2019). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mothers' breast milk and associated health risk to nursing infants in Uganda. Science of The Total Environment , 692 , 1106-1115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.335en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.335
dc.identifier.urihttps://nru.uncst.go.ug/handle/123456789/5241
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherScience of The Total Environmenten_US
dc.subjectPBDEsen_US
dc.subjectBreast milken_US
dc.subjectEstimated dietary intakesen_US
dc.subjectHazard quotientsen_US
dc.subjectUgandaen_US
dc.titlePolybrominated diphenyl ethers in mothers' breast milk and associated health risk to nursing infants in Ugandaen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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