Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks

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dc.contributor.authorWalusansa, Abdul
dc.contributor.authorNakavuma, Jesca L.
dc.contributor.authorAsiimwe, Savina
dc.contributor.authorSsenku, Jamilu E.
dc.contributor.authorAruhomukama, Dickson
dc.contributor.authorSekulima, Tahalu
dc.contributor.authorKafeero, Hussein M.
dc.contributor.authorAnywar, Godwin
dc.contributor.authorKatuura, Esther
dc.contributor.authorNabatanzi, Alice
dc.contributor.authorMusisi, Nathan L.
dc.contributor.authorTugume, Arthur K.
dc.date.accessioned2022-12-13T13:26:18Z
dc.date.available2022-12-13T13:26:18Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.description.abstractThe high global bacterial infection burden has created need to investigate the neglected potential drivers of pathogenic bacteria, to inform disease prevention. Kampala is facing a proliferation of herbalists, selling herbal medicine (HM), of largely unregulated microbiological quality. We evaluated the bacterial contamination burden in HM sold in Kampala, to support evidence-based redress. The total viable loads (TVL), total coliform counts (TCC), E. coli counts, and prevalence of selected bacterial strains in 140 HM were examined using conventional culture, following the guidelines of World Health Organization (WHO), and Uganda National Drug Authority (NDA). Data were analyzed using D’Agostino-Pearson test, frequencies, proportions, Chi-square, and Mann–Whitney U test with STATA version-15.0. Fifty (35.7%), fifty-nine (42.1%), and twelve (8.6%) HM were unsafe for human use because they exceeded WHO’s permissible limits for TVL, TCC, and E. coli counts respectively. Solids had significantly higher mean TVL than liquids. Violation of NDA’s guidelines was significantly associated with high TVL. Fifty-nine bacteria, viz., Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 34; 57.6%), Escherichia. coli (12; 20.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (7; 11.9%), Klebsiella oxytoca (3; 5.1%), Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. (1; 1.7% each), were isolated from 45 (32.1%) samples. These bacteria can cause severe clinical diseases, and promote deterioration of HM potency.en_US
dc.identifier.citationWalusansa, A., Nakavuma, J., Asiimwe, S., Ssenku, J., Aruhomukama, D., Sekulima, T., ... & Kakudidi, E. (2022). Medically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworks. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1-19.en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-21065-y
dc.identifier.urihttps://nru.uncst.go.ug/handle/123456789/6246
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherScientific Reportsen_US
dc.subjectHerbal medicineen_US
dc.subjectTraditional Medical Practitionersen_US
dc.subjectWorld Health Organizationen_US
dc.subjectKampala Capital City Authorityen_US
dc.titleMedically important bacteria isolated from commercial herbal medicines in Kampala city indicate the need to enhance safety frameworksen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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