Browsing by Author "Ntale, Muhammad"
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Item Characterization and Hydrocarbon Identification of Liquid Fuel from Mixed Waste Plastics at Different Heating Time Intervals(International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 2016) Kigozi, Moses; Wasswa, John; Ntale, Muhammad; Nkedi-Kizza, PeterMixed waste plastics which included High Density Polyethylene ((HDPE), Low Density Polyethyline (LDPE),Polystyrene (PS), Polypropylene (PP), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) were investigated for production, characterization and hydrocarbon identification of fuel obtained from the plastics by catalytic pyrolysis. Silica-alumina was used as the catalyst. The mixed waste plastics were heatedfor one hour and two hours of contact time. The operation temperatures ranged between 250oC to 370oC giving a yellowish liquid after condensing the vapors with a chiller at 5oC. The reactor was connected to a fractionating column of one meter long and then to the condenser. The production ranged between 58 to 73% liquid, 18 to 34% cake and the rest was estimated as gas. The samples were investigated with different parameters based on diesel standards due to the wide range of hydrocarbon content. The parameters showed acceptable average ranges; cloud point 4oC, flash point 79.4 oC, kinematic viscosity 2.18 mm2/s, sulfated ash 4.7x10-5%, copper strip corrosion 1a, cetane number 63, acid number 72.9 μg and densities of 0.785 g/cm3. The identification of the hydrocarbons showed that the fuel falls into four classes of fuel which include diesel, aviation, naphtha and oil due to the range of hydrocarbons from C8 to C28 when analyzed with GC/MS and named from GC libraryItem Chronic alcohol use affects therapeutic steady state plasma drug concentrations of stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine in HIV-infected patients during 9 months follow up period: WHO AUDIT tool application(International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2013) Bbosa, Godfrey S.; Kyegombe, David B.; Anokbonggo, William W.; Ntale, Muhammad; Musoke, David; Odda, John; Lubega, Aloysius; Ogwal-Okeng, JasperChronic alcohol consumption is a common problem among the HIV-infected patients on HAART. The study determined the effect of chronic alcohol use on steady state plasma drug concentrations of stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC) and nevirapine (NVP) in HIV-infected patients during the 9 months follow up period. It also determined whether there were some patients with undetectable plasma drug concentrations in their plasma during the follow up. A case control using repeated measures design with serial measurements model, where plasma drug concentrations were measured at 3 month intervals was used. Chronic alcohol-use using WHO AUDIT tool was used to screen patients. A total of 41 patients (21 alcohol group and 20 control group) were followed up for 9 months with blood sampling done at 3 month intervals. The Shimadzu Class-VPTM HPLC Chromatography data system version 6.1 equipment with UV detector was used to measure the plasma drug concentrations. Data was analyzed using SAS 2003 version 9.1 statistical package with repeated measures fixed the model and means were compared using the student t-test. The mean steady state plasma concentration of both d4T and 3TC in chronic alcohol use group were lower than in the control group all throughout the 9 months period of follow-up. The mean steady state plasma drug concentrations of NVP were higher in the alcohol group at 0 and 3 months and lower in the 6 and 9 months as compared to the control group. The mean total plasma NVP concentration was higher in the chronic alcohol group as compared to the control group and the difference was statistically significant (p≤0.05). However some patients had undetectable plasma drug concentrations despite of having ≥ 95 % adherence rate. Chronic alcohol use by the HIV-infected patients lowers the steady state plasma drug concentrations of d4T, 3TC and NVP in patients.Item Does chronic alcohol use by HIV-infected patients on d4T/3TC/NVP drug regimen effect the HIV viral load and what is the therapeutic window of the drugs, CD4+ count and WBC count in patients with high viral load during the 9 months period of follow up?(International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2013) Bbosa, Godfrey S.; Anokbonggo, William W.; Kyegombe, David B.; Ntale, Muhammad; Mugisha, Apollo; Musoke, David; Ogwal-Okeng, JasperThe study investigated the effects of chronic alcohol use on HIV viral load in HIV-infected patients on d4T/3TC/NVP drug regimen during 9 months follow up period. It also determined plasma drug concentrations of d4T, 3TC and NVP; CD4+ and WBC counts for patients with high HIV viral load. A case-control study using repeated measures with serial measurements was used. A total of 41 patients (20 alcohol group and 21 control group) were screened for alcohol use using WHO AUDIT tool and chronic alcohol use biomarkers. Blood sampling was done at 3 month intervals for a period of 9 months. HIV viral load was determined using Roche Amplicor HIV-1 monitor test, version 1.5 (Amplicor). The d4T, 3TC and NVP concentrations were determined by Shimadzu Class-VPTM HPLC Chromatography data system version 6.1. The CD4+ cell count was determined using FACSCalibur flow cytometer. The WBC was determined using automated hematological Coulter CBC-5 Hematology Analyzer system. Results show that % patients with HIV viral load ≥400 copies/ml in control group was highest (23.8%, n=5) at 3 month while in chronic alcohol use group, it was at 0 month (35%, n=7) for both WHO AUDIT tool and chronic alcohol-use biomarkers groups. Generally patients with high viral load ≥400 copies/ml was observed in chronic alcohol use as compared to control group in both WHO AUDIT tool and biomarkers group despite of patients having high steady state d4T, 3TC and NVP plasma drug concentrations in circulation that is available to suppress HIV virus. The high viral load could be associated with the emergence of resistance of the HIV virus and these patients generally had a low CD4+ cell count. Some of these patients had no detectable d4T plasma drug concentrations in circulation and most of them with high viral load had sub-therapeutic NVP plasma drug concentrations in their blood circulation. Chronic ethanol use by HIV-infected patients on d4T/3TC/NVP drug regimen increased HIV viral load and the patients with high viral load had sub-therapeutic NVP plasma drug concentrations and some with undetectable d4T drug concentrations in their blood circulation.Item Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of the Stannate(Iv)-Polyol Reaction(Chemical Society of Ethiopia, 2010) Mbabazi, Jolocam; Wasswa, John; Ntale, MuhammadThe stability constants of 1:1 stannate(IV)-polyol complexes in aqueous media have been determined using a conductimetric technique. The constants are fairly large, and lie in the range 5.3-123.0 for the ten ligands investigated. These values were subsequently used in conjunction with kinetic data to postulate a mechanism involving the species Sn(OH)5 as intermediate in the formation of the chelates. The stannate(IV)- polyol reaction, though taking place at higher pH values, is acid-catalysed and follows first-order kinetics in the oxyanion, but at large ligand-oxyanion mole ratios the reaction exhibits zero-order rate dependence on the polyol. These features taken together are consistent with a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution on the oxyanion.Item Field-adapted sampling of whole blood to determine the levels of amodiaquine and its metabolite in children with uncomplicated malaria treated with amodiaquine plus artesunate combination(Malaria journal, 2009) Ntale, Muhammad; Obua, Celestino; Mukonzo, Jackson; Mahindi, Margarita; Gustafsson, Lars L.; Beck, Olof; Ogwal- Okeng, Jasper W.Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) has been widely adopted as first-line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. In Uganda, amodiaquine plus artesunate (AQ+AS), is the alternative first-line regimen to Coartem® (artemether + lumefantrine) for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Currently, there are few field-adapted analytical techniques for monitoring amodiaquine utilization in patients. This study evaluates the field applicability of a new method to determine amodiaquine and its metabolite concentrations in whole blood dried on filter paper. Methods: Twelve patients aged between 1.5 to 8 years with uncomplicated malaria received three standard oral doses of AQ+AS. Filter paper blood samples were collected before drug intake and at six different time points over 28 days period. A new field-adapted sampling procedure and liquid chromatographic method was used for quantitative determination of amodiaquine and its metabolite in whole blood. Results: The sampling procedure was successively applied in the field. Amodiaquine could be quantified for at least three days and the metabolite up to 28 days. All parasites in all the 12 patients cleared within the first three days of treatment and no adverse drug effects were observed. Conclusion: The methodology is suitable for field studies. The possibility to determine the concentration of the active metabolite of amodiaquine up to 28 days suggested that the method is sensitive enough to monitor amodiaquine utilization in patients. Amodiaquine plus artesunate seems effective for treatment of falciparum malaria.Item Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation by Maize Grown on a Ferralsol Amended with Urban-Based Biosolid Wastes(Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 2021) Ntambi, Emmanuel; Ntale, Muhammad; Tenywa, John StephenOrganic waste materials as soil amendments are one of the topical approaches applauded for achieving sustainable agriculture world-over. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of urban-based biosolid waste (UBBW) application on heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn and Pb) bioaccumulation by maize (Zea mays L.) plants. A pot experiment was conducted three times, using an acid Ferralsol from Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute, Kabanyolo (MUARIK) in Uganda. Treatments included the application of three types of UBBW, namely sewage, brewery and abattoir, each applied independently at the rates of 0, 50 and 100 g per pot filled with 4 kg soil. This was equivalent to 0, 2.5 and 5.0 metric tonnes of dry materials per hectare. Phosphorus fertiliser was also applied at 0, 0.795 and 1.591 g P per pot, equivalent to rates of 0, 25 and 50 kg P ha-1. The brewery waste applied at rates ≥ 2.5 t·ha-1 and phosphorus at 25 kg P ha-1 resulted in shoot Cu concentrations below the World Health Organisation (WHO) safe limit (73.3 mg·kg-1); and Zn slightly above the WHO safe limit (99.4 mg·kg-1). In contrast, the concentrations of chromium in the maize plants were well above the WHO safe limit (2.3 mg·kg-1), irrespective of the applied type of UBBW. Shoot metal bioaccumulation followed the order zinc > copper > chromium, with Pb being below the detection limit. The safest UBBW was abattoir waste; while the least environmentally suitable was sewage waste. It is clear that irrespective of the type of UBBW, their application to Ferralsol causes less bioaccumulation of Pb and Cr in maize plants compared to Zn and Cu.Item In vitro Antibacterial Efficacy of Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides and Ocimum suave Extracts against HIV/AIDS Patients’ Oral Bacteria in South-Western Uganda(Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 2017) Ezeonwumelu, Joseph Obiezu Chukwujekwu; Ntale, Muhammad; Kasozi, Keneth Iceland; Byarugaba, FrederickThe objective of the study was to determine the antibacterial efficacy of Bidens pilosa Aqueous (BPA), Bidens pilosa Ethanolic (BPE), Ageratum conyzoides Aqueous (ACA), Ageratum conyzoides Ethanolic (ACE), Ocimum suave Aqueous (OSA) and Ocimum suave Ethanolic (OSE) extracts on HIV/AIDS patients’ oral bacteria. Healthy green leaves of the plants were collected in Ishaka Uganda, processed and portions separately extracted with hot distilled water and cold ethanol. The susceptibility, MIC and MBC of each extract were determined using standard protocols. The bacteria had significant (p < 0.05) respective total susceptibilities of 35 [28.7%] to BPA; 42 [34.4%] to BPE; 61 [50.0%] to ACA; 45 [36.9%] to ACE; 38 [31.1%] to OSA; 32 [26.3%] to OSE; 105 (86.0%)] to ceftriaxone. BPE, ACA, OSA, OSE and ceftriaxone had significant MIC with [F(1, 13); P = 0.00 and BPA with F(1, 13); P = 0.03]. BPE, ACA, ACE, OSA and ceftriaxone had significant MBC with [F(1, 13); P = 0.00 and BPA with F(1, 13); P = 0.01] on the test bacteria (MANOVA). These tested medicinal plants’ extracts and ceftriaxone had significant activity against oral bacteria with ACA having the best activity when compared with the control. However, the plants’ extracts were resisted by some of the bacteria. These findings validate the claims of efficacy of Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides and Ocimum suave on oral lesions of HIV/AIDS patients made by traditional healers and local people in South-Western Uganda. We recommend a detailed study of structural identities and activities of the active antibacterial principle(s) in these plants for possible new drug entities and verification of the interactive effects of the principle(s) with ARVs and cotrimoxazole used daily by HIV/AIDS patients.Item A Review of Adsorption Techniques for Removal of Phosphates from Wastewater(Water Science & Technology, 2022) Usman, Mariam Onize; Aturagaba, Godwin; Ntale, Muhammad; Nyakairu, George WilliamPhosphate is considered the main cause of eutrophication and has received considerable attention recently. Several methods have been used for removal of phosphates in water and these include biological treatment, membrane filtration processes, chemical precipitation, and adsorption. Adsorption technology is highly effective in the removal of phosphate from wastewater even at low phosphate concentrations. Nanomaterials/nanoparticles, carbon-based materials (activated carbon and biochar), and their composites have been widely employed for the adsorptive removal and recovery of phosphate from wastewater due to their exceptional properties such as high surface area and high phosphate adsorption properties. This article is a review of the recently reported literature in the field of nanotechnology and activated carbon for the adsorption of phosphate from wastewater. Highlights of the adsorption mechanisms, adsorption behaviour, experimental parameters, effects of co-existing ions, and adsorbent modifications are also discussed.Item Significant pharmacokinetic interactions between artemether/lumefantrine and efavirenz or nevirapine in HIV-infected Ugandan adults(Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2012) Byakika-Kibwika, Pauline; Lamorde, Mohammed; Mayito, Jonathan; Nabukeera, Lillian; Namakula, Rhoda; Mayanja-Kizza, Harriet; Katabira, Elly; Ntale, Muhammad; Pakker, Nadine; Ryan, Mairin; Hanpithakpong, Warunee; Tarning, Joel; Lindegardh, Niklas; Vries, Peter J. de; Khoo, Saye; Back, DavidCo-administration of artemether/lumefantrine with antiretroviral therapy has potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions. We investigated drug–drug interactions between artemether/lumefantrine and efavirenz or nevirapine. Methods: We performed a cross-over study in which HIV-infected adults received standard six-dose artemether/ lumefantrine 80/480 mg before and at efavirenz or nevirapine steady state. Artemether, dihydroartemisinin, lumefantrine, efavirenz and nevirapine plasma concentrations were measured and compared.Item Validity of self-reported use of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine intermittent presumptive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp): a cross-sectional study(Malaria Journal, 2012) Namusoke, Fatuma; Ntale, Muhammad; Wahlgren, Mats; Kironde, Fred; Mirembe, FlorenceMalaria in pregnancy is a major health problem that can cause maternal anaemia, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, low birth weight and intra-uterine stunting. The WHO recommends use of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) for intermittent preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy (IPTp) in endemic areas. Towards monitoring and assessing IPTp coverage in the population, the Roll Back Malaria Partnership recommends the use of self-reported data. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of self-reported IPTp by testing for sulphadoxine in maternal blood at delivery. Two hundred and four pregnant women were consented and enrolled in a cross-sectional study in Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala Uganda. - Participants who reported a history of taking sulpha-containing drugs like co-trimoxazole , those who were not sure of dates relating to last menstrual period or who took IPTp within the first 20 weeks of gestation were excluded from the study. Data on demographic characteristics, obstetric history, and delivery outcome were collected. At birth, maternal venous blood was taken off aseptically and used to make thick blood smears for malaria parasites and plasma for determining sulphadoxine using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).