NRU :: Browsing by Author "Sagala, Farad"

Browsing by Author "Sagala, Farad"

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A comprehensive investigation on the performance of durian rind as a lost circulation material in water based drilling mud
(Petroleum, 2019) Majid, Nor Fatin Fatihah; Katende, Allan; Ismail, Issham; Sagala, Farad; Md Sharif, Norshila; Yunus, Mohd Azizi Che
Oil and gas operators worldwide are expecting service companies to deliver integrated techniques to minimize, if not prevent, drilling problems. Drilling fluids perform vital functions to ensure the success of drilling operations. The technical challenges often associated with water-based drilling fluids are loss of critical properties, such as fluid loss control and rheology, under demanding conditions, such as in drilling deeper, high-temperature and high-pressure wells. Fluid loss during drilling operations has a very significant effect in both reservoir formation damage and monetary terms. The use of durian rind (DR) as a new additive in controlling lost circulation would provide another opportunity to reduce waste and avoid pollution. Therefore, DR was used to improve the rheological properties of water-based mud, and it was prepared for use as a fluid loss additive. For a better understanding of the influence of pectin on drilling mud properties, the rheological evaluation of untreated DR was compared to that of mud samples containing treated DR. The pectin in DR was extracted using four different solvents, namely, ethanol, methanol, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide, and the most effective solvent to remove the pectin was then determined. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that NaOH was the best solvent for removing pectin from DR. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the thermal stability of DR before and after treatments. The TGA results demonstrated that the treated DR had improved thermal stability compared to untreated DR. The sizes of DR used were coarse, medium, and fine. The untreated DR presented better rheological properties than the treated DR. The experimental investigation showed that a concentration of 20 lb/bbl of intermediate-sized DR was the best concentration among the tested samples.
A Critical review of Low Salinity Water Flooding: Mechanism, Laboratory and Field Application
(Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2019) Katende, Allan; Sagala, Farad
Low-salinity water flooding (LSW) is a promising new technique for enhancing oil recovery (EOR) in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. The potential of LSW has drawn the attention of the oil industry in the past decade. Along with the few successful field applications of LSW, various studies in this field in recent years have been conducted mainly at the lab scale. The main objective of this critical review was to investigate the potential of this EOR technique in improving oil recovery and the mechanism under which it operates. As a result, various mechanisms have been proposed. However, no consensus on the dominant mechanism(s) in neither sandstones nor carbonate reservoirs has been reported, and the oil industry is continuing to discover the leading effects. Herein, we provide the chronicle of LSW, analysis of the proposed mechanisms of enhancing oil recovery using LSW in recent findings, some laboratory observations, and finally, some successful field applications. From this review, despite the promising potential justified by both laboratory studies and field applications, there exists a large number of unsuccessful field case studies. LSW is viewed as an immature EOR technique with many ambiguities because definitive conclusions about which mechanism(s) is responsible for improving oil recovery remains elusive and a bewilderment to the oil industry.
The Effect of WAG Ratio and Oil Density on Oil Recovery by Immiscible Water Alternating Gas Flooding
(American Journal of Science and Technology, 2017) Anuar, Nur Ain Binti Mohd; Yunan, Mat Hussin; Sagala, Farad; Katende, Allan
An Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method named Immiscible Water-Alternating-Gas (IWAG) is one of the well-established methods for improving oil recovery in reservoirs. IWAG injection combines both improved displacement efficiency of the gas flooding with an improved macroscopic sweep by water injection. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Water-Alternating-Gas (WAG) ratio and oil density on residual oil recovery during IWAG flooding process using dimensions of a real reservoir. A series of six injections were conducted at WAG ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and oil densities of 0.72 g/cc, 0.81 g/cc, 0.88 g/cc with flow rate of 1 cc/min for every injection. In this study, a secondary recovery method, which is water-flooding, had been conducted first and continued with immiscible gas-flooding before the start of IWAG to determine the overall recovery factor that can be increased with the utilization of IWAG as an EOR tertiary method. Water flooding had resulted in good oil recovery, which was about 36%–50% Oil Initially In Place (OIIP). Meanwhile immiscible gas-flooding had resulted in only 1% –3% OIIP. The results showed that a WAG ratio of 1:1 was the optimal ratio since the tertiary oil recovery using IWAG was 8% and total 45% of OIIP whereas oil density of 0.72 g/cc was the optimal density which gave 9% of oil recovery using IWAG and total 64% of OIIP. The experimental outcome additionally demonstrated that the IWAG method becomes more efficient in equal water and gas slug ratio which is favourable for low oil density. This is because water and gas help in both microscopic and macroscopic sweep efficiency whereas the mobility of low oil density is higher and flows with low resistance.
Effect of Wettability on Oil Recovery and breakthrough Time for Immiscible Gas Flooding
(Petroleum Science and Technology, 2016) Sagala, Farad; Mugisa, John; Alahdal, Hussein A.; Kisiki, Nsamba Hussein; Kabenge, Isa
The effect of wettability on oil recovery at higher water saturation is still not fully understood, especially in the case of mixed wettability. This study was conducted to examine the effects of wettability on oil recovery and breakthrough time through experiments for two wettability conditions (water-wet and mixed-wet) and three water saturations (20%, 40%, and 60%). Clashach sandstone core with a porosity of 12.8% and a permeability of 75 md was utilized as the porous media. Immiscible gas flooding was performed by injecting nitrogen gas into the core at room temperature and pressure. The results showed 54.3% and 48.8% of the initial oil in place (IOIP) as the ultimate oil recovery at 40% water saturation from mixed-wet core and water-wet core respectively. In contrast, the water-wet core displayed better results (32.6% of the IOIP) in terms of breakthrough time compared to the results of water-wet core (10.6% of the IOIP) at the same water saturation. In conclusion, oil recovery was found highly dependent on water saturation while breakthrough time was mainly affected by the wettability of the cores.
Enhanced Oil Recovery from Austin Chalk Carbonate Reservoirs Using Faujasite-Based Nanoparticles Combined with Low-Salinity Water Flooding
(Energy & Fuels, 2020) Taleb, Moussa; Sagala, Farad; Hethnawi, Afif; Nassar, Nashaat N.
Recently, the application of nanoparticles for enhancing oil recovery (EOR) in carbonate reservoirs has received great attention from various researchers across the oil and gas industry. In contrast to sandstone reservoirs, carbonates are naturally neutral wet or preferentially oil wet and, therefore, the recovery of oil from these reservoirs by waterflooding techniques is relatively low and inefficient. Hence, the addition of chemical agents can modify rock wettability and increase the efficiency of the waterflooding process. The role of nanoparticles and their implementations in the field of oil recovery has been highlighted by many researchers in the past, due to their attractive features and characteristics. However, choosing the appropriate nanoparticles is not the only limiting factor to guarantee better performance in EOR but also depends on their stability and dispersion under aqueous conditions. Accordingly, many metal oxides or silicate-based nanomaterials have been subjected to surface modifications, following some complex and costly ineffective functionalization steps before their application. In this study, novel and stable nanomaterials of faujasite were synthesized at mild conditions without following any surface modification steps to alter the wettability of Austin Chalk carbonate rocks from oil wet to strongly water wet in the presence of low-salinity water (LSW). The synthesized nanoparticles were well characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transfer electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and ζ potential to confirm their surface identity, functionality, morphology, and stability. The prepared nanofluids from the synthesized nanoparticles were tested in comparison to brine for their EOR efficiency in carbonate cores. The EOR performance was investigated by interfacial tension (IFT), contact angle, spontaneous imbibition, and displacement tests. The results showed that, compared to formation brine and LSW, the formulated nanofluid could notably alter the rock wettability from strong oil wet to strong water wet. To confirm this, a core-flooding test was performed, which further reiterated the capability of these nanofluids as effective EOR agents in hydrocarbon carbonate reservoirs by recovering an additional 9.6% of OOIP. Consequently, on the basis of the obtained findings, these faujasite-based nanofluids provide a prospect of being applied in EOR in carbonate formations.
Experimental Investigation of Cuttings Lifting Efficiency Using Low and High Density Polyethylene Beads in Different Hole Angles
(J Mater Sci Appl, 2017) Tan, Tin Yi; Katende, Allan; Sagala, Farad; Mugisa, John
This study investigates the impact of low and high density polyethylene beads on wellbore cleaning using water-based mud at different hole angles of 0°, 60°, and 90°. The polyethylene beads concertation is varied from 1 to 5% by volume. Experimental investigations were accomplished using 11ft long acrylic concentric annulus flow test section with a 1.80in casing inner diameter equipped with a fixed inner pipe of 0.85in as the outer diameter. A total of 66 runs were completed using sand of size ranging from 1.18 – 2.00mm and density of 2.65 g/cc. Mud density and viscosity were maintained at 10 ppg and 7cp respectively, in a flow velocity of 0.80m/s. The densities of low and high density polyethylene beads were 0.92 g/cc and 0.96 g/cc respectively while their size was 3mm in spherical shape. The introduction of polyethylene beads were found to be more efficient in the vertical hole in which the incremental cuttings transport ratio was more than 15% being registered. This was due to sufficient buoyancy force provided by the low density polyethylene beads to counteract the gravity force and reduce the slip velocity of cuttings due to their low densities. In addition, the impulsive force due to collision between beads and sand enabled the cuttings to be lifted more efficiently.
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Drill Pipe Rotation on Improving Hole Cleaning using Water-based Mud Enriched with Polypropylene Beads in Vertical and Horizontal Wellbores
(Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2019) Heshamudin, Nursyafiqah S.; Katende, Allan; Rashid, Halimatun A.; Ismail, Issham; Sagala, Farad; Samsuri, Ariffin
Field experience has shown that the inefficient transport of small cuttings is a main factor contributing to excessive drag and torque during the drilling of a deviated hole; however, very little is known about the transport behavior of small cuttings. This experimental study investigates the effect of different polypropylene bead concentrations in water-based mud (WBM) on hole cleaning, along with the effects of cutting size, drill pipe rotation, and hole inclination angle. A total of 160 runs were performed using an experimental rig consisting of a 13 ft (3.96 m) long casing with a 2 in (50.8 mm) Inner Diameter (ID) and a rotary inner pipe with a 0.8 in (20 mm) Outer Diameter (OD). Four cutting size ranges, namely, 0.5–1.0 mm, 1.0–1.4 mm, 1.4–1.7 mm, and 1.7–2.0 mm, with a density of 2400 kg/ were tested in WBM with varying polypropylene bead concentrations ranging from 0 to 8 ppb. The concentric annulus flow test section was changed to vertical and horizontal angles with pipe rotation from 0 to 150 rpm. The mud density and viscosity were maintained at 10 ppg and 16 cp, respectively, under a flow velocity of 3.48 m/s (Reynolds number of 6620). The results indicate that smaller cuttings are easier to transport at all pipe rotations and polypropylene bead concentrations in both vertical and horizontal holes. The optimal pipe rotational speed was found to be 60 rpm. In this study, polypropylene beads undeniably enhanced the mud carrying capacity by significantly increasing the cutting transport ratio (CTR) by up to 16.57% in vertical holes and 15.73% in horizontal holes.
Formulation of Surfactants from Coconut Coir Containing Lignosulfonate for Surfactant - Polymer Flooding
(American Journal of Science and Technology, 2016) Sagala, Farad; Manan, Muhammad A.; Nsamba, Hussein Kisiki; Galiwango, Emmanuel; Kabenge, Isa
Interfacial tension (IFT) reduction between oil and water using surfactants has been used to recover trapped oil after the primary and secondary recovery, however petroleum based surfactants are costly. More research in required on other possible sources of surfactants that can be used to supplement the existing petroleum based surfactants. In this study, surfactant formulations mixed with Lignosulfonate which was sulfonated from local coconut coir lignin, were characterized and screened through micro emulsion phase behavior experiments as a function of Lignosulfonate, primary surfactant, and alcohol concentration. Three different formulations were evaluated for their performance in residual oil recovery when followed with a polymer flood for oil displacement experiments using sand pack model at room temperature. It was found that for the system which used decane as an oil phase, surfactant formulation consisting of 2.0% (w/v) sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) and 2.0% (v/v) isopentanol was able to give high oil recovery and water solubilization ratios at 2.8% (w/v) NaCl. These oil and water solubilization ratios increased slightly when 2.0 (w/v) lignosulfonate was added into the same formulation. It was evidenced that surfactants generated from coconut coir had higher potential to recover residual oil and more promising when combined with polymers.
Hydroxyl-functionalized Silicate-based Nanofluids for Enhanced Oil Recovery
(Fuel, 2020) Sagala, Farad; Hethnawi, Afif; Nassar, Nashaat N.
During the production life of the reservoir, wettability alteration from an oil-wet to a strongly water-wet condition and/or lowering the interfacial tension (IFT) between the water and oil phases is required at various stages to enhance oil recovery (EOR). Several chemical agents as potential wettability modifiers (e.g., surfactants and polymers) have been regarded and widely used in oil-wet systems. Recently, various nano-fluids, prepared by dispersing nanoparticles in brine solutions or solvents, have attracted attention as injecting fluid due to their unique properties. A large number of nanoparticles are being investigated for EOR applications either as stand-alone or in combination with surfactants and/or polymers. Because of its stability in brine even at low concentrations, totally or partially hydroxyl-functionalized nano-pyroxenes are capable of recovering additional oil after water flooding. However, the influence of their concentration on various parameters has not been previously investigated. Thus, in this study, we investigated the influence of nano-pyroxene on wettability, IFT and asphaltene aggregation. Wettability measurements were performed by contact angle measurements, imbibition experiments and wettability index to understand the underlying mechanisms. The interaction between nanopyroxene and asphaltene size distribution was investigated as a function of nanopyroxene concentration by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Results from the IFT measurements, contact angle, imbibition experiments and core flooding tests confirm that nanopyroxene affects oil recovery. Contact angle and wettability index measurements confirmed that adsorption of the nanoparticles on the rock surfaces alters the wettability from intermediate wet to stronger water-wet in the absence and presence of initial water films. In the presence of irreducible water saturation during wettability index measurements, depending on the brine composition and pH, initial alteration with aging resulted in a mixed or intermediate wet that changed to stronger water-wet as the nanopyroxene concentration increased. Moreover, increasing the concentration of nanopyroxene resulted in a noticeable IFT reduction but not an ultra-low range that can remobilize trapped oil due to higher capillary forces. Core flooding tests indicated that nanopyroxene-based nanofluid injection offers ~12–14.5% additional oil in addition to waterflooding.
Improving Hole Cleaning using Low Density Polyethylene Beads at Different Mud Circulation Rates in Different Hole Angles
(Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering, 2019) Yeu, Wong Jenn; Katende, Allan; Sagala, Farad; Ismail, Issham
In oil and gas exploration and development, drilling a hole is one of the first and most expensive operations. The continuous demand from industry to reduce costs and operational problems has resulted in numerous innovative drilling technologies that allow us to drill directionally. Nevertheless, hole cleaning has become a problematic issue in directional drilling because drill cuttings tend to be deposited on the lower side of the deviated hole. Excess accumulation of cuttings significantly reduces the rate of penetration and indirectly increases the operational cost. To improve the cuttings transport efficiency in a deviated hole, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) beads were introduced into water-based mud for hole cleaning. LDPE beads travel rapidly through the mud column due to buoyancy and move the cuttings forward by drag and collision. The interaction between the LDPE beads and cuttings facilitates the cuttings transport process and prevents the cuttings from settling. In this study, different concentrations of LDPE beads (i.e., 1% to 5% by volume) and different flow rates (i.e., 0.4 L/s, 0.6 L/s, and 1.0 L/s) were used to determine the effects on cuttings transport efficiency. In addition, the hole angle was varied from vertical to horizontal to evaluate the significance of LDPE beads in assisting in transporting cuttings. The results denote that more cuttings can be removed from a hole with higher concentrations of LDPE beads in water-based mud. This finding is due to the higher frequency of collisions, which in turn produces larger impulsive force. In addition, the improvement in cuttings transport efficiency enabled by LDPE beads is more significant in a vertical hole than in a highly deviated hole. In summary, LDPE beads are a promising additive for drilling mud to effectively remove drilled cuttings from a hole.
Improving the Performance of Oil Based Mud and Water Based Mud in a High Temperature Hole using Nanosilica Nanoparticles
(Colloids and surfaces A: physicochemical and engineering aspects, 2019) Katende, Allan; Sagala, Farad; Norhafizuddin, Hussein; Ismail, Muhamad S.
Oil-based mud (OBM), a non-Newtonian fluid, is known for its superior performance in drilling complex wells as well as combating potential drilling complications. However, the good performance may degrade under certain circumstances especially because of the impact of chemical instability at an elevated temperature. The same phenomenon occurs for water-based mud (WBM) when it is used in drilling under high temperature conditions. To prevent this degradation from occurring, numerous studies on utilizing nanoparticles to formulate smart fluids for drilling operations are being conducted worldwide. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the performance of nanosilica (NS) as a fluid loss reducer and a rheological property improver in both OBM and WBM systems at high temperature conditions. This study focuses on the impacts of different nanosilica concentrations, varying from 0.5 ppb to 1.5 ppb, and different mud weights of 9 ppg and 12 pg as well as different aging temperatures, ranging from ambient temperature to 300 °F, on the rheological performance of OBM and WBM. All the rheological properties are measured at ambient temperature, and additionally tests, including lubricity, electrical stability, and high-pressure high-temperature filtration measurements, are conducted, and rheological models are obtained. The performance of nanosilica is then studied by comparing each of the nanosilica-enhanced mud systems with the corresponding basic mud system, taking the fluid loss and rheological properties as the benchmark parameters. Nanosilica shows a positive impact on OBM and WBM, as the presence of nanosilica in the mud systems can effectively improve almost all their rheological properties.
Influence of critical parameters on nanoparticles-surfactant stabilized CO2 foam stability at sub-critical and supercritical conditions
(Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2021) Yekeen, Nurudeen; Kun, Tan Xin; Al-Yaseri, Ahmed; Sagala, Farad; Idris, Ahmad Kamal
The stability of CO2-foam stabilized via the synergy of nanoparticles and surfactants at downhole conditions is strongly affected by different process parameters such as temperature, CO2 state, nanoparticles concentration, as well as resident brine and oil in the reservoir. Influence of critical parameters on static and dynamic stability of nanoparticles-surfactant stabilized CO2-foam at sub-critical and super-critical conditions was investigated in this study. Firstly, extensive static and dynamic foam stability experiments were conducted at 80 °C and presence of 30 vol% hexadecane oil using formulation turbiscan, to screen different surfactants and nanoparticles. The best performing nanoparticles and surfactant were then selected at the screening stage for further foam stability tests to compare the performance of CO2 foam at sub-critical and super-critical conditions. The foam stabilized by SiO2 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) demonstrated consistent static and dynamic stability, with least spreading coefficient (-5.28 mN/m) and favourable Lamellae number (0.71). Increasing nanoparticles concentration increased the stability of sub-critical CO2 foam whereas an optimum nanoparticles concentration for maximum stability of the supercritical CO2 foam was obtained as 0.5 wt% SiO2. The static stability of sub-critical and supercritical CO2 foam increased with increased sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations until 2 wt%. However, the super-critical CO2 foam demonstrated increasing pressure drop and lowest reduction in mobility with increasing NaCl concentration until 10 wt%. Highly durable foams were generated when oil with high viscosity, high density and high molecular weight oil was added into the foaming dispersions. Mechanistic investigation of foam stabilization revealed that thickness of pseudo-emulsion films, as well as particles adsorption and orientation at gas–liquid and liquid–liquid interface, are key controlling parameters of foam static and dynamic stability in presence of oil, brine and at high temperature.
Integrating Silicate-based Nanoparticles with Low Salinity Water Flooding for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Sandstone Reservoirs
(Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2020) Sagala, Farad; Hethnawi, Afif; Nassar, Nashaat N.
A large number of researchers have endeavored to delineate the effects of injecting brine with a low ionic strength in oil reservoirs in the past decade. However, we still cannot conclude the overriding mechanism(s) of recovering oil from this technique. Even with a detailed review of the literature, the effect of low-salinity water flooding (LSWF) shows that a bewildering array of conflicting results have been reported. From the physicochemical point of view, understanding how brine and oil chemistry affects oil recovery helps to optimize recovery from such processes. Furthermore, the use of brine with low ionic strength coupled with nanoparticles during enhanced oil recovery (EOR), especially in the presence of monovalent ions and/or divalent cations, presents a new field of study that requires further investigations. Herein, the main objective of this study was to investigate the fluid/rock interactions at different salinities in the presence of various surface-modified pyroxene nanoparticles. Pyroxene was surface modified using polyethylene amine (PEI), poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and triethoxyoctylsilane (TOS). Surface charge, wettability measurements in the presence of various ions in the irreducible water, and core flooding experiments have been conducted to understand the underlying mechanism(s). The surface charge was evaluated by zeta potential measurements, and wettability was determined by the contact angle, imbibition, and relative permeability measurements. Sandstone outcrops and three oil samples with different composition were used. The results show that adding 0.005 wt % nanoparticles to brine with low ionic strength (1000 ppm) can improve the nanofluid stability and EOR. Additionally, in the presence of LSWF combined with nanoparticles, the thickness of the double layer on the rock surface greatly expands, thus increasing the magnitude of zeta potential compared to LSWF alone. The contact angle in the presence of LSW alone and N-PEO, N-PEI, and N-TOS nanofluids was measured as 94 ± 3, 118 ± 3, 112 ± 3, and 130° ± 3°, respectively, conforming wettability alteration from oil/neutral wet to stronger water-wet. Moreover, the greater repulsive force due to double-layer expansion creates a significant shift in the relative permeability curve to the right. Consequently, this results in improved oil recovery by about 15% of the oil originally in place. Based on the obtained findings, LSWF coupled with nanoparticles provides a prospect of being applied in EOR.
The Optimal Formula for Organic Oil Immobilization in Algerian Petroleum Drill Cuttings Using Solidification/Stabilisation Treatment
(Research Square, 2021) Abbas, Abbas Hadj; Sagala, Farad; Hacini, Messaoud
Hassi Messaoud oil field is one of the most important fields in Algeria and the world, because it covers an important quantity of total Crude Oil Production in Algeria. Furthermore, two-thirds of this oil field is underexplored or not explored. Therefore, the drilling process of petroleum wells in this field is a continuous process that results in significant drilling waste. This implies that, enormous noxious quantities of drilling waste are produced daily that require treatment via solidification/stabilization (S/S) process before being landfilled. These types of wastes have pollution concentration that significantly exceeds the safety standards. In this study, we focus on the factors affecting the solidification/stabilization treatment of the drill cuttings obtained from Hassi Messaoud oil field and the process optimization. The solidification/stabilization is performed using the cement as binder, sand, silicate, organophilic clay and activated carbon as additives.
Performance of Polyethylene and Polypropylene Beads towards Drill Cuttings Transportation in Horizontal Wellbore
(Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 2018) Hakim, Hadyan; Katende, Allan; Sagala, Farad; Ismail, Issham; Nsamba, Hussein
Drilled cuttings removal is critical in drilling operations, especially in horizontal wells. These cuttings are postulated to be among the possible causes of many costly complications, such as mechanical pipe sticking, bore hole instability, drag and torque. This study proposes a new approach that uses polymer beads as a mud additive to improve cutting transportation. In this study, the effect of the concentration of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) polymer beads on cuttings transport efficiency (CTE) in water-based mud in a horizontal wellbore was investigated. Experiments were conducted in a lab-scale flow loop equipped with a 13-ft (3.96 m) test section consisting of a concentric annulus acrylic outer casing (2 in. ID) and a static inner PVC drill string (0.79 in. OD). A total of 150 tests were conducted using 10 ppg water based mud (WBM) with 1%–5% by vol. Concentrations of polymer beads (PE and PP) were added at a range of 8–9.5 cp. Six different sizes of drilled cuttings ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mm were used as samples to determine the CTE at a constant 0.69 m/s average annular fluid velocity. The results revealed that CTE increased with the increase of polymer bead concentrations and that PP is better compared to PE overall due to its low density. The highest CTE was recorded at a 5% concentration of water-based mud polypropylene (WBMPP), which is approximately 96% for cutting sizes of 0.50mm–0.99 mm.
Solidification/Stabilization Treatment for organic oil immobilization in Algerian Petroleum Drill Cuttings: Optimization and Acceptance Tests for Landfilling
(Archives of Environmental Protection, 2022) Abbas, Abbas Hadj; Aissa, Abidi Saad; Sagala, Farad; Hacini, Messaoud
Hassi Messaoud oil field is one of the most important fields in Algeria and the world, because it covers an important quantity of total Crude Oil Production in Algeria. Furthermore, two-thirds of this oil field is underexplored or not explored. Therefore, the drilling process of petroleum wells in this field is a continuous process that results in significant drilling waste. This implies that enormous noxious quantities of drilling waste are produced daily that require treatment via solidification/stabilization (S/S) process before being landfilled. These types of wastes have pollution concentration that significantly exceeds the safety standards. In this study, we focus on the factors affecting the solidification/stabilization treatment of the drill cuttings obtained from Hassi Messaoud oil field and the process optimization. The solidification/stabilization is performed using the cement as binder, and sand, silicate, organophilic clay and activated carbon as additives.

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