Browsing by Author "Orikiriza, Patrick"

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    Diversity and Distribution of Spa types among Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolated from Humans and Livestock in Kabale District - South Western Uganda
    (Research Square, 2021) Baguma, Andrew; Musinguzi, Benson; Orikiriza, Patrick; Bazira, Joel
    S. aureus is a skin and mucosal bacterial commensal of both humans and animals which has evolved as an important pathogen implicated to cause various infections. High levels of antibiotic use have resulted into multi-drug resistance MRSA, especially among HA-MRSA, CA-and LA - MRSA. Awareness on coexistence and diversity of MRSA clones among humans and household Livestock particularly cattle and swine in our region is limited. We used spa typing method to determine spa diversity, distribution and coexistence in outpatients, household contacts and respective livestock (cattle and swine) in Kabale region, south western Uganda. This was a cross sectional study by design consisting of outpatients, household contacts and livestock. Outpatients (n =100) colonized with MRSA were traced back to their respective homesteads where household members, domestic cattle, and, swine were tested for S. aureus and subsequently MRSA colonization. High-resolution DNA melting analysis was used to determine spa types among MRSA isolates. Overlap of MRSA isolates among humans and livestock was based on the presence of similar spa types. A total of 3371 S.aureus isolates were collected from outpatients (n =376), household contacts (n = 1531), Cattle (n = 1159) and Swine (n = 305), among which 482 had mecA gene where 27% (100/376) and 8% (123/1531) were outpatients and household contacts respectively while 11% (132/1159) and 42% (127/305) were cattle and swine respectively. Twenty different spa types were identified; t034, t4677, t108, t1451, t9377, t1081, t040, t701, t041, t002, t044, t037,t121, t127, t922, t032, t019, t018, t012 and t030, among which t034 (109/482), t4677 (53/482), t9377 (63/482) and t1081 (53/482) were most prevalent and distributed among human and livestock. All the MRSA isolates were multidrug resistant to antibiotics tested. In Kabale region, there is high diversity of spa types among MRSA. Presence of similar spa types was found circulating among humans and their respective livestock which demonstrates a possible bidirectional transmission. Presence of MDR - MRSA highlights the need for effective prevention and control of MRSA among livestock and in the community using One Health approach.
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    Evaluation of the Deki Reader™, an automated RDT reader and data management device, in a household survey setting in low malaria endemic southwestern Uganda
    (Malaria Journal, 2017) Oyet, Caesar; Roh, Michelle E.; Kiwanuka, Gertrude N.; Orikiriza, Patrick; Wade, Martina; Parikh, Sunil; Mwanga‑Amumpaire, Juliet; Boum, Yap
    Early diagnosis of suspected malaria cases with a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) has been shown to be an effective malaria control tool used in many resource-constrained settings. However, poor quality control and quality assurance hinder the accurate reporting of malaria diagnoses. Recent use of a portable, battery operated RDT reader (Deki Reader™, Fio Corporation) has shown to have high agreement with visual inspection across diverse health centre settings, however evidence of its feasibility and usability during cross sectional surveys are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the Deki Reader™ in a cross-sectional survey of children from southwestern Uganda. Methods: A two-stage, stratified cluster sampling survey was conducted between July and October 2014 in three districts of southwestern Uganda, with varying malaria transmission intensities. A total of 566 children aged 6–59 months were included in the analysis. Blood samples were collected and tested for malaria using: the SD Bioline Malaria Ag Pf/Pan RDT and microscopy. Results were compared between visual inspection of the RDT and by the Deki Reader™. Diagnostic performance of both methods were compared to gold-standard microscopy. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of the Deki Reader™ was 94.1% (95% CI 69.2–99.6%) and 95.6% (95% CI 93.4–97.1%), respectively. The overall percent agreement between the Deki Reader™ and visual RDT inspection was 98.9% (95% CI 93.2–99.8), with kappa statistic of 0.92 (95% CI 0.85–0.98). Conclusions: The findings from this study suggest that the Deki Reader™ is comparable to visual inspection and performs well in detecting microscopy-positive Plasmodium falciparum cases in a household survey setting. However, the reader’s performance was highly dependent on ensuring adequate battery life and a work environment free of dirt particles.
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    Prevalence of antibodies to Brucella species in commercial raw bovine milk in Southwestern Uganda
    (BMC Research Notes, 2017) Kamwine, Monicah; Orikiriza, Patrick; Taseera, Kabanda; Iramiot, Jacob Stanley; Ojuka, Patrick; Ikiriza, Steven; Atwebembeire, Jeninah; Otieno, Duncan; Tweshengyereze, Silver; Mwanga‑Amumpaire, Juliet; Bazira, Joel; Boum II, Yap
    The purpose and objective of this research was to explore the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella species in raw milk samples collected in Southwestern Uganda, one of the biggest milk producing regions in the Country. We hypothesized that there is a high level of antibodies in milk samples from this region. This builds more evidence to other studies in the region on the level contamination of raw milk. Results: A total of 185 raw milk samples, collected from dairy farms and factories in southwestern region, were tested for antibodies to Brucella spp. using the milk ring test (MRT) and indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (i-ELISA).We found a prevalence of 26.5% (49/185) by the two methods. This is related to previous reports in the region and adds more evidence on the need for further investigations to confirm the source of these antibodies and their relationship with disease in milk producing animals.