Browsing by Author "Mubiru, Frank"

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    Antiretroviral Treatment Long-Term (ALT) Cohort: a prospective cohort of 10 years of ART-experienced patients in Uganda
    (BMJ open, 2018) Castelnuovo, Barbara; Mubiru, Frank; Kiragga, Agnes N.; Musomba, Rachel; Mbabazi, Olive; Gonza, Paul; Kambugu, Andrew; Ratanshi, Rosalind Parks
    Little information is available on patients on antiretroviral treatment (ART) after a long-term period from sub-Saharan Africa, with the longest follow-up and related outcomes being after 10 years on ART. At the Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) (Kampala, Uganda), we set up a cohort of patients already on ART for 10 years at the time of enrolment, who will be followed up for additional 10 years.
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    Predictors of time to first birth after first marriage among women in Uganda
    (African Population Studies, 2016) Mubiru, Frank; Atuhaire, Leornard K.; Lubaale, Yovani Moses; Wamala, Robert
    The objective of this paper was to investigate factors associated with time to first birth after first marriage among women in Uganda. The assessment was made using data sourced from the 2011 Uganda Demographic and Health survey. The analysis was done using a time-to-event approach involving life tables, log-rank and the Cox Proportional Hazards model. In the results, the median time to first birth after first marriage was 2 years (range, 1-36). The key predictors of having a live birth after first marriage were loss of a pregnancy either spontaneously or induced, knowledge of ovulation cycle and late sexual debut (p < 0.05). In particular, the chances of first birth after first marriage were lower among women who had ever lost a pregnancy and women having their sexual intercourse at a later age. On the contrary, the chances of having a first child after marriage were higher among women at higher ages at first marriage and those who were aware of their ovulation cycle.
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    Prevalence and incidence of nodding syndrome and other forms of epilepsy in onchocerciasis-endemic areas in northern Uganda after the implementation of onchocerciasis control measures
    (Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 2020) Gumisiriza, Nolbert; Mubiru, Frank; Siewe Fodjo, Joseph Nelson; Mbonye Kayitale, Martin; Hotterbeekx, An; Idro, Richard; Makumbi, Issa; Lakwo, Tom; Opar, Bernard; Kaducu, Joice; Wamala, Joseph Francis; Colebunders, Robert
    Around 2007, a nodding syndrome (NS) epidemic appeared in onchocerciasis-endemic districts of northern Uganda, where ivermectin mass distribution had never been implemented. This study evaluated the effect of community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) and ground larviciding of rivers initiated after 2009 and 2012 respectively, on the epidemiology of NS and other forms of epilepsy (OFE) in some districts of northern Uganda. Methods: In 2012, a population-based community survey of NS/epilepsy was carried out by the Ugandan Ministry of Health in Kitgum and Pader districts. In August 2017, we conducted a new survey in selected villages of these districts and compared our findings with the 2012 data. In addition, two villages in Moyo district (where CDTI was ongoing since 1993) served as comparative onchocerciasis-endemic sites in which larviciding had never been implemented. The comparison between 2012 and 2017 prevalence and cumulative incidence were done using the Fisher’s and Pearson’s Chi-square tests at 95% level of significance. Results: A total of 2138 individuals in 390 households were interviewed. In the selected villages of Kitgum and Pader, there was no significant decrease in prevalence of NS and OFE between 2012 and 2017. However, the cumulative incidence of all forms of epilepsy decreased from 1165 to 130 per 100 000 persons per year (P = 0.002); that of NS decreased from 490 to 43 per 100 000 persons per year (P = 0.037); and for OFE from 675 to 87 per 100 000 persons per year (P = 0.024). The median age of affected persons (NS and OFE) shifted from 13.5 (IQR: 11.0–15.0) years in 2012 to 18.0 (IQR: 15.0–20.3) years in 2017; P < 0.001. The age-standardized prevalence of OFE in Moyo in 2017 was 4.6%, similar to 4.5% in Kitgum and Pader. Conclusions: Our findings support the growing evidence of a relationship between infection by Onchocerca volvulus and some types of childhood epilepsy, and suggest that a combination of bi-annual mass distribution of ivermectin and ground larviciding of rivers is an effective strategy to prevent NS and OFE in onchocerciasis-hyperendemic areas.
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    Risk Factors for Nodding Syndrome and Other Forms of Epilepsy in Northern Uganda: A Case-Control Study
    (Pathogens, 2021) Gumisiriza, Nolbert; Kugler, Marina; Mubiru, Frank; Anguzu, Ronald; Ningwa, Albert; Ogwang, Rodney; Akun, Pamela; Mwaka, Amos Deogratius; Abbo, Catherine; Sekibira, Rogers; Idro, Richard
    Epidemiological studies suggest a link between onchocerciasis and various forms of epilepsy, including nodding syndrome (NS). The aetiopathology of onchocerciasis associated epilepsy remains unknown. This case-control study investigated potential risk factors that may lead to NS and other forms of non-nodding epilepsy (OFE) in northern Uganda. We consecutively recruited 154 persons with NS (aged between 8 and 20 years), and age-frequency matched them with 154 with OFE and 154 healthy community controls. Participants’ socio-demography, medical, family, and migration histories were recorded. We tested participants for O. volvulus serum antibodies. The 154 controls were used for both OFE and NS separately to determine associations. We recruited 462 people with a median age of 15 years (IQR 14, 17); 260 (56.4%) were males. Independent risk factors associated with the development of NS were the presence of O. volvulus antibodies [aOR 8.79, 95% CI (4.15–18.65), p-value < 0.001] and preterm birth [aOR 2.54, 95% CI (1.02–6.33), p-value = 0.046]. Risk factors for developing OFE were the presence of O. volvulus antibodies [aOR 8.83, 95% CI (4.48–17.86), p-value < 0.001] and being born in the period before migration to IDP camps [aOR 4.28, 95% CI (1.20–15.15), p-value = 0.024]. In conclusion, O. volvulus seropositivity was a risk factor to develop NS and OFE; premature birth was a potential co-factor. Living in IDP camps was not a risk factor for developing NS or OFE.
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    Socioeconomic position and ten-year survival and virologic outcomes in a Ugandan HIV cohort receiving antiretroviral therapy
    (PloS one, 2017) Flynn, Andrew G.; Anguzu, Godwin; Mubiru, Frank; Kiragga, Agnes N.; Kamya, Moses; Meya, David B.; Boulware, David R.; Kambugu, Andrew; Castelnuovo, Barbara C.
    Lifelong ART is essential to reducing HIV mortality and ending the epidemic, however the interplay between socioeconomic position and long-term outcomes of HIV-infected persons receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa is unknown. Furthering the understanding of factors related to long-term ART outcomes in this important region will aid the successful scale-up of ART programs. We enrolled 559 HIV-infected Ugandan adults starting ART in 2004–2005 at the Infectious Diseases Institute in Kampala, Uganda and followed them for 10 years. We documented baseline employment status, regular household income, education level, housing description, physical ability, and CD4 count. Viral load was measured every six months. Proportional hazard regression tested for associations between baseline characteristics and 1) mortality, 2) virologic failure, and 3) mortality or virologic failure as a composite outcome. Over ten years 23% (n = 127) of participants died, 6% (n = 31) were lost-to-follow-up and 23% (107/472) experienced virologic treatment failure. In Kaplan-Meier analysis we observed an association between employment and mortality, with the highest cumulative probability of death occurring in unemployed individuals. In univariate analysis unemployment and disease severity were associated with mortality, but in multivariable analysis the only association with mortality was disease severity. We observed an association between higher household income and an increased incidence of both virologic failure and the combined outcome, and an association between self-employment and lower incidence of virologic failure and the combined outcome when compared to unemployment. Formal education level and housing status were unrelated to outcomes. It is feasible to achieve good ten-year survival, retention-in-care, and viral suppression in a socioeconomically diverse population in a resource-limited setting. Unemployment appears to be related to adverse 10-year ART outcomes. A low level of formal education does not appear to be a barrier to successful long-term ART.