Browsing by Author "Mugisha, Joseph Y.T."
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Item An HIV/AIDS Model With Variable Force Of Infection And Its Application To The Epidemic In Uganda(American Journal of Applied Sciences, 2005) Baryarama, Flugentius; Mugisha, Joseph Y.T.; Luboobi, Livingstone S.An HIV/AIDS model is formulated with variable force of infection for the adult population. Its actions are reduced to a prevalence equation that is a non-logistic equation whose explicit solution is derived. The implications of applying the solution to the evolution of the HIV/AIDS epidemic are discussed with respect to the positive boundedness of the coefficients. Prevalence projections are presented for various initial prevalences and behavior change parameters. The main finding is that in settings with high recruitment rates, the HIV epidemic reaches peak prevalence (and thereafter start declining) when the rate of new infections is still higher than the rate of removal of those infected with HIV.Item Mathematical Modeling Of Liver Enzyme Elevation In HIV Mono-Infection(Math Biosci., 2013) Nampala, Hasifa; Luboobi, Livingstone S.; Mugisha, Joseph Y.T.; Obua, CelestinoHIV-infected individuals are increasingly becoming susceptible to liver disease and, hence, liver-related mortality is on a rise. The presence of CD4+ in the liver and the presence of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) on human hepatocytes provide a conducive environment for HIV invasion. In this study, a mathematical model is used to analyse the dynamics of HIV in the liver with the aim of investigating the existence of liver enzyme elevation in HIV mono-infected individuals. In the presence of HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, the model depicts a unique endemic equilibrium with a transcritical bifurcation when the basic reproductive number is unity. Results of the study show that the level of liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increases with increase in the rate of hepatocytes production. Numerical simulations reveal significant elevation of alanine aminotransferase with increase in viral load. The findings presuppose that while liver damage in HIV infection has mostly been associated with HIV/HBV coinfection and use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), it is possible to have liver damage solely with HIV infection.Item Modelling hepatotoxicity and antiretroviral therapeutic effect in HIV/HBV coinfection(Elsevier, 2018) Luboobi, Livingstone S.; Nampala, Hasifa; Mugisha, Joseph Y.T.; Obua, Celestino; Sabuka, Matylda JablonskaEnzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation which reflects hepatocellular injury is a current challenge in people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). One of the factors that enhance the risk of hepatotoxicity is underlying diseases such as hepatitis caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). HIV/HBV coinfected patients stand a greater risk of hepatotoxicity because all ART are toxic and liver cells (hepatocytes) that are responsible for metabolising the toxic ART, support all stages of HIV and HBV viral production. Mathematical models coupled with numerical simulations are used in this study with the aim of investigating the optimal combination of ART in HIV/HBV coinfection. Emtricitabine, tenofovir and efavirenz is the optimal combination that maximises the therapeutic effect of therapy and minimises the toxic response to medication in HIV/HBV coinfection.Item Periodicity of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in a Mathematical Model that Incorporates Complacency(American Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2005) Baryarama, Flugentius; Luboobi, Livingstone S.; Mugisha, Joseph Y.T.An HIV/AIDS model incorporating complacency for the adult population is formulated. Complacency is assumed a function of the number of AIDS cases in a community with an inverse relation. A method to find the equilibrium state of the model is given by proving a stated theorem. An example to illustrate the application of the theorem is also given. Model analysis and simulations show that complacency resulting from dependence of HIV transmission on the number of AIDS cases in a community leads to damped periodic oscillations in the number of infective with oscillations more marked at lower rates of progression to AIDS. The implications of these results to public health with respect to monitoring the HIV/AIDS epidemic and widespread use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs is discussed.