Browsing by Author "Nyanzi, Steven A."
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Item Comparative study of in-vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical composition of Sida cuneifolia fruits, leaves, and stem bark extracts(International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2014) Nalubega, Rebecca; Nyanzi, Steven A.; Nakavuma, Jesca L.Background: Sida cuneifolia plant parts are important in ethno-veterinary medicine, but no studies exist on a comparative evaluation of phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of fruits, stem bark and leaves. This study evaluated and compared extraction yields, phytochemical composition as well as antibacterial and antifungal properties of ether, methanol and aqueous crude extracts of fruits, leaves, and stem bark of S. cuneifolia. Methods: Yields of extracts were determined, and qualitative phytochemical screening tests were carried out to establish their composition. Crude extracts were screened against five bacteria and two fungi. Agar disk diffusion technique was used to determine the inhibition zone diameters. Broth micro-dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). Results: Triterpene aglycones, sterols, tannins, athracene derivatives, polyuronides and glucides were found in intense mounts in S. cuneifolia fruits. Leaves contained intense amounts of carotenoids, tannins, polyuronides and coumarin derivatives. For the leaves, methanol extracts had MICs and MBCs as low as (≤3.13 mg/ml) against the majority (6/7) microorganisms hence had the best activity. Considering the stem bark, the ether extracts had the best antimicrobial activity with MICs as low as ≤3.13 mg/ml against 6/7 microorganisms. For the fruits, the ether extracts had the best antibacterial activity with MICs and MBCs as low as (≤3.13 mg/ml) against all tested bacteria. Conclusion: The study provides scientific evidence for ethno-veterinary use of S. cuneifolia leaves, fruits and stem bark, and this can be exploited in the transformative development of ethno-medicine.Item DDT and metabolites in fish from Lake Edward, Uganda(Chemosphere, 2009) Ssebugere, Patrick; Kiremire, Bernard T.; Kishimba, Michael; Wandiga, Shem O.; Nyanzi, Steven A.This paper presents results based on determination of residue levels of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl]ethane (DDT) and its metabolites in five fish species from Rwenshama landing site on Lake Edward, Uganda. The residue levels were analysed by using a GC-ECD and confirmed by GC–MS. The DDT residues detected in fish samples from Lake Edward were p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD and o,p′-DDD. All the analysed samples of fish presented mean DDT residues ranging from non-detectable levels to 68 μg kg−1 fresh weight. High levels of p,p′-DDT were detected in comparison to the metabolites (p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDD). The detection of higher levels of p,p′-DDT than p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDD, in most fish samples, suggests recent exposure of fish to DDT. Generally, most of the fish samples had residue levels below the maximum residue limits (MRL) recommended by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.Item Ethno-Nomenclature of the Shea Tree (Vitellaria Paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) and Its Products in the Shea Zones of Uganda(Global J Res. Med. Plants & Indigen. Med., 2012) Omujal, Francis; Agea, Jacob G.; Mulugo, Lucy W.; Vuzi, Peter C.; Namutebi, Agnes; Okello, John B. A.; Okonye, Godman; Nyanzi, Steven A.; Okullo, John B. L.A cross sectional survey was conducted in north-eastern Shea zones of Uganda to assess ethnonomenclature of the Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F.Gaertn.) and products. The largely qualitative study that involved a total of six different ethnic groups was analyzed using emerging themes and patterns. Findings collected through individual and group interviews revealed variations and similarities in the ethno names. There was a wide variation in ethno-names of the Shea tree/products across and within the ethnic groups. The variations are explained by differences in languages spoken as well as dialects across the ethnic groups. It could also be a reflection of extensive range of occurrence of the Shea trees. Some ethnic groups e.g. Acholi and Langi; Madi and Lugbara had some similarities in the ethno-names. The similarity seemed to be explained by shared historical background and frequent interactions. Migration, intermarriages and frequent trade interactions had a contribution to the similarities between the ethnic groups. This study, however, did not investigate into the meanings of the ethno names, an area that should be taken up for further research.Item Ethnobotanical uses of Lantana trifolia L. and Sida cuneifolia Roxb. in Mukungwe and Wabinyonyi sub-counties of central Uganda(Journal of Complementary Medicine Research, 1970) Nalubega, Rebecca; Nyanzi, Steven A.; Nakavuma, Jesca L.; Kamatenesi-Mugisha, MaudAim: This was an ethnobotanical study that was carried out to establish the traditional uses of Lantana trifolia L. and Sida cuneifolia Roxb. plants in selected parts of Central Uganda. Methods: The ethnobotanical study was done in August and September, 2012 in Mukungwe and Wabinyonyi sub-counties in Masaka and Nakasongola Districts respectively located in Central Uganda. Study sites and respondents were purposefully selected and information was obtained through semi-structured interview guides, key informant interview guides as well as observations. Eighty respondents were considered for semi-structured interviews and 15 for key informant interviews. Results: Seven ethnobotanical uses for Lantana trifolia were cited by respondents and majority (46.25%) of them used it as a herbal remedy. As a herbal remedy, Lantana trifolia managed 13 human disease conditions and mainly used in the management of cough and common colds by 22.5% of the respondents. Four ethnobotanical uses were cited for Sida cuneifolia and majority of the respondents (62.5%) used it as a herbal remedy as well as sweeping brooms. As a herbal remedy, Sida cuneifolia was reported to be useful in management of 12 disease conditions, fractures and sprains (bone setting) being mentioned by the majority of the of respondents (36.25 %). Conclusion: In conclusion, Lantana trifolia and Sida cuneifolia were culturally important ethnomedicines. Scientific validation of traditional claims as well as conservation of these plants should be encouraged in order to preserve and promote their use.Item Organochlorine pesticide residues in skin, flesh and whole carrots (Daucus carota) from markets around Lake Victoria basin, Uganda(International journal of environmental studies, 2013) Nannyonga, Stella; Kiremire, Bernard T.; Ogwok, Patrick; Nyanzi, Steven A.; Sserunjogi, Mohammed L.; Wasswa, JohnResidual concentrations of organochlorine pesticides in vegetables cause concern because of their adverse health effects. Pesticides have been applied in agricultural production and vector control in Uganda. Vegetables may absorb high residual levels of cyclodienes necessitating regular monitoring. Carrots are commonly consumed in Uganda as raw salads or components of different dishes. A gas chromatograph with electron capture detector was used to quantify organochlorine pesticides. Pesticide residues were confirmed by gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer. Trace amounts of 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), 2,4′-DDT, 2,4′-dichlorodiphenylchloroethane (DDE), α- endosulphan, β-endosulphan, α-lindane, γ-lindane and dieldrin were detected in carrots. Levels of organochlorine residues in carrots were below the maximum residue limits considered safe for human consumption by Codex Alimentarius and the European Union Commission.Item Organochlorine pesticides in soils from south-western Uganda(Chemosphere, 2010) Ssebugere, Patrick; Wasswa, John; Mbabazi, Jolocam; Nyanzi, Steven A.; Kiremire, Bernard T.; Marco, John A.M.Organochlorine (OC) residues were analysed in soil samples collected from Kihiihi sub-county, Kanungu District, which is located in south-western Uganda. Mabira Central Forest Reserve which is located in central Uganda was used as a reference site in this study. The samples were collected at 15–20 cm depths below the soil surface and extracted with organic solvents. The extracts were cleaned using florisil, and were analysed using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD). The results were confirmed using a GC equipped with a mass spectrometer (MS). The levels of the OC residues in soil from Kihiihi sub-county varied from non-detectable (ND) to 59 μg kg−1 dry weight. The frequencies of detection for p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDD in the total soil samples were 47%, 24% and 11%, respectively. The o,p′compounds were detected in the following frequencies: o,p′-DDT (23%), o,p′-DDE (19%) and o,p′-DDD (8%). The low p,p′-DDE/p,p′-DDT residue ratios (0.2–0.9) in Kihiihi samples suggest recent inputs of DDT in Kihiihi sub-county. The detection frequencies for dieldrin, endosulfan-α, -β and -sulphate in the soil samples were 21%, 26%, 31% and 19%, respectively. Mabira Forest Reserve soils showed detection frequencies of p,p′-DDT (5%) and p,p′-DDE (9% of the soil samples), varying from ND to 9 μg kg−1. Although the use of OCPs has been banned, our results show that they can still be detected in the environment. Their presence may be attributed to adulteration of pesticides which are not banned and also atmospheric deposition.