Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and GC-MS in Mgeni and Msunduzi river sediments, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Date
2017
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Abstract
The occurrence of eight pharmaceuticals was monitored
during four seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter)
along a 250-km stretch of the Msunduzi and Mgeni rivers
in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This paper describes an optimized
method for the determination of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs (NSAIDs) in sediments. The method
combines ultrasonic, centrifuge, and gas chromatographymass
spectrometry for the detection of these drugs in solid
samples. Most of the parameters that affect the extraction step
were optimized. Solid samples were placed in a centrifuge
tube and extracted with ethyl acetate:acetone (1:1, two cycles),
followed by clean-up with Oasis HLB cartridge and
derivatization with N, O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide
(BSTFA). Satisfactory recoveries were obtained ranging from
66 to 130%, depending on the analyte. Precision expressed as
RSD (%) (n = 3) was less than 20%for all analytes. The LODs
and LOQs were in the range of 0.024 to 1.90 ng g−1 which
allowed to be applied in the analysis solid samples in
Msunduzi and Mgeni rivers. In the solid samples analyzed,
NSAID concentration ranged from not detected to 221 ng g−1.
Description
Keywords
GC-MS, NSAIDs, Ultrasonic-assisted extraction, Emerging pollutants, Biosolids and sediments
Citation
Gumbi, B. P., Moodley, B., Birungi, G., & Ndungu, P. G. (2017). Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and GC-MS in Mgeni and Msunduzi river sediments, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(24), 20015-20028. DOI 10.1007/s11356-017-9653-6