Browsing by Author "Ndugwa, Christopher M."
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Item Detection of Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus DNA in Saliva and Buffy-Coat Samples from Children with Sickle Cell Disease in Uganda(The Journal of infectious diseases, 2004) Mbulaiteye, Sam M.; Pfeiffer, Ruth M.; Engels, Eric A.; Marshall, Vickie; Bakaki, Paul M.; Owor, Anchilla M.; Ndugwa, Christopher M.; Mbidde, Edward Katongole; Goedert, James J.; Biggar, Robert J.; Whitby, DeniseAmong 233 children, Kaposi sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV) DNA was detected in 43% of children seropositive for both K8.1 and orf73, in 29% of children seropositive for K8.1 only, in 14% of children seropositive for orf73 only, and in 7% of children seronegative for both K8.1 and orf73; among 228 mothers, KSHV DNA was detected in 27%, 25%, 4%, and 1%, respectively. KSHV DNA was detected more frequently and at higher levels in saliva than in buffy-coat samples and in children than in mothers. In both children and mothers, detection in saliva was associated with detection in peripheral blood. Detection was associated with K8.1 seropositivity, younger age, and high household density, indicating the importance of in-household person-to-person transmission, likely via saliva.Item Emerging epidemic of iatrogenic Acute Flaccid Paralysis in children under 15 years in Uganda(Pan African Medical Journal, 2012) Kisakye, Annet; Ndungutse, David; Byarugaba, Justus; Naddumba, Edward.K.; Mbabazi, William; Bakamutumaho, Barnabas; Bwogi, Josephine; Bakainaga, Andrew; Seruyange, Rachel; Mwesigye, Innocent; Ndugwa, Christopher M.Poliomyelitis a differential diagnosis of Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is a major disability. The prevalence of AFP associated with an intramuscular gluteal injection (s) among children below 15 years of age with fever reported through the AFP surveillance system between 2002 and 2008 in Uganda was studied. Methods A cross sectional study using AFP surveillance data. Any child aged below 15 years, who developed sudden flaccid paralysis between 1st January 2002 and 31st December 2008 was enrolled. NPEC conducted a desk review of completed AFP investigation forms for final classification. A case of an Injection Related Paralysis was defined as sudden onset of flaccid paralysis setting in within 72 hours of receipt of a gluteal intramuscular injection.Item High Levels of Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in Saliva and Peripheral Blood from Ugandan Mother-Child Pairs(The Journal of infectious diseases, 2006) Mbulaiteye, Sam M.; Walters, Michael; Engels, Eric A.; Bakaki, Paul M.; Ndugwa, Christopher M.; Owor, Anchilla M.; Goedert, James J.; Whitby, Denise; Biggar, Robert J.In Africa, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with Burkitt lymphoma. We measured levels of EBV DNA in saliva and buffy coats from 233 asymptomatic Ugandan children with sickle cell disease and their mothers by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. EBV DNA was detected in saliva from 90% of the children (median [interquartile range {IQR}] level, 5.2 [4.2–6.0] log10 copies/mL of saliva) and 79% of the mothers (median [IQR] level, 4.8 [3.7–5.6] log10 copies/mL of saliva) (P ! .001). EBV DNA was detected in buffy coats from 86% of the children (median [IQR] level, 2.5 [2.2–2.9] log10 copies/1 106 peripheral white blood cells [PWBCs]) and 72% of the mothers (median [IQR] level, 2.7 [2.4–3.1] log10 copies/1 106 PWBCs) (Pp.24). Detection of EBV DNA in saliva was positively correlated with detection in buffy coats. EBV DNA was detected more frequently in saliva and buffy coats than was human herpesvirus 8 DNA. Our results indicate that EBV infection persists, with virus readily detectable in saliva and buffy coats from persons without apparent symptoms in Africa.Item Plasma magnesium is inversely associated with Epstein-Barr virus load in peripheral blood and Burkitt lymphoma in Uganda(Cancer epidemiology,, 2018) Juan, Ravell; Otim, Isaac; Nabalende, Hadijah; Legason, Ismail D.; Reynolds, Steven J.; Ogwang, Martin D.; Ndugwa, Christopher M.; Marshall, Vickie; Whitby, Denise; Goedert, James J.; Engels, Eric A.; Bhatia, Kishor; Lenardo, Michael J.; Mbulaiteye, Sam M.Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL). EBV control was improved by magnesium (Mg2+) supplementation in XMEN, an X-linked genetic disease associated with Mg2+ deficiency, high circulating EBV levels (viral loads), and EBV-related lymphomas. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between Mg2+ levels and EBV levels and eBL in Uganda. Methods: Plasma Mg2+ was measured in 45 women with low or high circulating EBV levels, 40 pediatric eBL cases, and 79 healthy children. Mg2+ uptake by T-lymphocytes was evaluated in samples from healthy donors. Results: Plasma Mg2+ deficiency (plasma level<1.8 mg/dl) was more likely in women with high- vs. low-EBV levels (76.0% vs. 35%; odds ratio [OR] 11.3, 95% CI 2.14–60.2), controlling for age, and in eBL cases than controls (42.0% vs. 13.9%; OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.32–9.88), controlling for sex, age group, and malaria status. Mg2+ uptake by T-lymphocytes was related to extracellular Mg2+ concentration. Interpretation: Plasma Mg2+ deficiency is associated with high EBV levels and eBL.Item An up-date on the prevalence of sickle cell trait in Eastern and Western Uganda(BMC Blood Disorders, 2010) Okwi, Andrew L.; Byarugaba, Wilson; Ndugwa, Christopher M.; Parkes, Arthur; Ocaido, Michael; Tumwine, James K.The first survey on sickle cell disease (SCD) done in Uganda in 1949, reported the district of Bundibugyo in Western Uganda to have the highest sickle cell trait (SCT) prevalence (45%). This is believed to be the highest in the whole world. According to the same survey, the prevalence of SCT in the districts of Mbale and Sironko in the East was 20-28%, whilst the districts of Mbarara and Ntungamo in the West had 1-5%. No follow-up surveys have been conducted over the past 60 years. SCA accounts for approximately 16.2% of all pediatric deaths in Uganda. The pattern of SCT inheritance, however, predicts likely changes in the prevalence and distribution of the SCT. The objective of the study therefore was to establish the current prevalence of the SCT in Uganda. Methods: This study was a cross sectional survey which was carried out in the districts of Mbale and Sironko in the Eastern, Mbarara/Ntungamo and Bundibugyo in Western Uganda. The participants were children (6 months-5 yrs). Blood was collected from each subject and analyzed for hemoglobin S using cellulose acetate Hb electrophoresis. Results: The established prevalence of the SCT (As) in Eastern Uganda was 17.5% compared to 13.4% and 3% in Bundibugyo and Mbarara/Ntungamo respectively. 1.7% of the children in Eastern Uganda tested positive for haemoglobin ss relative to 3% in Bundibugyo, giving gene frequencies of 0.105 and 0.097 for the recessive gene respectively. No ss was detected in Mbarara/Ntungamo. Conclusions: A shift in the prevalence of the SCT and ss in Uganda is notable and may be explained by several biological and social factors. This study offers some evidence for the possible outcome of intermarriages in reducing the incidence of the SCT.Item Water, Socioeconomic Factors, and Human Herpesvirus 8 Infection in Ugandan Children and Their Mothers(JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2005) Mbulaiteye, Sam M.; Biggar, Robert J.; Pfeiffer, Ruth M.; Bakaki, Paul M.; Gamache, Christine; Owor, Anchilla M.; Mbidde, Edward Katongole; Ndugwa, Christopher M.; Goedert, James J.; Whitby, Denise; Engels, Eric A.Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is common in sub-Saharan Africa, but its distribution is uneven. Transmission occurs during childhood within families by unclear routes.We evaluated 600 Ugandan children with sickle cell disease and their mothers for factors associated with HHV-8 seropositivity in a cross-sectional study. HHV-8 serostatus was determined using an HHV-8 K8.1 glycoprotein enzyme immunoassay. Odds ratios for seropositivity were estimated using logistic regression, and factor analysis was used to identify clustering among socioeconomic variables.One hundred seventeen (21%) of 561 children and 166 (34%) of 485 mothers with definite HHV-8 serostatus were seropositive. For children, seropositivity was associated with age, mother's HHV-8 serostatus (especially for children aged 6 years or younger), lower maternal education level, mother's income, and low-status father's occupation (P < 0.05 for all). Using communal standpipe or using surface water sources were both associated with seropositivity (OR 2.70, 95% CI 0.80-9.06 and 4.02, 95% CI 1.18-13.7, respectively) as compared to using private tap water. These associations remained, albeit attenuated, after adjusting for maternal education and child's age (P = 0.08). In factor analysis, low scores on environmental and family factors, which captured household and parental characteristics, respectively, were positively associated with seropositivity (Ptrend < 0.05 for both). For mothers, HHV-8 seropositivity was significantly associated with water source and maternal income.HHV-8 infection in Ugandan children was associated with lower socioeconomic status and using surface water. Households with limited access to water may have less hygienic practices that increase risk for HHV-8 infection.