Browsing by Author "Niwagaba, C.B."

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    Results of Faecal Sludge Analyses in Kampala, Uganda
    (eawag Aquatic research, 2014) Schoebitz, L.; Bischoff, F.; Ddiba, D.; Okello, F.; Nakazibwe, R.; Niwagaba, C.B.; Lohri, C.R.
    As part of a collaborative research project conducted by Eawag/Sandec and Makerere University, 180 faecal sludge samples were collected and analyzed in Kampala, Uganda from November 2013 to April 2014. Presented in this report are quantitative and qualitative results, alongside pictures of 76 samples taken in the laboratory and from the onsite location where samples were collected. This information is expected to be helpful to further understand the characteristics and variability of different sources of faecal sludge, and also to develop qualitative knowledge regarding the visual appearance of faecal sludge with different characteristics. Some of this data has been used in the preparation of a journal article (Schoebitz et al. submitted). We are also sharing it here, because to our knowledge it is the first time that such extensive knowledge of faecal sludge characteristics has been made openly available in one document. By the end of the sampling campaign, the research assistant who processed all of these samples was able to reliably predict the range of COD in the sample based on a qualitative visual analysis of foam, color and viscosity (but on odor). We are hoping that some of this laboratory experience can be transferred by sharing these results. Potentially this could lead to inexpensive field methods for estimated characterization of faecal sludge in the field or at treatment plant inlets in low-income countries. Viscosity and odor can be qualitative predictors of COD and total solids with long-term experience, and to a certain extent color.
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    Selection of sustainable sanitation technologies for urban slums — A case of Bwaise III in Kampala, Uganda
    (Science of the total environment, 2010) Katukiza, A.Y.; Ronteltap, M.; Oleja, A.; Niwagaba, C.B.; Kansiime, F.; Lens, P.N.L.
    Provision of sanitation solutions in theworld's urban slums is extremely challenging due to lack ofmoney, space, access and sense of ownership. This paper presents a technology selectionmethod thatwas used for the selection of appropriate sanitation solutions for urban slums. The method used in this paper takes into account sustainability criteria, including social acceptance, technological and physical applicability, economical and institutional aspects, and the need to protect and promote human health and the environment. The study was carried out inBwaise III; a slumarea in Kampala (Uganda). Thiswas through administering of questionnaires and focus group discussions to obtain baseline data, developing a database to compare different sanitation options using technology selection criteria and then performing a multi-criteria analysis of the technology options. Itwas found that 15% of the population uses a public pit latrine; 75% uses a shared toilet; and 10% has private, nonshared sanitation facilities. Using the selection method, technologies such as Urine Diversion Dry Toilet (UDDT) and biogas latrines were identified to be potentially feasible sanitation solutions for Bwaise III. Sanitation challenges for further research are also presented.
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    Social Marketing for Scaling-Up Sanitation for the Urban poor ~ A case of slum communities in Kawempe Division, Kampala City
    (IRC, Delft, The Netherlands, 2008) Kamara, I.T.; Sande,H.T.; Niwagaba, C.B.
    The paper presents experiences of using social marketing to improve sanitation in urban slum areas toscale up improved sanitation and hygiene practices. The work is conducted by Sustainable Sanitation andWater Renewal Systems (SSWARS), a local NGO supported by WaterAid Uganda and is implemented inthree parishes in Kawempe Division (District) in Kampala City. The parishes, like other slum areas inKampala are characterized by informal settlement patterns and are highly congested. Over 1.5 millionpeople, constituting about 60% of Kampala City are living in slums. Improper sanitation and hygienepractices are the manifest features in these communities as most households do not have latrines andhand washing facilities. In a study conducted by Action aid , close to 80% of slum dwellers in Kampalalack access to toilets. The incidence and prevalence of diarrhea, cholera and other infectious diseasesaccruing from poor sanitation and hygiene practices are the main epidemics in these areas with most riskburden being on children, pregnant women and the elderly people. SSWARS adopted sanitation socialmarketing techniques which consider sanitation as a social good and uses commercial marketingprinciples of product, price, promotion and place to promote sanitation and lure communities to activelyengage in improved sanitation and hygiene practices. Formative research studies and needs assessmentsare conducted in communities from which a variety of latrine options suiting different sites andaffordability conditions are developed and piloted, and Information, Education and Communications(IEC) materials are used to reach out to many people. An accessible supply chain was established usingtrained community masons and a community sanitation center (sani-center) where toilet option models,information and other resources on sanitation are accessed. A community sanitation revolving fundscheme was established, in which the poor people access funds strictly for constructing latrines, and payback in monthly installments (over a period of three to six months) to enable access by other communitymembers hence scaling-up the sanitation coverage. Communities were trained in waste recycling. Theseare consequently contributing to scaling-up sanitation, health improvement and poverty alleviation inthese areas.