Mpoza, EdwardRadha, RajasinghamTugume, LillianJoshua, RheinNabaggala, Maria SarahSsewanyana, IsaacNyegenye, WilsonKushemererwa, Grace EstherMulema, VivienneKalamya, JuliusKiyaga, CharlesKabanda, JosephSsali, MinaBoulware, David R.Meya, David B.2025-04-102025-04-102020Mpoza, E., Rajasingham, R., Tugume, L., Rhein, J., Nabaggala, M. S., Ssewanyana, I., ... & Meya, D. B. (2020). Cryptococcal antigenemia in human immunodeficiency virus antiretroviral therapy–experienced Ugandans with virologic failure. Clinical infectious diseases, 71(7), 1726-1731. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz106910.1093/cid/ciz1069https://nru.uncst.go.ug/handle/123456789/10474Detectable serum or plasma cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) precedes symptomatic cryptococcal meningitis. The World Health Organization recommends CrAg screening for human immunodeficiency virus–positive persons with CD4 count <100 cells/μL initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, an increasing proportion of patients with cryptococcosis are now ART experienced. Whether CrAg screening is cost-effective in those with virologic failure is unknown. Methods We retrospectively performed nationwide plasma CrAg testing among ART-experienced Ugandan adults with virologic failure (≥1000 copies/mL) using leftover plasma after viral load testing during September 2017–January 2018. For those who were CrAg positive, we obtained ART history, meningitis occurrence, and 6-month survival via medical records review. Results Among 1186 subjects with virologic failure, 35 (3.0%) were CrAg positive with median ART duration of 41 months (interquartile range, 10–84 months). Among 25 subjects with 6-month outcomes, 16 (64%) survived, 7 (28%) died, and 2 (8%) were lost. One survivor had suffered cryptococcal meningitis 2 years prior. Two others developed cryptococcal meningitis and survived. Five survivors were known to have received fluconazole. Thus, meningitis-free survival at 6 months was 61% (14/23). Overall, 91% (32/35) of CrAg-positive persons had viral load ≥5000 copies/mL compared with 64% (735/1151) of CrAg-negative persons (odds ratio, 6.0 [95% confidence interval, 1.8–19.8]; P = .001). CrAg prevalence was 4.2% (32/768) among those with viral loads ≥5000 copies/mL and 0.7% (3/419) among those with viral loads <5000 copies/mL. Conclusions In addition to the CD4 threshold of <100 cells/μL, reflexive CrAg screening should be considered in persons failing ART in Uganda with viral loads ≥5000 copies/mL.enArticle