Browsing by Author "Byarugaba-Bazirake, George William"
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Item Chemical Composition of Major Cassava Varieties in Uganda, Targeted for Industrialisation(Journal of Food Research, 2017) Manano, John; Ogwok, Patrick; Byarugaba-Bazirake, George WilliamUganda is one of the major cassava producing countries in the world. Currently, utilization of cassava is limited to semi-processed products through the informal sector. Cassava has technological potential as a raw material for agro-industrial products, such as flours for baked products, animal feeds and starch. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of five major cassava varieties grown in Nebbi distict (Uganda), to assess their potential as industrial raw materials. Analysis of the chemical composition of local (Nyamatia and Nyarukeca) and improved (NASE 3, NASE 14, and NASE 19) cassava varieties was carried out using standard methods. Results showed significant (p < 0.05) differences between the varieties indicating high levels of starch, calcium, magnesium, cyanonenic glucosides and phytates. The cassava varieties contain low levels of protein, lipids and minerals with respect to recommended daily intake of these nutrients. Moisture contents ranged from 5.43 for Nyamatia to 10.87 for NASE 19; ash from 1.05 for Nyamatia to 2.39 for NASE 14; crude fiber from 1.06 for Nyamatia to 1.18 for NASE 19; crude protein from 0.74 for Nyarukeca to 1.51 for NASE 14; crude lipid from 0.39 for Nyamatia to 0.63 for NASE 19; and starch contents from 66.72 for NASE 19 to 84.42 for NASE 3. The mineral contents (mg/kg): calcium ranged from 13.15 for Nyamatia to 16.56 for NASE 3; iron ranged from 0.002 for Nyarukeca to 0.01 for NASE 19; zinc ranged from 0.56 for Nyamatia to 0.87 for NASE 3; magnesium ranged from 3.58 for NASE 19 to 3.88 for Nyarukeca; and copper ranged from 0.002 for Nyamatia to 0.14 for NASE 3. The contents of anti-nutrients (mg/kg): cyanogenic glucosides ranged from 30 in NASE 3 and NASE 19 to 800 in Nyamatia; phytates ranged from 661.33 in Nyarukeca to 984.64 in NASE 3; oxalates ranged from 90.6 in Nyarukeca to 227.8 in NASE 3; and tannin ranged from 0.18 in Nyarukeca to 0.33 in NASE 3. Based on the chemical composition results, all the cassava varieties studied contain higher levels of cyanogenic glucosides than recommended by Ugandan and East African Standards, making them unsafe for direct utilization as food and food raw materials for industries at levels beyond 30% in food formulations. The high starch levels in all the cassava varieties make them valuable raw materials for starch and starch-related industries.Item Microbiological quality and safety assessment of sun dried Rastrineobola argentea (Mukene) sold at selected landing sites of Lake Victoria and Peri Urban Kampala City Markets(African Journal of Food Science, 14(6), 2020) Muhame, Andrew Mwebesa; Mugampoza, Ediriisa; Lubuulwa, Leakey Leonard; Byarugaba-Bazirake, George William; Mutambuka, MartinSilver fish (Rastrineobola argentea) also locally known in Uganda as Mukene contributes significantly to Ugandan national economy and its value was estimated at $13 million US dollars in 2015. The fish is traditionally dried under direct sunshine on bare ground in unhygienic conditions, which expose it to dust and microbiological contamination. In this study, the microbial load of indicator and pathogenic organisms was determined in Mukene sold at selected landing sites of Lake Victoria and Kampala markets, Uganda. A total of 46 samples were collected randomly from landing sites and markets. The total aerobic counts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus were enumerated using standard microbiological methods. The findings showed that Mukene was of low microbial quality for total plate counts, total coliforms, E. coli and S. aureus counts with values ranging from 2.48-8.61 log cfu/g, 0.36-3.09 log MPN/g, 0.36-3.04 log MPN/g and 0.10-6.66 log cfu/g, respectively. Of all samples analyzed, 63% were positive for Salmonella species. As salmonellae and staphylococci are often implicated in incidences of food poisoning, this study suggests that consumption of sun dried Mukene sold at landing sites of Lake Victoria, Uganda, poses a public health concern. There is the need to improve on hygiene during processing, storage and distribution of Mukene in Uganda.