Social Sciences

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The Art of Oratory in Jurisprudence
(Jescho Publishing House, 2022) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
Lawyers often speak before adjudicators, city councils, planning commissions, and give talks to civic groups, business executives, or company employees. They even give media interviews on behalf of clients. For certain individuals, it falls into place without any issues. It’s a piece of their characters. In any case, for the individuals who aren’t sure or have stage dread can generally work on speaking and oratory skills. It’s progressively essential to be a viable open speaker if you mean to be a litigator. Judges and juries will anticipate it. Restricting insight will be prepared to jump if you need certainty or on the off chance that you continually slip up when making your contentions in court. It is a highstress condition and you should be agreeable introducing your case as well as having the option to think and react quickly when being tested by your appointed authority. For attorneys, this is significantly increasingly significant. Individuals believe that since you’re a legal counsellor, you’re consequently a dauntless and splendid open speaker. We legal advisors all realize this isn’t in every case valid. This desire, however, is one motivation behind why it’s progressively significant for legal advisors to have great talking abilities than it is for some other experts. As a legal advisor, it’s important that you realize how to convince an adjudicator or council, or address a gathering of professionals, investors, or meeting members.
Building Gender Research Capacity for Non-Specialists: Lessons and Best Practices from Gender Short Courses for Agricultural Researchers in Sub-Saharan Africa
(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019-11-22) Margaret Najjingo Mangheni; Hale Ann Tufan; Boonabana, Brenda; Musiimenta, Peace; Miiro, Richard; Njuki, Jemimah
Investments in gender training for agricultural researchers have not attained expected outcomes, bringing into question the efficacy of training approaches used. New approaches for transformative gender training need to draw on lessons learned from previous courses. This chapter analyses short gender training courses identified using a scoping methodology. Selected courses offered between 2005 and 2015 for scientists in Eastern Africa were critiqued against a theoretical framework for transformative gender training. Also shared is a training model (Gender Responsive Researchers Equipped for Agricultural Transformation course) that addresses gaps in previous courses. The chapter identifies critical lessons for facilitating transformative gender training for non-gender research practitioners which include the need for inter-disciplinary grounding in the disciplines of gender and agriculture, having a phased course delivery and the value of continuous technical support during and after training. Gender training models should also allow for the deepening of gender awareness and consciousness by providing safe spaces for personal reflections on the root causes of gender inequalities and for the questioning of the internalized norms and biases.
Cannabis and Associated Medicinal Herbs in Uganda
(Jescho Publishing House, 2022) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
Cannabis is a drug plant. People use the dried leaves, seed oil, and other parts of the cannabis plant for recreational and medicinal purposes. It can have a pleasurable effect and may soothe the symptoms of various conditions, such as chronic pain. It is prudent to say that the first written record of the plant consumption and growing is in South Africa. Jan van Riebeeck, who ordered officers of the Voorman to purchase "daccha" in Natal for trade with the Khoikhoi. The Dutch East India Company attempted to establish a monopoly on its sale, and to that end prohibited cultivation of the plant by Cape settlers from 1680. However, the ready availability of cannabis in the wild and through trade with indigenous peoples meant that there was little profit to be made. Consequently, the prohibition was lifted in 1700. Beginning in 1860, the Natal Colony began to import Indian workers (called "coolies" at the time) to supplement their labour force. These Indians brought with them the habit of consuming cannabis and hashish, which blended with local, extant African traditions. The European authorities were concerned by this practice, believing it sapped the vitality of their workers; consequently, in 1870, Natal's Coolie Law Consolidation prohibited "the smoking, use, or possession by and the sale, barter, or gift to, any Coolies whatsoever, of any portion of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa) ..."
Collaboratively reimagining teaching and learning
(Teaching and Learning Futures, 2023) Flora, Fabian; Jonathan, Harle; Kalimasi, Perpetua; Kilonzo, Rehema; Lamaro, Gloria; Luswata, Albert; David, Monk; Ngowi, Edwin; Nzegwu, Femi; Sikalieh, Damary
In 2020, the African Regional Forum on Sustainable Development proclaimed Africa would only attain the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) if “universities in Africa collaborate in research, teaching and community or societal engagement” (Ligami, 2020). In 2022, the UNESCO World Higher Education conference called on universities to “reshape ideas and practices in higher education to ensure sustainable development for the planet and humanity” (UNESCO, 2022). While there are regular calls for African universities to improve their teaching, finding ways to do this within the resources and the available time in already stretched institutions, at the scale required, have proven elusive. This chapter is a reflexive exercise, discussing the work of an international partnership, Transforming Employability for Social Change in East Africa (TESCEA), that aimed to reshape habits of teaching and learning in institutions of higher education. We, as TESCEA partners and authors of this chapter, hope that our example can make a significan contribution towards understanding how change can happen in higher education, and particularly in resource-constrained settings. We begin by presenting our approach and then offer reflections on the change we observed, the ways in which this was achieved, and the challenges we encountered along the way
Comparative Studies of Orphans and Non-Orphans in Uganda
(Center for International Health and Development, 2004) Munaaba, Flavia; Owor, Joseph; Baguma, Peter; Musisi, Seggane; Mugisha, Frank; Muhangi, Denis
There are now in Uganda more than two million orphans, i.e. children under 18 years old who have lost one or both of their parents. Roughly one in every five children is an orphan and one in every four households in the country is caring for at least one orphan. As a follow-up to a Situation Analysis of Orphans in Uganda in 2002, this monograph presents six studies carried out by Ugandan researchers in 2003 and 2004 on different aspects of the orphan crisis about which the Situation Analysis found inadequate data. Five studies focused on the following: the comparative psycho-social situation of orphans relative to other children (two studies), the legal issues (such as property grabbing and abuse) which they face, suspected differential care-giving practices, and whether orphans face greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV/AIDS). The sixth study conducted a comparative evaluation of an orphan support and intervention effort to determine its impact and to test a particular evaluation approach. The results of these studies have already contributed to the preparatory discussions and formulation of the Uganda National Policy on Orphans as well as to the Uganda National Strategic Program Plan of Interventions for Orphans which were produced in 2004.
Decentralization and Development in Contemporary Uganda
(Routledge, 2018-12-07) Green, Elliott
There has long been an emphasis on the importance of decentralization in providing better quality public services in the developing world. In order to assess the effectiveness of decentralization I examine here the case study of Uganda, which has seen major decentralization of power over the last quarter-century. In particular the current government has introduced a five-tiered local government structure, decentralized both fiscal and political power to local governments and introduced regular local government elections. However, initial excitement about Uganda's decentralization programme has tapered off in recent years due to a number of problems outlined here. In particular, I show that decentralization in Uganda has suffered from a lack of independence from central government control, which has led to a lack of effectiveness in the provision of high quality public goods.
Demystifying the Order from Above: Uganda versus the Attorney General, when the forces exceed their constitutional mandate
(Jescho Publishing House, 2021) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
The law of criminal procedure lays down the machinery by which suspects are brought to court, tried and if found guilty, punished. Criminal procedure can also be defined as the means by which criminal law is enforced and involves the balancing of the liberty of the citizen against the interests of the community as a whole. The scope of criminal procedure extends over a wide perimeter from prevention and investigation of crime to prosecution and punishment of the offender. As far as human rights are concerned, every Ugandan citizen has a right to liberty. This presupposes that the freedom enjoyed by the citizens can only be limited according to the provisions of the law and anything done without heeding the same is said to be arbitrary. The Uganda Police Force is mandated under Section 4 of the Police Act to; protect the life, property and other rights of the individual, maintain security within Uganda, enforce the law, ensure public safety and order and detect and prevent crime in the society. In order to fulfill this mandate the Police is legally empowered to conduct arrests, searches and institute criminal proceedings. However, the in manner in which the Police has conducted numerous arrests over time, has left many Ugandans sceptical as to whether the Police is indeed a custodian of law and order. Many have witnessed brutal arrests of politicians, on television and in newspapers over time and even more recently when Police was dispersing people from political consultative sessions of presidential opposition candidates like Amama Mbabazi and Kiiza Besigye. The question that continues to linger is how should these arrests be conducted under the law? Benjamin Odoki, in his book, Justice: A Guide to Criminal Procedure in Uganda, 1990, analyses the aspect of arrests by the government. It discusses the procedure of an arrest as enshrined in the laws of Uganda, the rights of an accused person, a suspect and even a convict. The book, in principle, analyses the time before an arrest is carried out; the time and manner of the arrest; and the events that follow the arrest. The book discusses the Miranda rule that guarantees that persons detained by police will not be interrogated in a way that places them at a disadvantage. The book also explores the aspect of searches on people’s property; how and when these searches should be conducted in accordance with the law. The book demystifies the highly volatile discussion of use of reasonable force while carrying out arrests. It lays out the threshold of what amounts to reasonable force and envisages circumstances where force is necessary to effect and arrest. The book also sheds light on the fundamental presumption of innocence and how this presumption should ordinarily be treated. Consequently, the book highlights the abuses that have and can be occasioned following the disregard or misunderstanding of this notion. The book reviews the principle of preventive arrest in light of human rights and its use as a tool of oppression. The book also labours to demystify the difference between the different armed groups in the country. It majorly indicates the difference between the police and the army and how their roles are different. It postulates the instances where this thin line of difference has been overstepped by either group and how catastrophic this action has proven to be overtime. It elaborates on the Posse Comitatus principle that argues against any military intrusion into civilian affairs. The book also tries to put into perspective the different groups being formed and revived in the country in the guise of maintaining law, peace and order. These groups include the Local Defence Units, Crime preventers and the like. The book attempts to place them under the different laws promulgated for the governance of the people of Uganda. The book also concerns itself with the aspect of obtaining confessions and admissions from arrested persons for purposes of presenting the same as evidence before courts of law. There have been instances where arrested persons have been coerced into confessions which have led to false imprisonments. The book also discusses aspects of finding no case against arrested people and the notion of nolle proseque; and the aspect of compensation for the people that have been falsely convicted or wrongfully arrested. The book discusses the issue of liability for police brutality. It discusses the vicarious liability of the Government in civil proceedings as master and employer of police officers for acts of police officers done within the course of duty. The book also considers personal liability of Police officers for their reckless acts in law enforcement and the possibility of the Police opening up investigations and commencing criminal proceedings against its officers. As a bonus, the book briefly discusses part of civil law that is relevant to the issues enunciated above.
Depression and Suicidal Behavior in Uganda
(Makere University., 2005) Ovuga, Emilio
Depression and suicide ideation are prevalent in the general population but their recognition and detection in primary care is problematic. The present study investigated the reliability and validity of the RISLE and its potential use in detecting depressed and/or suicidal individuals in the general population. Methods of study Members of the general population in two districts of Uganda, Adjumani and Bugiri, and fresh students at Makerere University, participated in the study. Two pilot studies were conducted before the collection of data: at Makerere University among fresh students sampled from all faculties in 2001, and in each of the districts in the course of interviewer and research assistants’ training in 2002. Makerere University, Uganda National Council for Science and Technology and the Ethical Committee at Karolinska Institutet approved the study. The Dean of Students and the health and civic leaderships of the respective study sites granted further permission for the study. Analysis Data analysis comprised of general descriptive analysis. Principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis were used to refine the RISLE and construct a shorter 36-item version. Receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to determine sensitivity and specificity of the short RISLE. The determination of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratios, and Cohen’s kappa values at several cut-off points were made to determine the level of agreement between the RISLE and clinical interview method as the gold standard in the study. Validity was assessed by comparing results obtained with the RISLE to results obtained with the 13- item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the 21-item Beck Scale for Suicide ideation (BSS). Results Results revealed good concurrent validity and reliability of both the longer and shorter versions of the RISLE and high correlations between both versions. The probability of a correct detection of an individual with current depressive disorder was 79%, any current psychiatric disorder was 83% and past month suicidality was 83%. Cut-off points varied according to the nature of population studied. The cut-off point for the population in Adjumani district was 10 for any current psychiatric disorder, and 6 for any psychiatric disorder among students. Sensitivity and specificity of the RISLE at cut-off points 10 and 6 were 74.6% and 77.1%, and 88.1% and 60.4% respectively. Positive predictive values for current psychiatric disorder were 82.0% and 75.6% at cut-off points of 10 and 6 respectively. Agreement between the RISLE and clinical interview method was 0.508 at cutoff point 10 for the general population and 0.501 at cut-off point 6 for students. Thirty six percent of the respondents in the general population reported a lifetime experience of suicide ideation and 13% had experienced this in the previous week. The overall prevalence of probably clinically significant depression (BDI score of 20-39) in the general population was 17.4%. Higher rates of suicide ideation and depressed mood were found in females and residents of Adjumani district. Students entering Makerere University showed high prevalence of mental health problems. Conclusions The results of the present study show that the RISLE may be used in conjunction with clinical interview method in the detection and confirmation of individuals with current psychiatric illness and suicidal feelings in the general population. Further work is required to establish its worth as a screening device and its performance in different populations.
Development and social policy reform in Uganda: The slow emergence of a social protection agenda (1986-2014)
(Centre for Social Science Research University of Cape Town, 2014) Grebe, Eduard; Mubiru, John Bosco
This paper provides a broad overview of the evolution of development and welfare policy—and the politics surrounding—it in Uganda, but focuses primarily on the increasing prominence of social protection, especially cash transfers, on the domestic political agenda. It analyses both how and why the development and social policy agendas almost fully excluded social protection prior to 2002, but then increasingly embraced it, especially since 2006. Non-contributory social assistance in the form of cash transfers have not traditionally played a significant role in Ugandan development and poverty reduction policy, with policymakers tending to focus on economic growth as a source of prosperity (expected to extend to all sections of society), with opponents seeing cash transfers (and social assistance more broadly) as unaffordable and counter-productive ‘hand-outs’ that create dependence on the state and disincentivise productive work. From the early 2000s donors, sections of the bureaucracy and civil society promoted cash transfers with limited success. But after 2006, systematic promotion of cash transfers started to bear fruit, and from 2010 a largely donor-funded cash transfer pilot scheme known as the Social Assistance Grants for Empowerment (SAGE) programme has been implemented in fourteen districts (with a fifteenth added in 2013). The paper describes the evolution of Ugandan development policy and highlight the political factors that have in the past been obstacles to social protection programmes featuring prominently on the development agenda (including the predominant socio-economic development paradigm, negative elite attitudes, resistance from conservative technocrats and lack of familiarity among key decision-makers) and examine how these have increasingly been overcome by the proponents of social protection. While donors have played a critical role in the promotion of social protection and cash transfers, other actors—including civil society and social development bureaucrats—and macropolitical factors (including electoral competition, changing international development discourse, emerging evidence from other countries, etc.), have also contributed to increased domestic political support. We conclude that the very existence of SAGE and the politics surrounding the pilot indicate a significant change in attitudes among a large proportion of policy-makers, including some historically sceptical technocrats, and political leaders, but that resistance is likely to continue from certain quarters and that the future of cash transfers remains uncertain.
Digital Money: the law of cryptocurrency and cryptography
(Jescho Publishing House, 2022) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
Ordinarily, a cryptocurrency is a digital currency. Crypto currencies are digital assets that are designed to effect electronic payments without the participation of a central authority or intermediary such as a Central Bank or licensed financial institution. It is a medium of exchange that is in the form of digital asset and is designed to use strong cryptography in securing financial transactions; the control of creating additional units; and verifying asset transfer. Put more simply, it is a digital currency in which transactions are verified and records maintained by a decentralized system using cryptography, rather than by a centralized authority. Cryptocurrencies’ may have an effect of bypassing the traditional established centralized systems of money transaction control and this factor has to some minor extent contributed to the skepticism that some economies have towards adopting this trend. In the making of Bit coins, the framers envisioned a world here people would use this digital currency for almost all transactions. No wander still, that the traditional banking system wants to control or eliminate bitcoin. Despite the skepticism surrounding Bitcoins, some countries have endorsed it. El Salvador was the first country to use bitcoin as legal tender, alongside the US dollar.1 Japan and the U.K have also gone miles in promoting the using of bitcoins. Bitcoins being virtual and secured by cryptography, gives another important bypass to common day challenges in the money market like counterfeiting and double spending. They fall under a decentralized system based on block chain technology.
Equal Opportunity, Age-Based Discrimination and the Rights of Elderly Persons in Uganda
(Human Rights and Peace Centre, 2008) Oloka-Onyango, J.
Average life expectancy for Ugandans is currently estimated at 50 years for both men and women. Nonetheless, with developed healthcare systems and social conditions, there are telling indicators that a signiicant number of Ugandans live and will continue to live well beyond this age. By 2002, older persons constituted 4.6% of the total population. Whereas older persons are recognized among the category of marginalized groups in Uganda, they continue to receive minimal attention in comparison to others such as women, children, people with disabilities and the youth. Advocacy of the rights of older persons in Uganda is lackluster. Most support offered to them is largely paternalistic. Social security also remains elusive, given that the majority of them do not actually qualify for such schemes having been mainly employed in the informal sector. For these reasons, older persons are regarded as unproductive and helpless and yet recent studies reveal that they are a major resource on history, traditional knowledge, health and culture. Older persons have also played an important role as the mediators of conlicts and disputes. Most importantly, older persons have been crucial in addressing the HIV/AIDS pandemic, protecting orphans and caring for those infected and affected.
The Executive Constitutional Mandate: demystifying the fountain of honor; Presidential powers overreach in Uganda
(Jescho Publishing House, 2021) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
he first thing I would like to ask my readers is to imagine a different President in office. If they support the current President and believe those who oppose him are doing so for partisan or otherwise illegitimate reasons, they should visualize a President whom they completely distrust. Conversely, if they dislike the current President, they should conceive of the President in power as someone they support and that those opposing him are acting illegitimately. This exercise is helpful, I believe, for focusing attention on the underlying constitutional issues rather than upon the wisdom, or lack thereof, of a particular President’s policies. Views as to whether or not an exercise of presidential power is legitimate tend to be based less upon legal abstractions than upon perceptions of the particular President in power. Someone supporting a particular President, for example, is likely to believe that parliament should not have the power to interfere with the President’s unilateral decision to send troops into armed conflict or that parliament should not have the authority to demand the President to extend or remove his term limits. Conversely, someone who believes a President’s agenda is improperly motivated or ill-advised is more likely to support constitutional principles that provide significant checks and balances upon the President’s exercise of power. In this way, views on presidential power tend to be more variable than views on other constitutional issues because they intuitively relate to who is in power in a way that views on other controversial constitutional issues such as freedom of speech and assembly, or freedom of religion do not. For this reason, this book on presidential power is well timed. Because the question of who will hold the Presidency after the next election should always be much in doubt, this is the perfect opportunity to examine the nature of presidential power as an abstract matter, rather than as a criticism or as an apologia of a specific President’s actions. This is what I intend to do in this book. Specifically, I contend that the power of the Presidency has been expanding since the founding, and that we need to consider the implications of this expansion within the constitutional structure of separation of powers. No matter which party controls power. This book makes the descriptive case by briefly canvassing a series of factors that have had, and continue to have, the effect of expanding presidential power. It further suggests this expansion in presidential power has created a constitutional imbalance between the executive and legislative branches, calling into doubt the continued efficacy of the structure of separation of powers set forth by the Framers. The book offers some suggestions as to how this power imbalance can be alleviated, but it does not present a silver bullet solution. Because many, if not all, the factors that have led to increased presidential power are the products of greed and selfish needs. Thus, this book ends with only the modest conclusion that regardless of who wins the Presidency, it is critical that those on both sides of the aisle work to assure that the growth in presidential power is at least checked, if not reversed.
Fashion, Design and Entertainment Law in Uganda
(Jescho Publishing House, 2022) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
Fashion is literally defined to mean a popular or the latest style of clothing, hair, decoration or behaviour. Fashion law can be defined as an amalgamation of various kinds of laws, viz, contract law, employment law, consumer protection law, but most importantly intellectual property law, which can be regarded as the major tenet of fashion law. It also includes related areas such as textile production, modelling, media and the cosmetics and perfume industries. It is a specific field of law that deals with legal issues that impact the fashion industry. Fashion is a popular aesthetic expression in a certain time and context, especially in clothing, footwear, life style, accessories, make up, hairstyle and body proportions. A trend often connotes a specific aesthetic expression and often lasting shorter than a season. Style is an expression that lasts over many seasons and is often connected to cultural movements and social makers, symbols, class and culture. Fashion is generally transient of short lasting in nature and involves continuous change.
The Female Genital Mutilation Economy and the Rights of the Girl Child in Northeastern Uganda
(Springer, Cham, 2017) Ochen, Eric A.; Musinguzi, Laban K.; Nanfuka Kalule, Esther; Ssemakula, Eugene G.; Kukundakwe, Rebecca; Opesen, Chris C.; Bukuluki, Paul
Financial Accountability and Performance of Private Universities in Uganda : A moderating effect of resources and competence of proprietors
(New Paradigms on Research in Africa, 2018) Akatwijuka, Habaasa I.; Sekiwu, Denis; Turyahebwa, Abanis; Kikawa, Cliff R.
Worldwide, higher education has undergone significant changes in response to societal demands and needs in the USA, Europe, Latin America, Canada, Asia, and Africa. In fact, private higher education has evolved more rapidly than the public system, and in many nations, it is seen as a supplement to the public system (Obasi, 2016). To enhance access to higher education, many nations, like Nigeria, Malaysia, and Indonesia, liberalized and encouraged the privatization of higher education and many private universities mushroomed in those countries (Lawita, 2018). In the last three decades, many private universities have been mounting support and dedication to address performance challenges. Many universities in different parts of the world started implementing policies aimed at improving performance of these education institutions (Amponsah & Onuoba, 2013). Many around the globe view good performance in following areas, that is, adjustment and restructuring of the teaching curriculum, research, daily operations, the human resources, financial management, adequate learning infrastructure, financial sustainability, strategic planning, resource mobilization, environmental issues, competitive position, quality teaching and research, social corporate responsibility among others (Aleixo, 2018; Amponsah & Onuoba, 2013). The World Bank and international monetary fund required sub-Saharan African nations like Uganda to adopt certain policies known as the structural adjustments, which called for the removal of subsidies from higher education and advocated for cost sharing in university education. These policies, along with an increase in population that was not matched by the government's expansion of new educational institutions or universities, all contributed to the acceleration of the establishment of private universities in Uganda in 1988 (Ochwa-Echel, 2016). The demand for private universities was further enhanced by the introduction of universal primary education in 1997 that doubled primary enrollment from three million in 1998 to six million in 1999 and to 8,297,000 in 2009. This was followed by the introduction of universal secondary education in 2006 which increased the number of potential applicants for university entrance from 728,393 in 2005 to 1,194,454 in 2009 (UBOS, 2010). Following the explosion of private universities globally, the number of private universities has grown from 40.6%
Financial liberalization and its implications for the domestic financial system: The case of Uganda
(African Economic Research Consortium, 2003) Kasekende, Louis A.; Atingi-Ego, Michael
This paper presents an analysis of the impact of financial liberalization on the conduct of banking business and its impact on the real sector. Survey results show that the overall assessment by commercial banks of financial sector liberalization is positive. Financial sector reforms and interest rate deregulation appear to have engendered efficiency gains in the banking industry and consequently growth of credit to the private sector is increasing. The econometric results also reveal that increased credit to the private sector appears to be leading economic growth. However, increased credit allocation to the private sector should not compromise monetary policy objectives. The study also recognizes the dualistic nature of the financial system in Uganda and proposes as a policy recommendation the linkages of the banking system with micro-credit institutions as one way of enhancing financial intermediation in order to promote economic growth.
Freedom through law
(Jescho Publishing House, 2021) Lubogo, Isaac Christopher
“If the legal system or a particular law is wrong or not good enough, and should be changed: if that is against the law, then the law is an ass – an idiot….” said of a law that one thinks is unnecessary or ridiculous. The phrase comes from Charles Dickens Novel, Oliver Twist. This opinion was expressed by Mr. Bumble, when he learned from Mr. Brownlow that, under Victorian law, he was responsible for actions carried out by his wife. His words and action vividly convey the extent of his indignation when he apprised of this legal fact, if that’s the eye of the law, the law is a bachelor: and the worst I wish the law is that his eye may be opened by experience. (Resonate with changing society) This is the very purpose of this book. The law should be seen to resonate with changing society not a dogma for if we fail to do so then to use Shakespeareʼs exact line by the famous plotter of treachery “ the first thing we do, letʼs kill all the lawyers” this was stated by Dick the Butcher, in Henry VI part II, Act IV, Scene II, LINE 73 Dick the Butcher was a follower of the rebel Jack Cade, who thought that if he disturbed law order, he could become king. Shakespeare meant it as a compliment to attorneys and judges who instill justice in society. It is among Shakespeareʼs most famous lines, as well as one of his most controversial. Shakespeare may be making a joke when character “Dick the Butcher” suggests one of the ways the band of pretenders to the throne can improve the country is to kill all the lawyers. Dick is a rough character, a killer as evil as his name implies like the other henchmen, and this is his rough solution to his perceived societal problem. The line has been interpreted in different ways: criticism of how lawyers maintain the privilege of the wealthy and powerful; implicit praise of how lawyers(law) emphasis added stand in the way of violent mobs; and criticism of bureaucracy and perversions of the rule of law under THE NAME OF DOGMA
Frontiers of Phonology: Atoms, Structures, Derivations
(Routledge, 1995) Durand, Jacques; Katamba, Francis
Atoms, Structures, Derivations is a collection of essays that present a selective overview of recent trends in the linguistic analysis of sound structure. During the 1970S and the 1980s a fairly radical reconfiguration of the field of phonology took place, largely against the backdrop of Chomsky and Halle's The Sound Pattern of English (1968), hereafter abbreviated as SPE. The need to move away from the spartan approach to phonological representations advocated in SPE is now universally accepted but the range of solutions provided within current frameworks can be quite confusing for the non-specialist. Our aim is not to attempt to provide an exhaustive, panoramic coverage of the entire field, but rather to explore theoretical issues in three core areas of phonological theory from a number of different perspectives. The questions fall into three broad categories
Generosity and Solidarity - A Biblical contribution and perspective in response to poverty in Africa
(Journal of African Interdisciplinary Studies, 2024) Rugyendo, Medard
Poverty has always existed but the Holy bible isn’t silent about it but speaks about the poor and needy but at the same time commands the faithful to give generously to those that are less fortunate in society ((Deut. 24: 17-22, 2 Cor. 8 & 9). The Word of God confirms that people who don’t lack what they need as a consequence of the Fall that brought sin in the world (Gen. 3). That is, sin lies behind all the economic, social, political, environmental and psychological factors that result in poverty (Andria, 2006). In addition, the Christian shouldn’t only generously give but must be a voice of the voiceless in this respect. Christians in Africa and elsewhere shouldn’t just give in times of calamities and emergences but should empower people who receive help to help others (2 Cor. 1: 4). But all the said forms of response need to be effected in the promotion of solidarity that goes hand in hand with generosity as inspired by the Word of God (Acts 4: 32-35) and as a way to deal with poverty.
Handbook on Participatory Methods for Community-Based Projects: A Guide for Programmers and Implementers Based on the Participatory Action Research Project with Young Mothers and their Children in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Northern Uganda
(PAR Project, 2010) Onyango, Grace; Worthen, Miranda
Participation” is a word that has been used in child protection and development circles for many years. The term has come to mean everything from a token consultation with a benefi ciary group to full-scale participation by affected ommunities in program development, implementation, and evaluation. In this handbook, we will be describing methods at this further end of the spectrum – that is, highly participatory approaches. Participatory Action Research (PAR) is one type of participatory methodology that is designed not only to achieve social change for a group or in a community, but also to document and learn from that process through research. PAR actively involves the target participants in a process to improve their situations. Participants become the “program designers” and “researchers” as they identify and implement solutions to the obstacles to achieving full participation in their community. Participants are key actors as evaluators of the project, refl ecting on how well the process has helped them reach their stated goals. This process whereby participants engage in self-refl ective inquiry into their own situations, identify problems and possible solutions, implement the solutions, and evaluate the project is an iterative one – as new problems or obstacles are recognized, approaches to addressing the problems are developed and implemented. Unlike traditional program design that is agency-centric where a problem is identifi ed, then a program is implemented, and after implementation, the program is evaluated, PAR offers multiple opportunities to develop and build upon what is learned throughout the process of implementation with the participants taking center stage.

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