The Effect of Malaria on Responses to Unrelated Vaccines in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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dc.contributor.authorZirimenya, Ludoviko
dc.contributor.authorNatukunda, Agnes
dc.contributor.authorNassuuna, Jacent
dc.contributor.authorNkurunungi, Gyaviira
dc.contributor.authorKabagenyi, Joyce
dc.contributor.authorWebb, Emily L.
dc.date.accessioned2025-06-24T15:04:50Z
dc.date.available2025-06-24T15:04:50Z
dc.date.issued2024-10-24
dc.description.abstractVaccine efficacy varies globally, often showing reduced immune responses in low- and middle-income countries, possibly due to the immunomodulatory effects of parasitic infections like malaria. This systematic review evaluates the impact of malaria on immune responses to unrelated vaccines in humans and animals. We systematically searched five databases—MEDLINE, Web of Science, Global Health, Scopus and Embase—up to 5th December 2023. Eligible studies compared immune responses to WHO-approved vaccines between malaria-infected and uninfected groups, or between antimalarial-treated and untreated groups. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models with standardised mean differences (SMDs) as summary statistics. The study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022298053). Twenty-four articles (17 human, 7 animal) met the inclusion criteria, with 13 human articles contributing data for the meta-analysis. Significant heterogeneity was observed. Vaccine responses were higher in malaria uninfected individuals (SMD 0.34, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.60, I2 = 87.15%) with weaker differences between antimalarial-treated and untreated groups (SMD 0.07, 95% CI −0.01 to 0.16, I2 = 85.01%). The overall SMD for malaria uninfected/treated vs. infected/untreated was 0.15, 95% CI 0.05–0.26, I2 = 90.91. Narrative analysis suggested malaria's adverse impact on vaccine responses in animals. Malaria infection may impair vaccines responses; with preventive treatment of malaria partially reversing these effects, highlighting the need for targeted public health interventions.
dc.identifier.citationZirimenya, L., Natukunda, A., Nassuuna, J., Kabagenyi, J., Nkurunungi, G., Elliott, A. M., & Webb, E. L. (2024). The Effect of Malaria on Responses to Unrelated Vaccines in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Parasite immunology, 46(10), e13067.
dc.identifier.otherhttps://doi.org/10.1111/pim.13067
dc.identifier.urihttps://nru.uncst.go.ug/handle/123456789/11901
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherParasite immunology
dc.titleThe Effect of Malaria on Responses to Unrelated Vaccines in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
dc.typeArticle
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