Browsing by Author "Vudriko, Patrick"
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Item Chemical tick control practices in southwestern and northwestern Uganda(Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2018) Vudriko, Patrick; Okwee-Acai, James; Byaruhanga, Joseph; Tayebwaa, Dickson S.; Okech, Samuel G.; Tweyongyere, Robert; Wampande, Eddie M.; Ademun Okurut, Anna R.; Mugabi, Kenneth; Muhindo, Jeanne B.; Nakavuma, Jesca L.; Umemiya-Shirafuji, Rika; Xuan, XuenanTick acaricide failure is one of the leading challenges to cattle production in Uganda. To gain an understanding into the possible drivers of acaricide failure, this study characterized the current chemical tick control practices in the southwestern (Mbarara, Mitooma and Rukungiri districts) and northwestern (Adjumani district) regions of Uganda. A total of 85 farms participated in a survey that utilized a semi-structured questionnaire. Moreover, ticks were collected to determine the most common species on the farms. Tick acaricide failure was mainly encountered in the districts where 95% (60/63) of the farms reared exotic cattle (dairy cross-breeds) under a paddocking (fenced) system. In the northwestern region, local cattle were reared in communal grazing areas. All farms used chemical acaricides for tick control, predominantly amidine (amitraz) (48%, 41/85) and co-formulated organophosphates and pyrethroids (38%, 32/85). The spraying method was the most common (91%, 77/85) acaricide application technique, with cattle crush (81%, 69/85) as a common means of physical restraint. Less than optimal tick control practices encountered included use of substandard equipment for spraying, inappropriate dilutions, frequent interaction between animals in neighboring farms despite lack of synchronized chemical tick control and malpractices in acaricide rotation. Only Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and R. (Boophilus) decoloratus ticks were found in the southwestern region, where 51% (32/63) of the farmers used high acaricide concentrations above the manufacturers’ recommendation. Farmers in the northwestern region used 2.2 times less acaricide volume per cattle than those in the southwestern region, and more diverse tick species were encountered. Toxic effects of acaricide to cattle and workers were reported by 13% (11/85) and 32% (27/85) of the respondents, respectively. All 27 cases of human acaricide toxicity reported were from the southwestern region. Overall, our findings may inform strategies for more prudent chemical tick control and safe acaricide handling to benefit animal welfare, food safety and public health.Item Emerging Anthelmintic Resistance in Poultry: Can Ethnopharmacological Approaches Offer a Solution?(Frontiers in pharmacology, 2021) Zirintunda, Gerald; Biryomumaisho, Savino; Kasozi, Keneth Iceland; Kateregga, John; Vudriko, Patrick; Nalule, Sarah; Olila, Deogracious; Kajoba, Mariam; Matama, Kevin; Kwizera, Mercy Rukundo; Abdelgawad, Mohamed A.; Acai-Okwee, JamesLimited pharmacological studies have been conducted on plant species used against poultry helminths. The objective of this study was to provide a basis for plant based anthelmintics as possible alternatives against poultry anthelmintic resistance. The study justified the need for alternative anthelmintics. The study places emphasis on the increasing anthelmintic resistance, mechanism of resistance, and preparational protocols for plant anthelmintics and their associated mechanism of action. Pharmaceutical studies on plants as alternative therapies for the control of helminth parasites have not been fully explored especially in several developing countries. Plants from a broad range of species produce a wide variety of compounds that are potential anthelmintics candidates. Important phenolic acids have been found in Brassica rapa L. and Terminalia avicenniodes Guill. and Perri that affect the cell signaling pathways and gene expression. Benzo (c) phenanthridine and isoquinoline alkaloids are neurotoxic to helminths. Steroidal saponins (polyphyllin D and dioscin) interact with helminthic mitochondrial activity, alter cell membrane permeability, vacuolation and membrane damage. Benzyl isothiocyanate glucosinolates interfere with DNA replication and protein expression, while isoflavones from Acacia oxyphylla cause helminth flaccid paralysis, inhibit energy generation, and affect calcium utilization. Condensed tannins have been shown to cause the death of nematodes and paralysis leading to expulsion from the gastro-intestinal tract. Flavonoids from Chenopodium album L and Mangifera indica L act through the action of phosphodiesterase and Ca2+-ATPase, and flavonoids and tannins have been shown to act synergistically and are complementary to praziquantel. Artemisinins from Artemisia cina O. Berg are known to disrupt mitochondrial ATP production. Terpenoids from Cucurbita moschata L disrupt neurotransmission leading to paralysis as well as disruption of egg hatching. Yeast particle encapsulated terpenes are effective for the control of albendazole-resistant helminths.Item High Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis and Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Are a Threat to Dairy Cattle Production in Kiboga District (Uganda)(Open Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2014) Kasozi, Keneth Iceland; Tingiira, John Bosco; Vudriko, PatrickSubclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the major factors affecting the productivity of dairy cattle all over the world. This study established the burden of SCM and determined the potent antibacterial formulation for control of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) related SCM in selected dairy cattle farms in Kiboga district. A total of 124 dairy cattle from 12 farms were screened for SCM using California Mastitis Test (CMT) from Kiboga Town-Council, Kapeke and Lwamata sub-counties. The offending bacteria were cultured and the antibiogram of SA was carried out using antibacterial susceptibility by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Additional qualitative data on the factors that predispose cows to SCM was obtained through questionnaires and observation of milking Practice. The prevalence of SCM in the three sub-counties was 87.9%. Over 70% of the dairy cattle screened for SCM had more than 2 udder quarters affected. The majority (90%) of SCM was caused by mixed bacterial infections: Coagulase negative staphylococci (64.4%) and SA (16.6%) being the most prevalent. All the farmers (100%) lacked knowledge on SCM, udder towels, teat dipping and drug cow therapy. Overall, 71.4% of SA isolated was multi-drug resistant. There was a high level of resistance against penicillin (100%), neomycin (85.7%) and tetracycline (71.4%). In contrast, all the above isolates were susceptible to Trimethoprim-Sulphamethazole. In conclusion, the high burden of SCM and emergence of multidrug resistant SA are one of the constraints to dairy production in Kiboga district. Therefore, sensitization of dairy farmers in Kiboga district on proper hygienic, appropriate milking techniques and dry cow therapy using potentiated sulfonamide intra-mammary preparations are highly recommended in SA associated SCM.Item In vivo antidiarrheal activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus Linn. (Apocyanaceae) in Wistar rats(African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2011) Kyakulaga, A. Hassan; Alinda, T. Brenda; Vudriko, Patrick; Ogwang Engeu, PatrickCatharanthus roseus is a medicinal plant with various pharmacological properties. In this study, we investigated the in vivo antidiarrheal activity of C. roseus ethanolic leaf extract in Wistar rats. Castor oil was used to induce experimental diarrhea in rats pretreated with extracts administered at 200 and 500 mg/kg to determine antidiarrheal effect. Loperamide and atropine sulphate were used as standard drugs in the two experiments. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids and saponins. The antidiarrheal effect of ethanolic extract of C. roseus revealed a dose dependant inhibition of castor oil induced diarrhea at doses of 200 and 500 mg/kg. On comparison of the extract with the negative control, there was a significant difference at 200 mg/kg (P < 0.05) and a more significant difference at 500 mg/kg (P < 0.001). Test extract’s effect was further evaluated on intestinal transit and it exhibited dose dependant inhibition of transit motility of charcoal meal. The results indicated that the ethanol extract of C. roseus possesses significant antidiarrheal effect and corroborate the use of this herbal remedy as non-specific treatment for diarrhea in folk medicine.Item Molecular epidemiology of Babesia species, Theileria parva, and Anaplasma marginale infecting cattle and the tick control malpractices in central and eastern Uganda(Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 2018) Tayebwa, Dickson Stuart; Vudriko, Patrick; Tuvshintulga, Bumduuren; Guswanto, Azirwan; Budiman Nugraha, Arifin; Gantuya, Sambuu; El-Saber Batiha, Gaber; Musinguzi, Simon Peter; Komugisha, Mariam; Bbira, Jonh Son; Okwee-Acai, James; Tweyongyere, Robert; Wampande, Eddie M.; Byaruhanga, Joseph; Adjou Moumouni, Paul Franck; Sivakumar, Thillaiampalam; Yokoyama, Naoaki; Igarashi, IkuoEast Coast fever, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis are the major tick-borne diseases affecting cattle productivity in Uganda. The emergence of acaricide-resistant ticks is suspected to have caused a rise in hemoparasites. This study sought to detect and characterize hemoparasites among farms in acaricide-failure hotspots of central as compared to the acaricide-failure naïve areas in eastern Uganda. Nested PCR assays were performed to determine the prevalences of Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Theileria parva, and Anaplasma marginale in cattle blood samples sourced from randomly selected farms. Randomly selected isolates were sequenced to determine the genetic diversity of the parasites using the following marker genes: B. bovis spherical body protein 4, B. bigemina rhoptry-associated protein 1a, T. parva 104 kDa microneme-rhoptry antigen, and A. marginale major surface protein 5. Furthermore, partially and fully engorged adult ticks were collected for taxonomy, and tick-control practices were assessed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The prevalences of B. bigemina, T. parva, and A. marginale in cattle were 17.2, 65.1, and 22.0%, and 10.0, 26.5, and 3% in the central and eastern region, respectively. Whilst, B. bovis was not detected in the farms involved. The sequences for B. bigemina, T. parva, and A. marginale from the central region showed 99% identity with those from the eastern region. Of the 548 ticks collected, 319, 147, 76, and 6 were Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Amblyomma variegatum, and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, respectively. The Rhipicephalus ticks were more abundant in the central, whereas A. variegatum ticks were more abundant in the eastern region. Tick control malpractices were found in both central and eastern Uganda, and 42 of the 56 surveyed farms lacked appropriate restraining facilities and so they utilized either ropes or a ‘boma’ (enclosure). In summary, B. bigemina, T. parva, A. marginale and their co-infections were more prevalent in the central than eastern region; even though, tick control malpractices were observed in both regions. Therefore, an urgent tick and TBD control strategy is needed.Item Prevalence of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in livestock following a confrmed human case in Lyantonde district, Uganda(Parasites & Vectors, 2023) Atim, Stella A.; Niebel, Marc; Vudriko, Patrick; Odongo, Steven; Balinandi, Stephen; Aber, Peace; Bameka, Ronald; Ademun, Anna R.; Masembe, Charles; Tweyongyere, Robert; Thomson, Emma C.Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral infection, characterized by haemorrhagic fever in humans and transient asymptomatic infection in animals. It is an emerging human health threat causing sporadic outbreaks in Uganda. We conducted a detailed outbreak investigation in the animal population following the death from CCHF of a 42-year-old male cattle trader in Lyantonde district, Uganda. This was to ascertain the extent of CCHF virus (CCHFV) circulation among cattle and goats and to identify affected farms and ongoing increased environmental risk for future human infections.Item Retrospective study on cattle and poultry diseases in Uganda(International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, 2017) Byaruhanga, Joseph; Tayebwa, Dickson S.; Eneku, Wilfred; Afayoa, Mathias; Mutebi, Francis; Ndyanabo, Susan; Kakooza, Steven; Okwee-Acai, James; Tweyongyere, Robert; Wampande, Eddie M.; Vudriko, PatrickCattle and poultry enterprises are among the major contributors to food security and socioeconomic empowerment of households in Uganda. However, various diseases constrain their productivity. A two-year retrospective study between April 2012 and March 2014 was conducted using records for cattle and poultry diseases diagnosed at the Central Diagnostic Laboratory (CDL) to determine prevalent diseases in Uganda. The laboratory received 836 samples from poultry (36.3%) and cattle (63.7%). Of the 836 samples, 47.5% had a definitive diagnosis of disease causation. Most of the cattle and poultry diseases diagnosed were protozoan diseases (39.3%) followed by bacterial (21.4%), viral (17.1%), helminthiasis (11.1%), nutritional diseases (4%) and others (7.1%). For poultry, viral diseases (29.5%) and protozoan diseases (27.1%) especially newcastle disease (44.3%) and coccidiosis (100%) respectively, were the most diagnosed. While for cattle, hemo-protozoan parasites (52.1%) were the most prevalent, of which 92.9% were east coast fever infection. Bacterial infection (20.5%) in cattle were the second most diagnosed diseases and mastitis was the most diagnosed (46.2%). In summary, coccidioisis, collibacillosis, newcastle disease, gumboro disease, and avian helminthiasis were the most prevalent poultry diseases while in cattle, east coast fever, helminthiasis, mastitis, brucellosis and rabies were the most frequently diagnosed diseases. This study has identified the major diseases that hinder poultry and cattle production in Uganda. The data generated by CDL could be used for surveillance, monitoring and designing strategic interventions for control of poultry and cattle diseases in Uganda.Item Seroprevalence of brucellosis in humans, knowledge and practices among patients and medical practitioners in Wakiso district, Uganda(2023) Namuwonge, Alice Joy; Vudriko, Patrick; Michel, Dione; Afayoa, Matthias; Kibirige, Gordon; Mugizi, Denis Rwabiita; Kungu, Joseph M.Background In Uganda, brucellosis remains an endemic public health concern that requires adequate knowledge among the public and medical practitioners to reduce risk of transmission, correctly diagnose and manage infected humans. This study investigated the seroprevalence of human brucellosis, assessed knowledge of patients and medical practitioners about human brucellosis, and evaluated factors that influence good self-reported practices of medical practitioners towards the disease. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire and key informant guide among 300 patients and 30 medical practitioners respectively from May to July 2019 at Zia Angelina Health Centre, Wakiso district. Serum samples were tested for Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test. Cross tabulation between the five categories of professionals (nurses, laboratory personnel, medical doctors, clinicians, and pharmacists) and their responses to knowledge and practices was performed using Chisquare test. Logistic regression analysis was performed to measure the strength of association between overall knowledge and practice scores and demographic characteristics of study participants using odds ratios at 95% confidence intervals. Variables with p-value < 0.05 were considered as predictors of outcome. Results Human brucellosis seroprevalence was 0.3% (n = 1, CI: 0.0-2.4). Only 6.3% (n = 19, CI: 4.1–9.7) of patients were knowledgeable about human brucellosis, and having secondary education [AOR = 0.06, 95% CI: 0.01–0.47, p = 0.007] was significantly associated with good knowledge. Overall, 26.7%, (n = 8, p = 0.414) of medical practitioners were considered to have good knowledge of human brucellosis, however, no predictor to good knowledge was found. About a third (33.3%, n = 10, p = 0.047) of respondents had an overall good self-reported practice score towards human brucellosis. Being at a certificate education level [AOR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.00-0.78, p = 0.033], and level of knowledge about brucellosis [AOR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.00-0.59, p = 0.020] were identified as predictors of good practices. Conclusions The prevalence of human brucellosis was very low among patients who participated in the study, with participants having poor overall knowledge and practices towards the disease. These findings suggest a need for sensitization programs to improve human brucellosis awareness, and to enhance management of the disease in the health facilities.Item Spatio-temporal analysis of sheep and goat pox outbreaks in Uganda during 2011–2022(BMC Veterinary Research, 2023) Nizeyimana, Gerald; Vudriko, Patrick; Erume, Joseph; Mubiru, Frank; Eneku, Wilfred; Biryomumaisho, Savino; Mwebe, Robert; Arinaitwe, Eugene; Rose, Ademun; Atim, Stella; Ayebazibwe, Chrisostom; Muhanguzi, Dennis; Tweyongyere, RobertBackground Sheep and goat pox (SGP) caused by sheep poxvirus (SPV) and goat poxvirus (GPV) respectively; are transboundary and World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)-notifiable viral diseases. There is barely any coherent information about the distribution and prevalence of SGP for Uganda. We therefore conducted this study to describe the temporal and spatial distribution of SGP suspected outbreaks in Uganda for the period 2011–2020 as well as serologically confirm presence of SGP antibodies in suspected SGP outbreaks reported in 2021–2022. Results Thirty-seven [37] SGP outbreaks were reported across the country during the study period. North-eastern region [that comprises of Karamoja region] had the highest number of outbreaks [n = 17, 45%]; followed by Central [n = 9, 2.4%], Northern [n = 8, 2.2%] and Western region [n = 3, 0.08%]. Reports from district veterinary personnel indicate that the prevalence of; and mortality rate and case fatality rate associated with SGP were 0.06%, 0.02% and 32% respectively. There was a steady increase in the number of reported SGP outbreaks [x̄ = 4] over the study period. Seropositivity of SGPV antibodies in outbreak sheep and goats that were investigated during the study period [2021–2022] was [n = 41, 27%, 95 CI;] Conclusion Our analyses of SGPV passive and active reports indicate that SGP is present in Uganda with a decade long average of four outbreaks per annum. During this period, about a third of all SGPV-clinically infected animals died. SPG is therefore a major constraint to small ruminant health and productivity in Uganda. Introduction of animals from infected herds and breach in farm biosecurity were the most important predictors of SGP outbreaks. In addition to the already existing SGP commercial vaccines, small ruminant screening for SGPV before introducing them to naïve herds and ensuring on farm biosecurity should be part of the SGP control tool pack for Ugandan small ruminant farmers.Item Subclinical Mastitis (SCM) in Dairy Cattle in Kiboga District (Uganda): Burden, Causes and Choice of Antibacterial Drug for Effective Control(Research Gate, 2022) Kasozi, Keneth Iceland; Vudriko, Patrick; Tingiira, John BoscoThis study aimed at identifying current practices in dairy farms that perpetuate SCM and to determine the causative pathogens which will indicate to us the control measures by the nature of the isolates with some extent to potent antibacterial drug suitable for control of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) related to SCM.Item Tsetse Fly Distribution and Occurrence of Trypanosoma Species among Cattle and Goats around Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda(Research square, 2020) Kangume, Mallion; Muhangi, Denis; Byaruhanga, Joseph; Agaba, Aggrey; Sserunkuma, Joachim; Kisembo, Stallon Justus; Bogere, Paul; Vudriko, Patrick; Rwego, Innocent BidasonAfrican Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) is an infectious disease of economic and veterinary importance in Sub-Saharan Africa. The current study aimed at providing baseline information on tsetse fly distribution and occurrence of Trypanosoma species in cattle and goats within and around Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP), in western Uganda. A minimal entomological survey was conducted in April 2017 while blood samples collected from cattle (n = 576) and goats (n = 319) in June 2015 and May 2017 were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to determine the occurrence of Trypanosoma species.Glossina pallidipes and G. fuscipes were the only tsetse fly species trapped in the study area with apparent density of 20.6. The overall prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. was 27% for goats and approximately 38% for cattle. The most prevalent Trypanosoma spp. in goats was T. brucei (n = 60, 18.8%) while the most prevalent in cattle was T. congolense (n = 102, 27.1%). In both cattle and goats, a dual infection of T. brucei + T. congolense was most encountered. In goats a triple infection of T. brucei + T. congolense + T. vivax was higher than that in cattle. Current findings show that there are two species of tsetse flies, and three species of Trypanosoma, important in transmission of AAT in both cattle and goats. Control efforts of AAT have mainly focused on cattle and this study proves that prevention and control efforts should also involve goat farmers.