Maize processors’ food handling competency and associated aflatoxin contamination of maize bran in northern Uganda

Abstract

Aflatoxins pose a serious threat to food and nutrition security. In Uganda, efforts have focused on reducing aflatoxin contamination in maize flour, yet maize bran, a key ingredient in poultry and livestock feed, has received limited attention. This study, conducted in Lira and Gulu districts, examined: (i) the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of maize bran producers regarding aflatoxin contamination; (ii) levels of aflatoxin B1 in maize bran; and (iii) the status of regulatory monitoring. Using a closed-ended, interviewer-administered questionnaire and Enzyme Linked ImmunoAssay for aflatoxin B1 quantification, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 55 maize bran producers. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression at a 5% significance level. Findings revealed poor knowledge, negative attitudes, and inadequate practices among producers. A significant positive correlation existed between knowledge and practices (p<0.05). The levels of aflatoxin B1 detected exceeded regulatory limits: 10ppb (Uganda/EAC), 4ppb (EU), and 20ppb (US FDA). Aflatoxin contamination was significantly associated with weekly bran sales volume (p=0.001), market size/stability (p=0.010), water sprinkling during processing (p=0.003), and drying of bran before storage (p=0.015). There was limited regulatory monitoring, with only prioritisation of safety, profit, or both (p=0.048) significantly associated with aflatoxin levels being below or above 20 µg/kg. The study has revealed that maize bran in northern Uganda is highly contaminated and unsuitable for animal feed. Enhancing producer KAP through food safety education and strengthening regulatory enforcement by responsible government agencies is urgently needed to address Aflatoxin contamination in maize bran.