Bundibugyo ebolavirus emergence in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: The critical role of risk communication and community engagement in strengthening health security in fragile and conflict-affected settings

Abstract

Since mid-May 2026, a rapidly evolving Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak caused by the Bundibugyo strain (Orthoebolavirus bundibugyoense) has been spreading in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, North and South Kivu provinces) and Uganda (Kampala and Wakiso areas). Uganda has so far reported 14 imported cases and 5 secondary transmissions according to the World Health Organization (WHO). As of 30 July 2026, 3605 confirmed cases, including 1587 deaths, have been reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Unlike previous Zaire outbreaks, no specific licensed vaccine or antiviral treatment exists for the Bundibugyo strain, making behavioral and community-based interventions the only line of defense. However, armed conflict, chronic insecurity, massive population displacements (>2.1 million), and profound community distrust of health authorities are crippling the response. This article therefore argues that the current threat is a major warning sign for the Great Lakes region, and that investing in Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) such as involving community health workers, natives, and trusted leaders is the most urgent priority to avoid a regional health catastrophe. Without a humanitarian truce to guarantee access and a coordinated cross-border RCCE strategy, undetected transmission will continue to fuel this outbreak and future zoonotic emergencies.