High level of resistance in Anopheles arabiensis mosquito to pyrethroid insecticides from low malaria transmission zone of Moroto district, Karamoja region, Uganda: Implication for malaria vector control

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dc.contributor.authorEchodu, Richard
dc.contributor.authorAnena, Juliet
dc.contributor.authorIwiru, Tereza
dc.contributor.authorMireji, Paul
dc.contributor.authorMalinga, Geoffrey Maxwell
dc.contributor.authorOpiyo, Elizabeth A.
dc.contributor.authorIga, Julius
dc.contributor.authorDavid, Onanyang
dc.date.accessioned2022-11-17T11:51:24Z
dc.date.available2022-11-17T11:51:24Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.description.abstractKaramoja region of Uganda previously classified as low malaria transmission zone is currently experiencing significant upsurge of malaria incidences. Long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) impregnated with pyrethroids constitute a major tool for malaria control in this region. Efficacy of this tool can be hampered by resistance to the pyrethroids in the Anopheles mosquito vectors. Resistance status of these mosquitoes in this region is poorly understood, effectively hampering better understanding of the impact of LLINs in the malaria control initiative. Here, we assessed susceptibility of the Anopheles arabiensis from the region to deltamethrin, permethrin (pyrethroids) and pirirmiphos-methyl (organophosphate) insecticides. Method: We collected anopheline mosquito larvae from their natural habitats and reared them to adult emergence in situ field insectary in Karamoja region. We then identified them morphological to species level and exposed 513 emerge adult female An gambiae s.l., mosquitoes to diagnostic dosages of deltamethrin (0.05%), permethrin (0.75%) and pirimiphos-methyl (0.25%) pyrethroids exposure using the standard WHO insecticide susceptibility test assay. Synergic assays using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) were done to check for the involvement of detoxification enzymes in pyrethroid resistant populations. We then screened for knockdown resistance (KDR) and mosquito species diversity using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results: Majority (96%) of the mosquitoes we sampled were identified as An. arabiensis and 4% as An. gambiae sensu stricto. We observed cross-resistance to both deltamethrin (11.9%) and permethrin (47%) but susceptibility (100% mortality) to pirimiphos-methyl in An. arabiensis. The pre-exposure to PBO ameliorated the resistance to both pyrethroids. We detected homozygous KDR -eastern variant in 1.8 and 50% of the An. arabiensis and An. gambiae s.s. respectively. Conclusion: Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae s.s. are the malaria vector in Karamoja region with An. arabiensis predominating. Both species are susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl but resistant to both deltamethrin and permethrin, through a metabolic process (phenotype). Mosquotoes with genetic (kdr) mutations for resistance were minimal and hence have minimal contribution to the pyrethroid resistance profile. An. arabiensis can thus be controled in Karamoja region using deltamethrin and/or permethrin impregnated mosquito nets integrated with PBO and/or through indoor residual spraying of sprayable human dwellings with pirimiphos-methyl.en_US
dc.identifier.citationEchodu, R., Anena, J., Iwiru, T., Mireji, P., Malinga, G. M., Opiyo, E. A., ... & David, O. (2020). High level of resistance in Anopheles arabiensis mosquito to pyrethroid insecticides from low malaria transmission zone of Moroto district, Karamoja region, Uganda: Implication for malaria vector control. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16734/v2en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16734/v2
dc.identifier.urihttps://nru.uncst.go.ug/handle/123456789/5328
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherResearch Squareen_US
dc.subjectInsecticide resistanceen_US
dc.subjectDeltamethrinen_US
dc.subjectPermethrinen_US
dc.subjectPirimiphos-methylen_US
dc.subjectLow malaria transmission zoneen_US
dc.subjectMorotoen_US
dc.subjectKaramojaen_US
dc.subjectUgandaen_US
dc.titleHigh level of resistance in Anopheles arabiensis mosquito to pyrethroid insecticides from low malaria transmission zone of Moroto district, Karamoja region, Uganda: Implication for malaria vector controlen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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