Browsing by Author "Openja, Moses"

Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    Clone-Based Variability Management in the Android Ecosystem
    (IEEE, 2018) Businge, John; Openja, Moses; Nadi, Sarah; Bainomugisha, Engineer; Berger, Thorsten
    Abstract—Mobile app developers often need to create variants to account for different customer segments, payment models or functionalities. A common strategy is to clone (or fork) an existing app and then adapt it to new requirements. This form of reuse has been enhanced with the advent of social-coding platforms such as Github, cultivating a more systematic reuse. Different facilities, such as forks, pull requests, and cross-project traceability support clone-based development. Unfortunately, even though, many apps are known to be maintained in many variants, little is known about how practitioners manage variants of mobile apps. We present a study that explores clone-based reuse practices for open-source Android apps. We identified and analyzed families of apps that are maintained together and that exist both on the official app store (Google Play) as well as on Github, allowing us to analyze reuse practices in depth. We mined both repositories to identify app families and to study their characteristics, including their variabilities as well as codepropagation practices and maintainer relationships. We found that, indeed, app families exist and that forked app variants fall into the following categories: (i) re-branding and simple customizations, (ii) feature extension, (iii) supporting of the mainline app, and (iv) implementation of different, but related features. Other notable characteristic of the app families we discovered include: (i) 73% of the app families did not perform any form of code propagation, and (ii) 74% of the app families we studied do not have common maintainers.
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    How Stable are Eclipse Application Framework Internal Interfaces?
    (IEEE, 2019) Businge, John; Kawuma, Simon; Openja, Moses; Bainomugisha, Engineer; Serebrenik, lexander
    Eclipse framework provides two interfaces: stable interfaces (APIs) and unstable interfaces (non-APIs). Despite the non-APIs being discouraged and unsupported, their usage is not uncommon. Previous studies showed that applications using relatively old non-APIs are more likely to be compatible with new releases compared to the ones that used newly introduced non-APIs; that the growth rate of non-APIs is nearly twice as much as that of APIs; and that the promotion of non-API to APIs happens at a slow pace since API providers have no assistance to identify public interface candidates. Motivated by these findings, our main aim was to empirically investigate the entire population (2,380K) of non-APIs to find the non-APIs that remain stable for a long period of time. We employ cross-project clone detection to identify whether non- APIs introduced in a given Eclipse release remain stable over successive releases. We provide a dataset of 327K stable non- API methods that can be used by both Eclipse interface providers as possible candidates of promotion. Instead of promoting non- APIs which are too fine-grained, we summarized the non-API methods groups in given classes that are stable together and present class-level non-APIs that possible candidates promotion. We have shown that it is possible to predict the stability of a non-API in subsequent Eclipse releases with a precision of 56%, a recall of 96% and an AUC of 92% and an Fmeasure of 81%. We have also shown that the metrics of length of a method and number of method parameters in a non- API method are very good predictors for the stability of the non-API in successive Eclipse releases. The results provided can help the API providers to estimate a priori how much work could be involved in performing the promotion
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    How Stable are Eclipse Application Framework Internal Interfaces?
    (IEEE, 2019) Businge, John; Kawuma, Simon; Openja, Moses; Bainomugisha, Engineer; Serebrenik, Alexander
    Eclipse framework provides two interfaces: stable interfaces (APIs) and unstable interfaces (non-APIs). Despite the non-APIs being discouraged and unsupported, their usage is not uncommon. Previous studies showed that applications using relatively old non-APIs are more likely to be compatible with new releases compared to the ones that used newly introduced non-APIs; that the growth rate of non-APIs is nearly twice as much as that of APIs; and that the promotion of non-API to APIs happens at a slow pace since API providers have no assistance to identify public interface candidates. Motivated by these findings, our main aim was to empirically investigate the entire population (2,380K) of non-APIs to find the non-APIs that remain stable for a long period of time. We employ cross-project clone detection to identify whether non- APIs introduced in a given Eclipse release remain stable over successive releases. We provide a dataset of 327K stable non- API methods that can be used by both Eclipse interface providers as possible candidates of promotion. Instead of promoting non- APIs which are too fine-grained, we summarized the non-API methods groups in given classes that are stable together and present class-level non-APIs that possible candidates promotion. We have shown that it is possible to predict the stability of a non-API in subsequent Eclipse releases with a precision of 56%, a recall of 96% and an AUC of 92% and an Fmeasure of 81%. We have also shown that the metrics of length of a method and number of method parameters in a non- API method are very good predictors for the stability of the non-API in successive Eclipse releases. The results provided can help the API providers to estimate a priori how much work could be involved in performing the promotion.
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    Reuse and maintenance practices among divergent forks in three software ecosystems
    (Empirical Software Engineering, 2022) Businge, John; Openja, Moses; Nadi, Sarah; Berger, Thorsten
    With the rise of social coding platforms that rely on distributed version control systems, software reuse is also on the rise. Many software developers leverage this reuse by creating variants through forking, to account for different customer needs, markets, or environments. Forked variants then form a so-called software family; they share a common code base and are maintained in parallel by same or different developers. As such, software families can easily arise within software ecosystems, which are large collections of interdependent software components maintained by communities of collaborating contributors. However, little is known about the existence and characteristics of such families within ecosystems, especially about their maintenance practices. Improving our empirical understanding of such families will help build better tools for maintaining and evolving such families. We empirically explore maintenance practices in such fork-based software families within ecosystems of open-source software. Our focus is on three of the largest software ecosystems existence today: Android, .NET, and JavaScript. We identify and analyze software families that are maintained together and that exist both on the official distribution platform (Google play, nuget, and npm) as well as on GitHub , allowing us to analyze reuse practices in depth. We mine and identify 38 software families, 526 software families, and 8,837 software families from the ecosystems of Android, .NET, and JavaScript, to study their characteristics and code-propagation practices. We provide scripts for analyzing code integration within our families. Interestingly, our results show that there is little code integration across the studied software families from the three ecosystems. Our studied families also show that techniques of direct integration using git outside of GitHub is more commonly used than GitHub pull requests. Overall, we hope to raise awareness about the existence of software families within larger ecosystems of software, calling for further research and better tools support to effectively maintain and evolve them.
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    Studying Android App Popularity by Cross-Linking GitHub and Google Play Store
    (IEEE, 2019) Businge, John; Openja, Moses; Kavalery, David; Bainomugisha, Engineer; Khomh, Foutse; Filkov, Vladimir
    The incredible success of the mobile App economy has been attracting software developers hoping for new or repeated success. Surviving in the fierce competitive App market involves in part planning ahead of time for the success of the App on the marketplace. Prior research has shown that App success can be viewed through its proxy–popularity. An important question, then, is what factors differentiates popular from unpopular Apps? GitHub, a software project forge, and Google Play store, an app market, are both crowdsourced, and provide some publicly available data that can be used to crosslink source code and app download popularity. In this study, we examined how technical and social features of Open Source Software Apps, mined from two crowdsourced websites, relate to App popularity. We observed that both the technical and the social factors play significant roles in explaining App popularity. However, the combined factors have a low effect size in explaining App popularity, as measured by average user rating on Google Play. Interestingly on GitHub, we found that social factors have a higher power in explaining the popularity compared to all the technical factors we investigated.