Effects of b-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19

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dc.contributor.authorAl-kuraishy, Hayder M.
dc.contributor.authorAl-Gareeb, Ali Ismail
dc.contributor.authorKasozi, Keneth Iceland
dc.contributor.authorZirintunda, Gerald
dc.contributor.authorWelburn, Susan Christina
dc.contributor.authorBatiha, Gaber El-Saber
dc.date.accessioned2022-09-09T15:19:21Z
dc.date.available2022-09-09T15:19:21Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.description.abstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a causative virus in the development of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Respiratory manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leads to hypoxia, oxidative stress, and sympatho-activation and in severe cases leads to sympathetic storm (SS). On the other hand, an exaggerated immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 invasion may lead to uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokine development of cytokine storm (CS). In Covid-19, there are interactive interactions between CS and SS in the development of multi-organ failure (MOF). Interestingly, cutting the bridge between CS and SS by anti-inflammatory and anti-adrenergic agents may mitigate complications that are induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection in severely affected Covid-19 patients. The potential mechanisms of SS in Covid-19 are through different pathways such as hypoxia, which activate the central sympathetic center through carotid bodies chemosensory input and induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, which cross the blood-brain barrier and activation of the sympathetic center. β2-receptors signaling pathway play a crucial role in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, macrophage activation, and B-cells for the production of antibodies with inflammation exacerbation. β-blockers have anti-inflammatory effects through reduction release of pro-inflammatory cytokines with inhibition of NF-κB. In conclusion, β-blockers interrupt this interaction through inhibition of several mediators of CS and SS with prevention development of neural-cytokine loop in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Evidence from this study triggers an idea for future prospective studies to confirm the potential role of β-blockers in the management of Covid-19.en_US
dc.identifier.citationAl-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., Mostafa-Hedeab, G., Kasozi, K. I., Zirintunda, G., Aslam, A., ... & Batiha, G. E. S. (2021). Effects of β-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19. Frontiers in Immunology, 12.https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2021.749291en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://nru.uncst.go.ug/handle/123456789/4664
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherFrontiers in Immunologyen_US
dc.subjectSARS-CoV-2, cytokine storm, sympathetic storm, pharmacology and Covid, Beta blockersen_US
dc.titleEffects of b-Blockers on the Sympathetic and Cytokines Storms in Covid-19en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
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