A narrative review of food policies and initiatives targeting ultra processed food consumption in Sub Saharan Africa

Abstract

Abstract The rapid growth of ultra-processed food (UPF) production, marketing, and consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is driving dietary shifts linked to obesity and other diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). While policy attention is increasing, regulatory responses remain heterogeneous and unevenly implemented. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on national policies and initiatives aimed at reducing UPF consumption and supporting healthier, contextually appropriate, and equitable food systems in SSA. The review followed a five-stage process: (1) identification of relevant countries and policy domains; (2) comprehensive searching of peer-reviewed literature, national policy documents, and reports from international agencies and NGOs; (3) screening and selection of eligible sources; (4) categorization of policy instruments; and (5) qualitative synthesis of implementation experiences and challenges. A conceptual policy analysis framework was applied to classify policies into four domains: fiscal measures, front-of-pack labeling, marketing restrictions, and public health and nutrition education. Countries including South Africa and Kenya have introduced fiscal and labeling measures targeting UPFs, while Nigeria and Ghana have implemented marketing restrictions. Complementary initiatives, such as nutrition education and support for local food systems, are emerging in Rwanda and Uganda. Common challenges include enforcement gaps, policy fragmentation, industry influence, and inequities in exposure to UPFs and access to regulatory protection. Findings highlight both progress and ongoing constraints in national policy responses. Coherent, context-sensitive, and equity-informed policies, supported by effective governance and safeguards against conflicts of interest, can strengthen efforts to address diet-related NCDs while promoting sustainable and culturally appropriate food systems.