Browsing by Author "Okot, M. W."

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    Characterization of the Chemical Composition of Raw and Treated Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) and Java Plum (Syzygium Cumini) Beans for Poultry Feeding
    (Journal of Animal Science Advances, 2014) Ndyomugyenyi, E. K.; Okot, M. W.; Mutetikka, D.
    The chemical composition of Jackfruit beans (JFB) and Java plum beans (JPB) was investigated to establish their nutritive value for poultry. The beans were soaked in water before subjecting them to the following treatments: fermented in presence of wood ash (SFWA); boiled (SB); roasted (SR); autoclaved (SA); fermented after boiling (SBF); roasted after fermentation (SFR); and a combination of boiling, fermentation and roasting (SBFR). Screening to identify phytochemical compounds and quantify anti-nutrients in the raw beans; determining the content of anti-nutrients in treated beans were conducted. Additionally, proximate composition, minerals, and metabolisable energy (ME) of raw and treated beans were determined. Most (>70%) phytochemical compounds in raw JFB and JPB were anti-nutrients and included sterols, triterpenes, courmarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and steroid glycosides. Raw JFB and JPB had 1.11, 2.44% tannins; 1.00, 1.54 % oxalates; 0.754, 0.714% phytates respectively. Tannins in raw JFB were reduced by 88.7, 88.5, 85.9 and 84.5% in SFR, SBF, SB and SBFR treatments respectively. Oxalates in JFB were reduced by 85.3% and 81.2% in SBF and SBFR treatments respectively. Proximate composition, minerals, and ME of raw JFB and JPB was 92.5, 91.0% DM; 15.1, 4.42% CP; 0.983, 0.400% EE; 4.20, 3.44% CF; 3.78, 2.17% ash; 74.0, 88.6% NFE; 13.3, 13.2 MJ/kg ME; 0.456, 0.430% Na; 0.611, 0.481% Ca; 0.222, 0.088% P; 1.53, 0.895% K respectively. The method of treatment had no effect (P˃0.05) on CF of JFB. Method of treatment had a significant (P˂0.05) effect on CP, NFE, ME, DM, ash, P, K, Na, and Ca for JFB. Method of treatment had no significant (P˃0.05) effect on CF and CP for JPB but DM, ash, EE, NFE, ME, P, K, Na, and Ca were affected (P˂0.05). The SBF and SBFR reduced tannins and oxalates from raw JFB by more than 80%. The major nutrient in JFB and JPB is energy.
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    Evaluation of the Nutritional Value of Soaked-Boiled-Fermented Java Plum (Syzygium Cumini) Seed Meal for Poultry
    (African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2016) Ndyomugyenyi, E. K.; Okot, M. W.; Mutetikka, D.
    Chemical analysis, apparent metabolizable energy (MEn), and one feeding trial were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of Java plum seeds (JPS) that had been subjected to a combination of soaking, boiling, and fermentation (SBF). Five broiler starter diets were formulated with the processed Java plum seed meal (JPSM) comprising 0, 80, 160, 240, and 320 g/kg of the diet. The JPS before and after processing contained 910±5.30 and 888±6.10 g DM; 44.2±0.940 and 48.1±1.02 g CP; 886±9.90 and 888±6.54 g NFE; and 13.2± 0.165 and 13.3±0.154 MJ calculated metabolizable energy; 24.4±1.33 and 9.17±0.940 g tannins per kg, respectively. The MEn value of the processed JPSM was 14.7±0.973 MJ/kg. Feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), and feed efficiency (FCR) of broiler chicks decreased (R2 ˃ 0.850) with increasing JPSM in the diet. At 80 and 320 g/kg inclusion, FI, WG, and FCR were depressed by 16.0 and 34.1%, 20.2 and 42.5%, and 4.90 and 12.5%, respectively. Liver, heart, and pancreas weights relative to body weight were not significantly (P ˃ 0.05) affected. However, caecum, gizzard, and intestine weights increased (R2 ˃ 0.800), while the heart weight decreased (R2 = 0.772) with increasing JPSM in the diet. At 80 and 320 g/kg JPSM inclusion, weights of caecum, intestine, and gizzard increased by 48.5 and 68.2%, 18.8 and 43.5%, and 9.55 and 19.2%, respectively. Inclusion of JPSM in chick diets adversely (P < 0.05) affected nitrogen retention (NR), nitrogen digestibility (ND), dry matter digestibility (DMD), and excreta water content (EWC). At 320 g/kg JPSM inclusion, NR, ND, DMD, and EWC were depressed by 30.8, 12.6, 0.42, and 2.45%, respectively. No mortality was recorded at 320 g/kg JPSM inclusion. The SBF did not improve the nutritional value of JPS for poultry production.
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    The Nutritional Value of Soaked-Boiled-Fermented Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) Seed Meal for Poultry
    (Journal of Animal and Poultry Sciences, 2015) Ndyomugyenyi, E. K.; Okot, M. W.; Mutetikka, D.
    Chemical analysis, apparent metabolizable energy and one feeding trial were conducted to assess the nutritional value of jackfruit seeds that had been subjected to a combination of soaking, boiling, followed by fermentation. In the feeding trial, five broiler starter diets were formulated with the processed jackfruit seed meal constituting 0, 80, 160, 240 and 320 g/kg of the diet. The jackfruit seeds before and after processing contained 151, 140 g crude protein; 740, 747 g total carbohydrates; 11.1, 1.28 g tannins; 10.0, 1.47 g total oxalates per kg respectively. The apparent metabolizable energy value of the processed jackfruit seed meal was 2368±315 Kcal/kg. Inclusion of the processed jackfruit seed meal affected chick growth, nutrient utilization and organ weights relative to body weight. At 80 and 320 g/kg inclusion, weight gain and feed/gain were depressed by 5.2, 42.1%; 6.2, 40.7% respectively. Feed intake was not affected up to 240 g/kg inclusion but reduced by 18.3% at 320 g/kg. Except for gizzard; weights of liver, caecum, heart, intestines and pancreas were affected. At 80 and 320 g/kg inclusion; weights of caecum, intestine, pancreas and gizzard increased by 69.4, 113.9%; 4.5, 43.2%; 7.3, 46.3%; 11.3, 14.6%, while liver and heart were reduced by 7.7, 22.2%; 27.9, 34.2% respectively. Apart from nitrogen retention; nitrogen digestibility, dry matter digestibility and excreta water content were not affected. Nitrogen retention increased by 38.5% at 320 g/kg inclusion. Processing reduced tannins and oxalates from jackfruit seeds by over 85%. The processed jackfruit seed meal can be included in poultry diets at levels up to 80 g/kg without compromising with: feed intake, feed efficiency, daily weight gain and nutrient utilization. Although the cost per kg gain of birds increased with jackfruit seed meal inclusion, the seeds will eventually be readily available at low or no cost. However, for economic efficiency the cost of collection and treatment should be put into consideration