NRU :: Browsing by Author "Rukundo, Godfrey Zari"

Browsing by Author "Rukundo, Godfrey Zari"

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An Adolescent’s Use of Veterinary Medicines: A Case Report Exploring Addiction
(Journal of psychoactive drugs, 2021) Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Nuwamanya, Sympson; Ashaba, Scholastic; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Harms, Sheila
This case report describes a 17-year-old high school student serious suicide attempt using an injectable composite of veterinary medications (vitamins, vaccines, antibiotics, and antihelminthics) typically used to treat chickens. The use of this particular substance and the route of administration was novel as a method for suicide lethality and there have been no previous cases of this kind. However, this youth also developed chronic self-harming behaviors where she would repeatedly self-inject the veterinarian medication composite which included substances that were largely inert but did have a potential neuropsychiatric side effect profile that complicated her psychiatric presentation. In this context of chronically injecting a substance with unclear psychoactive properties, an interesting set of symptoms and behaviors emerged that required diagnostic clarification and interpretation. Diagnostic considerations for this youth included major depressive disorder with psychotic features, a possible emerging borderline personality disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as well a possibility of an unknown substance use disorder using the veterinary medication composite. The purpose of this case study is to highlight the clinical course and explore sociocultural factors, including family and interpersonal relationships as contextually important variables.
Appetitive aggression and associated factors among military soldiers retiring from active service in Uganda
(Informa UK Limited, 2025-05-12) Bigirwa, Dan Mwangye; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Muwanguzi, Moses; Favina, Alain; Ashaba, Scholastic
Background: Appetitive aggression is a type of aggression that is characterized by a fascination with violence and a desire to inflict pain on the perceived enemy. This type of aggression has mainly been studied among former child soldiers and demobilized combatants. Information on appetitive aggression among retiring active service officers is limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of appetitive aggression and the associated factors among soldiers who are retiring from active service in Uganda. Methods: A sample of 247 retiring military soldiers from the Uganda People’s Defence Force (UPDF), who had assembled at Gaddafi Barracks in Jinja district in eastern Uganda in preparation for the retirement exercise, was randomly selected for this cross-sectional study. We assessed participants for appetitive aggression using the Appetitive Aggression Scale, and also collected information on alcohol and drug use, exposure to traumatic life events, post-traumatic stress disorder, childhood trauma, and depression. We ran logistic regression models to determine the factors associated with appetitive aggression among the study participants. Results: Ninety-seven per cent (n = 239) of the participants were male and the mean age was 46 years. The prevalence of appetitive aggression was 58%. Not being depressed (p = .040) and experience of traumatic events (p = .001) were associated with high odds of appetitive aggression. Conclusion: The prevalence of appetitive aggression among the study participants was high. Having experienced traumatic events was associated with a greater odds of appetitive aggression, while having depression was protective against appetitive aggression. Interventions aimed at preventing appetitive aggression among soldiers should target addressing the trauma experienced during their line of duty.
Cannabis-Induced Mania Following COVID-19 Self-Medication: A Wake-Up Call to Improve Community Awareness
(International medical case reports journal, 2021) Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Bongomin, Felix; Najjuka, Sarah Maria; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Ashaba, Scholastic
Self-medication is becoming common during the coronavirus disease −2019 (COVID-19) pandemic due to the increasing popularity of home-based management of asymptomatic and mild cases. In this case report, we describe a patient who developed manic symptoms as a result of self-medication with a regimen containing cannabis to manage COVID-19 symptoms.A 52-year-old man with no prior history of a mental disorder, presented with a one-week history of talking more than usual, poor sleep, destructiveness, irritability, and altered mental status, following use of homemade remedies containing oranges, garlic, ginger, onions, honey, lemon, and cannabis to treat COVID-19 related symptoms over a 2-week period. This was his index presentation with such symptoms in his life. He had never used any substance of addiction before, did not have any known chronic medical condition, and had no family member with a history of any known mental illness. He was a suspect because his father had tested positive for COVID-19 and was undergoing treatment. He tested negative for COVID-19 after 3-weeks of initial COVID-19 like symptoms, urine sample was positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and he had normal investigations. He was managed with a mood stabilizer (oral carbamazepine at a dose of 200mg three times daily), antipsychotic (chlorpromazine 200mg twice daily), a sedative (diazepam 10mg at before bedtime), and occupational therapy. All manic symptoms resolved in a period of two weeks. Cannabis induced mental illness following self-medication for COVID-19 like symptoms is on the rise in the population. Due to increasing COVID-19 cases globally, hospital congestion, the popularity of home-based care guidelines for asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 to reduce hospital burden in many countries, and easy access to cannabis. With no approved cure for COVID-19, patients are turning to natural remedies to relieve symptoms of COVID-19. Emphasis on prevention of this insalubrious self-medication among the COVID-19 patients is needed to stop complication related to cannabis use.
Gambling-Related Suicide in East African Community Countries: Evidence from Press Media Reports
(BMC public health, 2022) Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Mamun, Mohammed A.; Najjuka, Sarah Maria; Muwanguzi, Moses; Kule, Moses; Nkola, Rahel; Favina, Alain; Kihumuro, Raymond Bernard; Munaru, Gideon; Arinaitwe, Innocent; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Griffiths, Mark D.
Gambling activities and associated mental health problems have become a topic of increased concern globally. Many individuals with a severe gambling disorder have gambling-related suicidality. However, no study has explored gambling-related suicide in East African Community (EAC) countries. The present study investigated the press media reporting of gambling-related suicide cases from EAC countries.As there is no established suicide database in that region, media reports were utilized to collect gambling-related suicide data. Gambling-related suicide case reports were searched for in EAC countries’ press media websites using Google. After removing duplicates, a total of 18 suicides were found.The victims were all males aged 16 to 40 years. The most prevalent reason for the death was university students who had used their university tuition fees for gambling and losing the money (n = 4/17). All the suicide deaths were in Kenya (10/18), Uganda (7/18), and Tanzania (1/18). Betting on soccer was the most common type of gambling reported (n = 11/15), and hanging was the most used mode of suicide (n = 10/16).Based on the press media reports, 18 males were identified as having carried out gambling-related suicides. The countries with the most widespread opportunities to gamble had more gambling-related suicides, although the number of suicides was very small.
Gender differences in substance use and associated factors among urban refugees in Uganda
(Informa UK Limited, 2023-08-03) Bahati, Ronald; Ashaba, Scholastic; Sigmund, Cathy Denise; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Ainamani, Herbert Elvis
Background: Alcohol and other substances use related problems among refugees is a global public health concern. Although there is substantial research on the use of alcohol and other substances among the refugees, little is known about gender and other factors that might be associated with the use of alcohol and other substances. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of alcohol and substance use across gender and other specific associated factors among urban refugees living in Mbarara city, Southwestern Uganda. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 343 refugees were interviewed on the use of alcohol and other substances using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test and the Drug Abuse Screening Test. The associated factors included, age, marital status, occupation, duration (length of stay) in Uganda, educational levels, stigma and depression. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations between the predictor and outcome variables. Results: No significant gender difference in alcohol use was found, and the overall prevalence of hazardous, harmful or dependent alcohol use among our sample of refugees living in Mbarara city was 43%. There were however, statistically significant gender differences in the use of other substances, with a significantly higher percentage of men than women reporting intermediate, substantial, or severe substance use (45% among men, 37% among women). Higher levels of depression and being separated from one’s spouse were associated with higher levels of alcohol and substance use. In addition, higher age and being male were associated with the use of substances other than alcohol. Conclusions: Our findings indicate a high prevalence of problematic alcohol and substance use among both male and female refugees. Clinical interventions focused on the treatment and prevention of alcohol and substance use among the refugee communities may benefit from focusing on depressive symptoms as well.
A 'hidden problem': Nature, prevalence and factors associated with sexual dysfunction in persons living with HIV/AIDS in Uganda
(Public Library of Science, 2024-03-07) Mutamba, Brian Byamah; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Sembajjwe, Wilber; Nakasujja, Noeline; Birabwa-Oketcho, Harriet; Mpango, Richard Stephen; Kinyanda, Eugene
We conducted a clinic-based cross-sectional survey among 710 people living with HIV/AIDS in stable 'sexual' relationships in central and southwestern Uganda. Although sexual function is rarely discussed due to the private nature of sexual life. Yet, sexual problems may predispose to negative health and social outcomes including marital conflict. Among individuals living with HIV/AIDS, sexual function and dysfunction have hardly been studied especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, we aimed to determine the nature, prevalence and factors associated with sexual dysfunction (SD) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Uganda. We conducted a clinic based cross sectional survey among 710 PLWHA in stable 'sexual' relationships in central region and southwestern Uganda. We collected data on socio-demographic characteristics (age, highest educational attainment, religion, food security, employment, income level, marital status and socio-economic status); psychiatric problems (major depressive disorder, suicidality and HIV-related neurocognitive impairment); psychosocial factors (maladaptive coping styles, negative life events, social support, resilience, HIV stigma); and clinical factors (CD4 counts, body weight, height, HIV clinical stage, treatment adherence). Sexual dysfunction (SD) was more prevalent in women (38.7%) than men (17.6%) and majority (89.3% of men and 66.3% of women) did not seek help for the SD. Among men, being of a religion other than Christianity was significantly associated with SD (OR = 5.30, 95%CI 1.60-17.51, p = 0.006). Among women, older age (> 45 years) (OR = 2.96, 95%CI 1.82-4.79, p<0.01), being widowed (OR = 1.80, 95%CI 1.03-3.12, p = 0.051) or being separated from the spouse (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.09-2.59, p = 0.051) were significantly associated with SD. Sexual dysfunction has considerable prevalence among PLWHA in Uganda. It is associated with socio-demographic, psychiatric and clinical illness factors. To further improve the quality of life of PLWHA, they should be screened for sexual dysfunction as part of routine assessment.
Patients’ Perspectives on the Experience of Absconding from a psychiatric hospital: a qualitative study
(BMC psychiatry, 2021) Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Acai, Anita; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Harms, Sheila; Ashaba, Scholastic
Absconding (i.e., escaping) is common among patients with mental illness admitted to psychiatric hospitals. Patients use various strategies to make absconding successful due to the experiences faced during admission. We conducted a study to identify patients’ perspectives on the experience of absconding from the psychiatry facility.We conducted 10 in-depth interviews with patients with a history of absconding from the hospital who were accessing care at the Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in Mbarara city Uganda. Interviews were audio-recorded, translated when required, transcribed into English, and analyzed thematically to identify relevant themes.Participants ranged in age from 18 to 55 and the majority (n = 9) were male. Most had absconded at least twice from a psychiatric facility. We identified different experiences that influenced patients’ engagement in absconding from the psychiatry hospital ward. These included: (1) stigma, (2) experiences with caregivers: mixed emotions, (3) poor resources and services, and (4) the influence of mental illness symptoms. The loneliness of stigma, negative emotions associated with the loss of important roles given the nature and framework of caregiving on the psychiatric ward, as well as the stress of limited resources were a salient part of the patient experience as it relates to absconding.Our findings indicate that absconding is a symptom of a larger problem with a mental health system that perpetuates stigma in its design, isolates patients and makes them feel lonely, and forces patients to rely on caregivers who infantilize them and take away all their freedom in a facility with no basic services. For many patients, this makes absconding the only option. Within such a system, all stakeholders (policymakers, health-care providers, caregivers, and patients) should be involved in rethinking how psychiatric facilities should be operated to make the journey of patient recovery more positive.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Depression and Suicidal Ideation During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among University Students in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Study
(Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2022) Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Arinaitwe, Innocent; Nduhuura, Elicana; Muwanguzi, Moses; Kajjimu, Jonathan; Kule, Moses; Ajuna, Noble; Machacha, Ivan; Nkola, Rahel; Najjuka, Sarah Maria; Wamala, Nicholas Kisaakye; Bongomin, Felix; Griffiths, Mark D.; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Mamun, Mohammed A.
The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted psychosocial well-being and mental health of students across the world. Although students are vulnerable to depression and suicidal ideation, few studies have been conducted in Uganda. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and suicidal ideation, and associated factors among undergraduate university students in Uganda.A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduates [N = 540; 363 males; mean age = 23.3 (± 2.64) years] recruited from four universities using an online questionnaire that explored sociodemographic factors, depression, and other associated factors. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression, and Item 9 was used to assess suicidal ideation in the past 2 weeks. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the factors associated with depression and suicidal ideation.The prevalence of moderate to severe depression was 20% (n = 108) (cut-off: 10/27 based on the PHQ-9), and the prevalence of past-2-week suicidal ideation was 13.89% (n = 75) (cut-off: 1/3 based on the PHQ-9 Item 9). About half of the individuals who screened positive for depression had suicidal ideation. Factors associated with depression were: having relationship issues [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–2.81, p = 0.012], and having a history of sexual abuse (aOR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.10–3.84, p = 0.023). Factors associated with reducing the risk of depression were: satisfaction with current academic performance (aOR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.32–0.79, p = 0.003), and being in the fifth year of academic study (aOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.03–0.73, p = 0.018). Factors associated with suicidal ideation were: smoking cigarettes and/or marijuana (aOR = 4.83, 95% CI = 1.10–21.12, p = 0.037), and having financial tuition constraints (aOR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.08–3.16, p = 0.024), However, satisfaction with current academic performance reduced the likelihood of suicidal ideation (aOR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.23–0.70, p = 0.001). Conclusion Approximately one-fifth of undergraduate university students were moderately to severely depressed, especially those who had relationship issues and those with a history of sexual abuse. Suicidal ideation was common among smokers and those having financial tuition constraints. Therefore, it is recommended that the university authorities implement measures to provide psychological support for the students with problems concerning financial tuition constraints, relationships, and sexual abuse. Also, all students with depression should be screened for suicidality.
Prevalence of violence towards men living with HIV/AIDS in rural communities of SouthWestern Uganda
(African Health Sciences, 2022) Kakooza, Javilla Kamya; Nampijja, Ritah; Kwagala, Faith; Nuwabasa, Flavia; Mpuuga, Owen; Isiagi, Gomer; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari
Violence towards HIV positive men is one of the silent barriers to utilization of HIV care services. HIV positive men are potential victims of violence from other people including women, and violence may interfere with treatment outcomes. This study determined the prevalence of violence towards HIV positive men in rural communities of southwestern Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 307 HIV positive men at selected health centers using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 23 using chi-square and multivariate regression at 95% level of significance and a precision of 0.05. Of the 307 participants, 45.3% had experienced violence. Of these, 23.8% (n=73) had experienced kicking or slapping while 12.7% (39) reported sexual violence. Factors associated with violence were; using alcohol and drugs (aOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.09-0.76, p=0.014), knowledge of support structures (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.33-3.78, p=0.002) and owning land for farming (aOR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.70, p=0.011). The prevalence of violence at 45.3% is quite high especially since violence against men is rarely talked about. This should not be ignored there should be strategies to support this vulnerable group.
Social Support, Food Insecurity, and HIV Stigma Among Men Living with HIV in Rural Southwestern Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
(HIV/AIDS-Research and Palliative Care, 2021) Arinaitwe, Innocent; Amutuhaire, Hildah; Atwongyeire, Davis; Tusingwire, Esther; Kawungezi, Peter Chris; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Ashaba, Scholastic
HIV stigma is one of the major barriers to HIV care due to the fear of disclosure and social discrimination. HIV stigma among men in sub-Saharan countries, including Uganda, has been linked to the fear about how HIV status might affect their status in society. HIV among men in sub-Saharan settings has been associated with feelings of shame, reduced self-worth, and self-blame for their HIV positive status. Information about HIV stigma and its associated factors among men living with HIV in rural Uganda is limited. This study assessed the burden of HIV stigma and its association with social support and food insecurity among men accessing HIV care at a rural health facility in southwestern Uganda.
Substance use Disorder among Adolescents Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Uganda: Retrospective Findings from a Psychiatric Ward Registry
(Plos one, 2022) Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Abaatyo, Joan; Alol, Emmanuel; Muwanguzi, Moses; Najjuka, Sarah Maria; Favina, Alain; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Ashaba, Scholastic; Mamun, Mohammed A.
It has been reported that the COVID-19 pandemic has predisposed adolescents to risky behaviors such as substance use and subsequent substance use disorder (SUD). However, it is unknown how the pandemic has changed the prevalence of SUD among adolescents in Uganda. We aimed to determine the prevalence of SUD and associated factors among adolescents in southwestern Uganda. Retrospectively, psychiatry ward records from November 2018 to July 2021 were collected from the largest tertiary hospital in southwestern Uganda. A total of 441 adolescent records were included in the analysis, with a mean age was 17±1.88 years, and the majority were males (50.34%). The overall prevalence of SUD was 7.26% (5.90% and 9.80% before and during the pandemic). Despite a little rise in SUD (3.9% increment) during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no statistical difference compared to before the pandemic. The likelihood of being diagnosed with SUD was more among older adolescents at any period. In addition, having a diagnosis of bipolar mood disorder reduced the likelihood of SUD during the pandemic. This study indicated no statistical change in the diagnosis of SUD among adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. As older-male adolescents (17 to 19 years) were at higher risk of SUD, there is a need for early intervention for this group.
Suicidal Behaviours among Ugandan University Students: A Cross‑Sectional Study
(BMC psychiatry, 2022) Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Arinaitwe, Innocent; Muwanguzi, Moses; Nduhuura, Elicana; Kajjimu, Jonathan; Kule, Moses; Najjuka, Sarah Maria; Nkola, Rahel; Ajuna, Noble; Wamala, Nicholas Kisaakye; Machacha, Ivan; Mamun, Mohammed A.; Su‑Hui Ho, Cyrus; Griffiths, Mark D.; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari
Suicide remains the leading cause of death among university students often resulting from multiple physical and psychological challenges. Moreover, suicidal behaviours among students appear to have increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic according to some studies.To explore the prevalence and associated factors for suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts among university students in Uganda.Cross-sectional study data were collected from May to September 2021 from 540 undergraduate university students in south-western Uganda (363 males, mean age 23.3 years). Questions from the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used to assess suicidal ideation, while other bespoke questions were used to assess suicide plans and attempts. The survey also investigated the suicide attempt/plan method, location of the suicidal activity, and reason for not enacting the suicide plan. Three independent regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with different forms of suicidal behaviours.The prevalence of past-year suicidal behaviours was 31.85% for suicidal ideation, 8.15% for suicide plans, and 6.11% for suicide attempts. Having a chronic physical medical condition increased the likelihood of having all forms of suicidal behaviours. Suicidal ideation was associated with having difficulty paying university tuition fees. However, being in the fifth year of university education, and feeling satisfied with current academic grades reduced the likelihood of suicidal ideation. Individuals feeling satisfied with academic performance appeared to be a protective factor against having suicide plans. Suicide attempts were associated with having a history of sexual abuse and having difficulty paying university tuition fees. The most common method used for attempted suicide was a drug overdose, and the most common location for attempted suicide was their homes.University students have prevalent suicide behaviours especially among students with a chronic physical medical condition, a history of sexual abuse, and problems paying university tuition fees. Based on the present study, for students at risk, universities should provide appropriate interventions such as life skills education and suicide prevention techniques.
Suicide among Ugandan University Students: Evidence from Media Reports for 2010–2020
(BJPsych international, 2021) Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Muwanguzi, Moses; Nduhuura, Elicana; Kajjimu, Jonathan; Arinaitwe, Innocent; Kule, Moses; Najjuka, Sarah Maria; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari
University students are in transition to adulthood and face multiple challenges that may lead to suicide. They are reported to have a higher risk of suicide by the World Health Organization. As there is no national suicide database in Uganda, we analysed student suicide using the press/media reports of suicides published between 2010 and 2020. A total of deaths by 23 suicide were identified: 19 were males, relationship problems were the main suicide reason (n = 6) and hanging was the most frequently used suicide method (n = 7). A strategic intervention to tackle suicide risk among university students is warranted.
Suicide and Suicide Attempts Among Patients Attending Primary Health Care Facilities in Uganda: A Medical Records Review
(Risk management and healthcare policy, 2022) Kaggwa, Mark Mohan; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Wakida, Edith K.; Maling, Samuel; Sserumaga, Baker Makaya; Atim, Letizia Maria; Obua, Celestino
Suicide is one of the leading causes of death globally, accounting for about 800,000 deaths annually. The suicide burden drastically increased since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. In Uganda, no known study has determined the suicide rate since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.To determine the suicide mortality rate and describe the characteristics of victims of suicide attempts from January to December 2020 in south western Uganda.This study was based on the health management information systems (HMIS) of patients’ registered data for the year 2020 at 15 selected primary health care facilities in four districts in south-western Uganda. We used a data extraction tool to capture demographic and clinical characteristics of the individuals who had attempted or completed suicide. We estimated yearly incidence rates of fatal and non-fatal suicide attempts, and used chi-square and t-test to determine the statistical difference between suicide attempt outcomes.A total of 130 non-fatal suicide attempts and 26 suicides were identified. Majority were male 69.87% (n = 109/156) and the mean age was 27.16 (SD = 14.71) years. The overall incidence of suicide attempts was about 60 attempts per 100,000 people, while that of completed suicide was about three deaths per 100,000 people. The suicide attempts increased following the first month of COVID-19 lockdown in the country (March 2020) and most individuals attempted suicide by poisoning (n = 144).Suicide is a common occurrence in primary health care settings of Uganda and there has been a rapid increase in suicide attempts since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. With suicide by poisoning being common, there is need for proactive interventions, such as the control of pesticides and herbicides, to prevent suicide among members of this community, especially during pandemic conditions.
The magnitude of postpartum depression among mothers in Africa: a literature review
(Pan African Medical Journal, 2020) Atuhaire, Catherine; Laura, Brennaman; Samuel, Nambile Cumber; Rukundo, Godfrey Zari; Nambozi, Grace
Introduction: postpartum depression (PPD) continues to become one of the major maternal health challenges across the globe but there is a paucity of recent data on its magnitude in Africa. This study was motivated by the need to update the current magnitude of PPD in Africa based on various assessment tools. Methods: a total of 21 articles met the study criteria. Fifteen articles used the EPDS and six used other assessment tools. Postpartum depression among studies that used EPDS tool ranged from 6.9% in Morocco to 43% in Uganda and 6.1% in Uganda to 44% in Burkina Faso among studies that used other depression assessment tools. Sensitivity and specificity results of the EPDS ranged from 75%-100% and 87%-98% respectively. Results: a total of 21 articles met the study criteria. Fifteen articles used the EPDS and six used other assessment tools. Postpartum depression among studies that used EPDS tool ranged from 6.9% in Morocco to 43% in Uganda and 6.1% in Uganda to 44% in Burkina Faso among studies that used other depression assessment tools. Sensitivity and specificity results of the EPDS ranged from 75%-100% and 87%-98% respectively. Conclusion: despite the limited dearth of literature, the magnitude of PPD in Africa remains high which suggests that PPD is still a neglected illness and calls for immediate interventions. EPDS is an effective tool with high sensitivity and specify in varying study contexts.

Browsing by Author "Rukundo, Godfrey Zari"

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