_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: savinakth@gmail.com; European Journal of Medicinal Plants 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 ISSN: 2231-0894, NLM ID: 101583475 An Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants used in the Management of Dermatological Disorders in Buyende and Kayunga Districts, Uganda Jane Namukobe1, Anthony Lutaaya2, Savina Asiimwe3* and Robert Byamukama1 1 Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. 2Uganda Industrial Research Institute, P.O.Box 7086, Kampala, Uganda. 3 Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, Makerere University, P.O.Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors JN, AL and SA wrote the protocol, designed the study, participated in the field survey. Authors JN and SA analysed the data and drafted the manuscript under the supervision of Author BR. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2021/v32i230367 Editor(s): (1) Dr. N. Karmegam, Government Arts College, India. (2) Prof. Marcello Iriti, Milan State University, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Ajay Kumar Srivastava, Ranchi University, India. (2) Ouedraogo Youssoufou, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/66158 Received 20 December 2020 Accepted 27 February 2021 Published 16 March 2021 ABSTRACT This study was done to document medicinal plants used in the management of dermatological disorders. Documentation of plants is important for conservation especially of rare and endangered plant species. The study was done in Buyende and Kayunga districts in Uganda, between April and July 2017. Data was obtained using semi-structured questionnaires and group discussions, performed on 63 respondents (33 females; 30 males) who were purposively selected because of their expertise in plant use. The study recorded 111 plant species that belong to 46 plant families for treatment of 30 skin disorders. The dominant life form was herb (41%), while leaves were the most used parts (59 %). Majority of plants (72%) were harvested from their natural habitats. Family Fabaceae contributed the highest number of species (20). Milicia excelsa was recorded to be threatened with extinction. The most cited diseases were skin rash (14%), wounds (12%), syphilis Original Research Article Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 16 (9%), allergy (9%) and ring worm (7%). The plant species with high percent respondent knowledge were Hoslundia opposita, cited by 83% of the people; Bidens pilosa (76%) and Jatropha carcus (56%) all for treating wounds. Topical application (90%) was the common mode of administering herbal remedies, while decoction was least used to prepare remedies. Plants are important in the management of dermatological disorders by local communities in the study areas. The diversity of medicinal plant species used in these areas is based on the rich traditional knowledge of the local communities. There is need to domesticate the rare and threatened medicinal plant species to avoid extinction. Plant species with high percent respondent knowledge can be considered for further studies to identify key active compounds important to develop natural based skin care products. Keywords: Ethnobotanical; Medicinal plants; dermatological disorders; conservation; Uganda. 1. INTRODUCTION The human skin is the largest organ of the body and is constantly exposed to the air, Ultra Violet (UV) radiation, environmental pollutants, mechanical and chemical stress [1]. The skin protects the body from entry of microbes and UV radiation and its damage can increase the penetration of various microbes and free radical causing agents into our bodies. For instance, UV radiation can cause sun burns, wrinkles, lower immunity against infections, premature aging, and cancer [2]. Skin conditions are the abnormal or unusual appearances on the skins of adults and children in form of blisters, ulcers or rashes [3]. Little attention has been given to skin infections because they are rare and are assumed not to be life-threatening [4]. A study by [4] reported a high prevalence of 21-87 % in developing countries especially in children than in adults. In Uganda, skin conditions are one of the common problems in local communities [5]. In many developing countries, community members depend on their local flora for treating diverse ailments including skin disorders. Skin disorders account for approximately 34% of all occupational diseases [6], and occur in people of all ages [7], causing harm in a number of ways. Sometimes people may develop diseases that affect the skin including herpes, cancer (cancerous wounds), measles or syphilis. Non- communicable diseases, including skin diseases, contribute to about 32.9% of total deaths in Uganda [8]. Skin infections such as allergy, boils, ringworm, scabies, leprosy among others are caused various microorganisms [9]. Traditional herbal medicines have been found to play a major role in management of various skin disorders [8]. According to research done across the world, it is evident that medicinal plants contribute significantly to primary health care and in managing skin diseases effectively [6,9,10,7] In some parts of the world, skin diseases have been associated with HIV/AIDS [6,9]. Plants have been used in medicines and cosmetics for centuries because they have great potential to cure and manage different kinds of skin conditions [11,3]. Their potential to treat different skin diseases, to adorn and improve skin appearance is well known and well documented [12,13,14]. Much effort has been devoted to identifying plants that are used traditionally to treat different kinds of dermatological disorders and as cosmetics. This is because the demand for herbal medicines has increased as a result of perceived lack of side effects and thought to enrich the body with nutrients and other minerals [11]. This study therefore, reports the use of medicinal plants in the management of dermatological disorders and other related conditions by residents in some villages of Kayunga and Buyende districts. These areas have been found to have the highest number of albinos who are mostly affected by ultraviolet radiations due to their skin condition [15]. This work may serve as a platform of information for scientific research that can lead to formulations of effective drugs, skin care products, or standardized extracts for improved traditional herbal medicine. This study is the first of its kind in the two study areas to document medicinal plants for skin disorders. The authors were encouraged to study plants for skin disorders due to a documentary that featured a household of normal parents with six albino children. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Study Area The study was conducted from April to July 2017 in Buyende district in eastern Uganda and Kayunga district in central Uganda respectively Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 17 (Fig. 1). Buyende district (1°09'60.00" N 33°09'60.00" E) is located approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Jinja City, and about 170 kilometres (105 mi) from the Capital, Kampala. In Buyende district, the study was done in Nabuuku and Kagulu parishes in Kagulu Sub County (Budiope East). Buyende district lies on an average altitude of about 1050 m above sea level. The climate is tropical savannah, with annual rainfall ranges between 35 and 145 mm. Temperatures are moderate and do not fluctuate much over the year. The mean maximum temperature is 26°C and the mean minimum temperature is 18°C. The human population living in the area was approximately 323,067 [16]. The local people are mainly of the Bantu ethnic group of the Basoga, Bagwere and Baganda tribes [16]. Kayunga district (0°42'9.00" N 32°53'19.00" E) is approximately 74 kilometers (46 mi) northeast of Kampala. In Kayunga, the study was done in four sub-counties of Busana, Kayonza, Nazigo, and Kayunga Town council. Kayunga district lies on an average altitude of 1000-1200m above sea level. The climate is tropical savannah with two rainy seasons and two dry seasons. The two rainfall peak months are April and October. The annual rainfall ranges between 35 and 150 mm. Temperatures are moderate and do not fluctuate much over the year. The mean minimum and maximum temperature ranges between 18°C and 24°C. With a population of 368,062 people, the Bantu ethnic groups inhabit with majorly the Baganda, Bagisu, Basoga and Bakene tribes [16]. 2.2 Data Collection Methods The research team first reported to the local council administrators who helped in identifying key informants. These informants were purposively selected [17] based on skills, knowledge and experience in medicinal plants usage. Informants who agreed to be interviewed were also involved in group discussions for detailed information as well as collection of plant voucher specimens. Data on medicinal plants were obtained from traditional medical practitioners and other knowledgeable men and women. Semi structured questionnaires were used to undertake interviews in addition to group discussions, which were conducted in the local languages of Luganda and Lusoga mainly spoken in the study areas. A questionnaire was designed to obtain such as information as locality, socio-demographic information (age, gender, education background, and religious affiliation), plant names, parts used, preparation and administration methods. Some plants were identified in the field and voucher specimens collected and taken to the national herbarium at Makerere University for authentication. The international plant name index (www.ipni.org) and the Royal Botanic Garden Kew (www.theplantlist.org) were used to validate plant scientific names, families and authorities. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Factors that Influence Traditional Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Use The study explains how medicinal plant knowledge varies with socio-economic as well as demographic factors. The research team worked with 63 respondents; 22 in Kayunga and 41 in Buyende respectively. Buyende had more respondents because they were willing to participate in the study, given the fact that most traditional healers generally are very secretive with their knowledge due to intellectual property rights issues. Of the 63 respondents, 33 were females (52%) and 30 were males (48%). In many communities across the world, traditional healing is a gender-based practice where both men and women participate in traditional healing practices. Similarly, in this study, traditional knowledge on medicinal plant use was found to be common among both females and males, cutting across all ages (Fig. 2). However, women are commonly known to be more knowledgeable than men considering their role as domestic health care givers. About 76% were subsistence farmers, while the rest were herbalists (7%) and business people (motor cycle riders, musicians, tailors and vehicle mechanics). All the respondents acquired indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants orally through experience and observation from mothers, fathers, grand fathers, fellow traditional medicine practitioners and spiritual insight as well as workshop / seminar trainings. 3.1.1 Age and plant knowledge Majority of respondents (62%) in this study were in the age range of 20 to 40 years (Fig. 2). For a long time, research has shown that old people are the greatest custodians of traditional knowledge of medicinal plant use than the young [18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27]. The present study however was found to be inconsistent with other studies by showing that the youth are now engaging in utilization and commercialization of medicinal plants. It has been reported that Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 18 knowledge increases with age, given the fact that knowledge transfer from generation to another is a gradual process [28]. However, in another study, age had no influence on traditional knowledge unlike gender and education level [29]. 3.1.2 Education and plant knowledge In this study, none of the respondents obtained medicinal plants knowledge through formal training, despite the majority (78%) having attained primary / elementary level of education. Traditional knowledge of medicinal plants is usually transferred by word of mouth, hence, documentation of this knowledge (IK) is important for building data bases and controlling its loss. Over the years, research has shown that most custodians of traditional medicinal knowledge are less educated or illiterate. This could also be the reason why the youth are now engaging in this practice because of large numbers having failed to attain high levels of education due to lack of tuition, and other reasons leading to many school dropouts. However, research shows that literacy levels of people determined the mode of treatment [30]; the less educated preferred traditional methods of treatment where as the well educated preferred modern methods of health care. Research over the years has shown low literacy levels among research respondents: [31,32,33,26]. 3.1.3 Ethnicity and plant knowledge In this study, we encountered different ethnic groups of which Basoga (62 %) and Baganda (16 %) were the most dominant (Fig. 3). The use of herbal medicines has increased over the years; an indication of the need to understand how different social /ethnic groups use and define these medicines [34]. This is because the use and definition of herbal medicine differs by ethnicity. In this study, most similar plant species were used by more than one ethnic group, though some plants are known by different names but treating either similar or different ailments. Research shows that a lot has been done to document the uses of herbal medicines but not much has been done to determine peoples’ perceptions toward herbal medicine [34]. Traditional medicine is a form of holistic health care system where health care services are based on culture /ethnicity, religious background, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs that are common in many communities. Traditional medicine was always known to be primitive because of cultural attachments and practices by western professionals. However, through scientific investigations it has proved to be cheap, easily available, effective and to possess potential therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from plants [35]. Traditional medicine is also able to manage such ailments as measles, skin rashes, ringworm, cuts and wounds better than western medicine. 3.1.4 Religion and plant knowledge Christians formed the largest percentage (83%) of the respondents (Fig. 4). For a long time, African traditional medicine (ATM) was condemned as evil because it is commonly associated with witchcraft, hence, pertaining to the devil [36]. African traditional medicine (ATM) had been grossly misinterpreted by the western missionaries, who did not recognize African traditional religion as of equal status with Christianity. However, this has changed over time, due to changes in lifestyles such as variations in living standards where majority of people, for instance, live below the poverty line, hence, cannot afford the high cost of western medicine and opt for herbal remedies. In addition to this, research shows that it’s not only herbal medicine that heals, but also prayers in a Christian sense that plays an important role in people’s beliefs regarding treatment of ailments [18] However, this Christian healing does not involve doctors or administration of drugs. True Christianity is a medicine of prayer, fasting, anointing and laying on of hands; a common practice in the Catholic and Pentecostal (Born- again) domains [37]. For example, it was reported that patients who are Christians preferred seeking medical services from Faith healers than from African Traditional religion [38]. Despite the demonization of traditional medicine by some Christians, World Health Organisation, Scientists and indigenous societies appreciate the value of traditional medicine and the role of traditional healers in not only healing physical illnesses but also as being custodians of traditional knowledge, as well as educators about traditional culture and spirituality [39]. In a similar way, other researchers have reported Christians participating more in ethnobotanical surveys: [22,33]. Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 19 Fig. 1. Geographical location of Study areas Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 20 Fig. 2. Age distribution of the respondents in Kayunga & Buyende Fig. 3. Ethnic groups of the respondents in Kayunga & Buyende Christianity and traditional beliefs are some of the systems that have shaped traditional medicine to what it has become today [40,41]. While Christianity revolves around the aspect of God, the Son, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit; traditional beliefs include things such as the existence of spirits of ancestors (‘’ba jaja’ among the Buganda and Basoga cultures), taboos, charms, and fate. Rituals performed have come to include aspects of Christianity while keeping 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 N u m b e r o f re sp o n d e n ts Age range Females Males Musoga Mugishu Muganda Mukenyi Mukuku Munyankore Munyoro Munyala Mixed Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 21 grounded in the roots of traditional beliefs. For example, in Antananarivo, a woman named Mama Zafy is given an opportunity to pray for patients after a church service [41]. In Uganda, some healers say God gives them the gifts to heal through dreams by showing them the plant species for healing certain ailments. Others say they use the bible, and also ancestral spirits (the ‘jajas’) give them powers and knowledge to heal. The invocation of God in herbal medicine use is a way of dealing with not only the physical but also the spiritual aspect: which is a holistic approach to traditional health care. Similarly, in Islam, healing and wellness is promoted physically by use of drugs and spiritually by soul healing through prayer [40,42]. It is mentioned that the Quran (Holy Moslem scripture), illustrates the importance of plants for medicinal benefits [42]. Therefore, prayer is an essential ingredient in traditional healing practices among many societies [31] in addition to use of herbal remedies. 3.2 Medicinal Plant Species Used to Treat Dermatological Disorders In this study, 111 plant species belonging to 46 families were recorded for the management of 30 different dermatological disorders. People with albinism tend to have skin burns due to ultraviolet rays or too much heat. Family Fabaceae contributed the highest number of plant species (20 species), followed by Asteraceae (13), Euphorbiaceae (9), Lamiaceae and Solanaceae with 6 plant species each (Table 1). The high numbers of plants in Fabaceae, Asteraceae and Euphorbiceae in treating several diseases may be due to the bioactivities of the phytochemicals that have been reported to exist in plants from these families [43]. In Kenya, a study [44] reported a number of plants used for skin ailments some of which included Vernonia lasiopus and Senna didymobotyra that were reported in this research. Albizia coriaria has also been reported for the treatment of skin infections [45]. Similarity the use of these plants in different countries indicates that these plants are traditionally important and could be potential sources of pharmacological leads that can be used in the treatment of dermatological disorders. With the rampant clearing of bushes and forests for economic purposes, there is fear that even the common plants may be threatened. The results of this information are very important in the campaigns towards conservation of medicinal plants. Hoslundia opposita and Bidens pilosa were mentioned by 82% and 76% of respondents for treating wounds respectively, while Carica papaya was reported by 56 % of respondents for treating skin rash (Table 1). The potential of Hoslundia opposita to treat various skin conditions and infections particularly wounds, has been supported by in vivo studies where methanol extracts showed significant antibacterial activity with MIC ranging between 64-256 μg/ml, in addition to possession of potent antioxidant activity [46]. A study on the bioactivity and phytochemical activities of Carica papaya showed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antifungal properties, and the leaf extracts contained saponins, glycosides, alkaloids and vitamins [47]. This supports the use of C. papaya in the management of ringworm and scabies. In this study, about 55 % of respondents used Jatropa carcus to treat wounds. Pharmacological studies on J. carcus supported its uses for inflammation and wound healing. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from J. curcas showed a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, hepatoprotective, analgesic and abortifacient effects [48,49]. Bidens pilosa has also been found to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial properties, and compounds that help in the wound healing process [50,51,52]. Several isolated constituents of Bidens pilosa which have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antifungal properties have been studied [53]. Aloe vera gel has been used for thousands of years to treat wounds, burns, and other skin conditions because studies have shown potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, all of which are essential for keeping a healthy skin [54,55]. Wound healing effects are accelerated by anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of phytochemical contents of a medicinal plant [56,57]. This is reflected in the treatment of burns and wounds using 16.7% of the total medicinal plants in the study area. The other conditions brought about by syphilis, allergies, scabies, burns, tumours, warts and albino skin indicates their prevalence in these areas. Ten plant species were implicated for use on the Albino skin burns including Albizia coriaria and Azadirachta indica all of which have been found to possess significant antioxidant activities [48,58,59,60,61,62]. The use of these plants to treat skin disorders may be attributed to the existence of phytochemicals such as vitamins (vitamin C, vitamin E), flavonoids, and phenolic acids which compounds counteract the effect of free radical species capable of causing numerous skin changes [12,63,64,65]. Results of this survey also indicated similarity in the use of Hoslundia opposita, Carica papaya, Bidens pilosa, Erythrina abyssinica, coriaria obtained from the two regions for the same ailments. This could be due to the similar ethnic groups inhabiting these areas but also due to intermarriages. This is evidenced by the same local names used in the two areas. For instance “Akabombo akatono” (Cyphostemma adenocaule), and Enniimu (Citrus plants are more likely to be pharmacologically active [66]. 3.3 Morphological Parts and Forms Used in Preparation Administration of Herbal Remedies Herbal medicines were mainly prepared from leaves (59%), roots (12%), stem bark (5%), whole plant (4%) and flowers (4%). The high usage of leaves compared to other plant parts may be an indication of their potency and because of their ability to regenerate addition, it is a non-destructive method which ensures conservation and sustainable use of the medicinal plant resources. Of the 111 plant species described in the study, 40% are Herbs, 28% Trees, 16% Shrubs, 14% climbers and 2% grass species. The use of herbaceous plants has been reported by many authors and th Fig. 4. Religious affiliations of the respondents Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no. 22 le of causing 65]. Results of this survey also indicated similarity in Carica papaya, Erythrina abyssinica, and Albizia obtained from the two regions for the ailments. This could be due to the similar ethnic groups inhabiting these areas but also due to intermarriages. This is evidenced by the same local names used in the two areas. For instance Cyphostemma Citrus limon). Such plants are more likely to be pharmacologically and Growth Preparation and Herbal Remedies Herbal medicines were mainly prepared from leaves (59%), roots (12%), stem bark (10%), Sap (5%), whole plant (4%) and flowers (4%). The high usage of leaves compared to other plant parts may be an indication of their potency and because of their ability to regenerate [67]. In destructive method which servation and sustainable use of the Of the 111 plant species described in the study, 40% are Herbs, 28% Trees, 16% Shrubs, 14% climbers and 2% grass species. The use of herbaceous plants has been reported by many authors and this could be related to their availability throughout the year and their pharmacologically active components [68,25]. Herbal remedies were prepared from plant parts of single or multiple plants. The use of two or more plant parts was seen in some herbal preparations like Cissampelos mucronata, Acicia Senegal many others. This combination implies increased effectiveness due to synergistic effects of plant compounds. Plants such as Aloe vera to treat more than one skin infection using one or more different plant parts. Except drinking a decoction, the modes of administration of the herbal medicine in the treatment of skin infections in the study area were similar. They involved directly applying the prepared remedy onto the affected skin area, using a given medium (Table 1). The majority of plants (79%) recorded in this study grow in their natural habitats/wild (Table 1). More than 50% of plants growing in the wild (natural habitats forests, bushes, etc), means that activities mainly farming are a potential threat to these species. Milicia excelsa was mentioned to be threatened with extinction (not easily available). This plant has also been reported to be threatened in other parts of Uganda [69]. This calls for domestication of such key plant species that are threatened with extinction. habitat, disease treated, parts used, frequency of mention, mode of preparation and administration of each plant are described in the Table 1. 4. Religious affiliations of the respondents ; Article no.EJMP.66158 could be related to their availability throughout the year and their pharmacologically active Herbal remedies were prepared from plant parts of single or multiple The use of two or more plant parts was parations like Cissampelos mucronata, Acicia Senegal and This combination implies increased effectiveness due to synergistic effects of plant Aloe vera were used to treat more than one skin infection using one or more different plant parts. Except drinking a decoction, the modes of administration of the herbal medicine in the treatment of skin infections in the study area were similar. They ctly applying the prepared remedy onto the affected skin area, using a given The majority of plants (79%) recorded in this study grow in their natural More than 50% of plants growing in the wild (natural habitats such as forests, bushes, etc), means that activities mainly farming are a potential threat to these species. was mentioned to be threatened with extinction (not easily available). This plant has also been reported to be threatened in other parts of Uganda [69]. This calls for domestication of such key plant species that are threatened with extinction. The habitat, disease treated, parts used, on, mode of preparation and administration of each plant are Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 23 Table 1. Medicinal plants used for dermatological disorders Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) Acanthaceae. Asystasia mysorensis (Roth) T. Andersson JN01 K,B Makaayi (Lug) Einante (Lus) Herb WA L/R Burns, scabies Mix powder with jelly and smear 3 4.8 L Tumors Apply fresh leaf extract 2 3.2 L Cancerous wounds Mix with leaves of Bidens pilosa and Hoslundia opposita, pound and apply 1 1.6 Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims JN02 B Matamivu (Lus) Climb er WA L Tumors Mix ash with jelly and smear 1 1.6 Amaranthaceae Aerva lanata L. Juss JN03 K Olweza (Lug) Herb WA Wp Body odour Infusion bathed 8 12.7 Gomphrena celosioides Mart. JN04 B Olweto olutono (Lus) Herb WR L Ringworm Mix powder with jelly and smear 3 4.8 Beta vulgaris L. JN36 K Beetroot Shrub CA L Skin rash, wounds Apply powder with jelly / fresh extract 1 3.2 Chenopodium opulifolium Schrad. Ex W.D.J. Koch & Ziz. JN37 B Namuvu (Lus) Herb CR L Skin rash Mix with leaves of Solanum qilo, add salt and apply 2 3.2 L Measles Boil & drink or bathe 2 3.2 Anacardiaceae Lannea schweinfurthii Engl. JN05 B Omusingabakari (Lus) Tree WA L Skin allergy Mix powder with jelly and smear 1 1.6 L/R Measles, syphilis Decoction drunk or bathed 1 3.2 Annonaceae Annona muricata L. JN06 K Ekitaferi (Lug) Tree CR Sd Cancerous wounds Powder applied 1 1.6 Apiaceae Centella asiatica L.Urb. K Kutukumu (Lug) Herb WA L Wounds Apply fresh leaf extract 3 4.8 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 24 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) JN07 Apocynaceae Plumeria rubra L JN08 . K Musikamooli (Lug) Tree CA L/Fl Albino skin burns Add powder to jelly and smear 1 1.6 L/Fl Wounds Apply fresh leaf extract 1 1.6 Secamone africana (Oliv.) Bullock JN09 Akatakula (Lug) K Herb WA L Skin rash Bathe decoction 5 8.0 Asparagaceae. Asparagus africanus L. JN10 B Kakirakango (Lus) Herb WA L Vertigo Mix powder with leaves of Bridelia micrantha, add to jelly and smear 1 1.6 L Burns Add powder alone or mix with jelly 6 9.5 L Skin rash Apply fresh leaf extract 1 1.6 Araceae Caladium bicolor (Aiton.) Vent JN11 B Akayuni akatono (Lus) Herb CA Tu / Sp Tumors, allergy Apply leaf extract /sap 3 4.8 . Tu Chicken pox Add powder in jelly and smear 4 6.3 Asteraceae Acanthosperm um hispidum DC. JN13 B Enkenge ennene (Lus) Herb WA Tu/L Tumors Pound, add kerosene and apply 3 4.8 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. JN14 K Namirembe (Lug) Herb WA L Skin rash Squeeze in water, bathe 3 4.8 L Skin allergy Squeeze in water, bathe 1 1.6 Bidens pilosa L. JN15 B,K Ssere (Lug), Bukaala(Lus) Herb WA L Wounds Squeeze, tie on the wound/cut 48 76.2 L Tumors, herpes Squeeze and apply extract 2 3.2 Conyza sumatrensis (S. F. Blake) Pruski & G. Sancho JN16 K Kafumbe (Lug) Herb WA L Ringworm Squeeze, add kerosene and smear 7 11.1 Conyza floribunda Kunth. K. JN17 B Katikati (Lus) Herb WA L Ringworm Squeeze, add kerosene, smear 6 9.5 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 25 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) Microglossa densiflora Hook. f JN18 . K Kafugankande (Lug) Shrub WA L Skin allergy Squeeze in water and bathe 5 8.0 Senecio discifolius Oliv. JN19 K Mukasa (Lug) Herb WA L Skin rash Decoction bathed 2 3.2 Sigesbeckia orientalis L. JN20 K Sseziwundu (Lug) Herb WR Fl Wounds Crush & tie on the cut 14 22.2 Solanecio angulatus (Vahl) C. Jeffery. JN21 B Kizimyamuliro (Lus) Herb WA L Burns Apply powder on wound 1 1.6 Sonchus oleraceus (L) L. JN22 K Kakovu (Lug) Herb WA Fl/L Plague Crush and apply on affected part of the skin 8 12.7 L Syphilis Boil and drink decoction 1 1.6 Tridax procumbens (L.) L JN23 . K Kimaka (Lug) Herb WA L Cancerous wounds Squeeze and apply 1 1.6 Vernonia amygdalina Del. JN24 K Omululuza (Lug), Lubirizi (Lus) Shrub WA L Burns Squeeze and apply the liquid 29 46.0 L Wounds Apply squeezed liquid on affected area 1 1.6 L Measles Boil and drink 2 3.2 L Skin allergy Squeeze in water and bathe, add to jelly and smear 1 1.6 Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffm. JN25 B Akabirizi akatono (Lus) Herb WR L Skin rash Decoction bathed 1 1.6 L Chicken pox Put powder in jelly and smear 1 1.6 L Warts Add leaves of Momordica foetida, boil and bathe 1 1.6 L Wounds Apply powder 1 1.6 Asparagaceae Dracaena steudneri Engl. JN50 K Kajolyenjovu (Lug) Tree WA SB / Fl Skin rash; syphilis Decoction bathed, drunk 2 3.2 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 26 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) Sansevieria dawei Stapf. JN51 B Lugogwa (Lus) Herb WR Sh Burns Pound the fresh shoot and use it to cover the affected area 1 1.6 Bignoniaceae Spathodea nilotica Seem. JN26 K Kifabakazi (Lug) Tree CA R Wounds Decoction bathed 10 16 Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth JN27 . B Naizungwe (Lus) Tree WR L Scabies Add powder to jelly and smear 1 1.6 SB Syphilis Boil and drink 2 3.2 R Warts Add powder to jelly and smear 1 1.6 Brassicaceae Rich. Cardamine trichocarpa Hochst. ex. A. JN28 K Mageregankonk o (Lug) . Herb WR L Ringworm Squeeze fresh leaves, add kerosene, apply 16 25.4 Caricaceae Carica papaya L. JN29 . K,B Epapaali (Lug) Tree CA SB/L/R Skin rash Decoction bathed 35 56 Fr Scabies Apply sap on affected area 2 3.2 Sd Chicken pox Grind, mix with Ricinus commuinis leaves and bathe 1 1.6 Celastraceae Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell. JN35 B Muwaiswa (Lus) Tree WR R Syphilis Fresh or powder, add to water, drink and bathe 1 1.6 Cleomaceae Cleome gynandra L. JN30 K Ejobyo (Lug), Eiyobyo (Lus) Herb WCA Fl Scabies Squeeze, add kerosene to jelly and apply 23 36.5 Combretaceae Terminalia schimperiana Hosch. ex Delile JN39 B Omusasa (Lus) Tree WR R Syphilis grind, boil and drink 2 3.2 . Combretum Collinum Fresen JN40 B Omukolakola (Lus) Tree WR R Ringworm Mix roots of Lantana camara, pound smear 1 1.6 R Syphilis Decoction drunk 1 1.6 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 27 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L. JN41 . B Enanda (Lus) Herb WA L Herpes Add powder to jelly and smear 2 3.2 L Skin allergy Apply fresh leaf extract 1 1.6 Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. JN42 B Kaluluma (Lus) Herb WR L Skin allergy Powder applied 1 1.6 Ipomoea cordofana Choisy. JN43 K Kasenyanku (Lug) Climb er WR L Skin allergy Powder applied 1 1.6 Crassulaceae Kalanchoe glaucescens Britten JN44 . K Kiyondo ekyeru (Lug) Shrub WR L Wounds Roast, squeeze and apply 22 35.0 Cucurbitaceae Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey JN45 . K Kanawolovu (Lug) Climb er WA Wp Skin rash Boil and bathe 9 14.3 Cucurbita pepo L JN46 B Eisusa (Lus) Climb er WA L Ringworm Squeeze, add kerosene and apply 1 1.6 Momordica foetida Schumach. JN47 K,B Ebbombo(Lug), Eibombo (Lus) Climb er WA L Body odor Squeeze and use as sponge 10 16 Wp Ringworm Squeeze with kerosene, apply 1 1.6 Wp Skin rash Infusion bathed 3 4.8 L Tumors Roast, squeeze and wrap around the affected area 1 1.6 Zehneria scabra Sond. JN48 K Kasunsa (Lug) Climb er WA L Measles Apply fresh leaf extract 5 8.0 Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb JN49 . B Ekyangwe (Lus) Climb er CA L Skin rash Infusion bathed 1 1.6 Ebenaceae. Euclea divinorum Hiern JN52 B Omudha (Lus) Shrub WR L/R Ringworm Add powder to jelly and smear 4 6.3 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 28 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) R Skin rash Add powder to jelly and smear 1 1.6 R Chicken pox Add powder to jelly and smear 1 1.6 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L. JN53 B Kafadanga (Lus) Herb WA Sp Warts, wounds Drop sap on the affected area 4 6.4 L Chicken pox Infusion bathed 1 1.6 Euphorbia tirucalli L. JN55 B,K Lukone (Lus,Lug) Shrub WA Sp Scabies Drop sap on the affected area 1 1.6 Sp Warts Drop sap on the affected area 17 27 Jatropha curcas L. JN56 B,K Ekirowa (Lus) Shrub WCA Sp Wounds, warts Apply sap 36 57.2 L Skin rash Infusion bathed 1 1.6 Manihot esculenta Crantz. JN57 K Muwogo (Lug) Shrub CA L Scabies Add powder to jelly and smear 4 6.3 Phyllanthus guineensis Pax JN58 K Mutulika (Lug) Herb WA SB Measles Decoction bathed 5 8.0 Ricinus communis L. JN59 B,K Nsogasoga (Lug) Mukukulu (Lus) Tree WCA L Warts Apply sap 2 3.2 . Sapium ellipticum (Hochst.) Pax JN60 B Musasa (Lus) Tree WA SB Tumors Mix with bark of Tylosema fassoglentis, Erythrina abyssinica, pound and apply powder 1 1.6 Tragia brevipes Pax JN61 . K Kamyu (Lug) Climb er WA L Boils Boil with leaves Vernonia amygdalina, apply 1 1.6 Fabaceae Abrus canescens Baker JN75 B Olusitisiti (Lus) Climb er WR R Syphilis Add to Tylosema fassoglensis flowers, Erythrina abysinica stem bark, Boil and drink and/or bath 1 1.6 Acacia hockii K Akasaana Tree WA L Herpes Apply powder mixed with jelly 3 4.8 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 29 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) De Wild. JN84 (Lug), Kasone (Lus) L /Tu Burns, warts Apply powder on affected area 4 6.4 Acacia Senegal ( L.) Willd. JN85 B Katasubwa (Lus) Tree WA R/L Skin rash Apply powder mixed with jelly 1 1.6 Acacia sieberiana DC. JN86 B Mufuwanduzi (Lus) Shrub WA Th Warts Prick the wart 1 1.6 Albizia coriaria Oliv JN70 K,B . Mugavu (Lug), Musita (Lus) Tree WA L Skin rash Apply powder, mixed with jelly 19 30.2 SB Wounds, syphilis decoction bathed 10 17.6 SB Albino skin burns Mix with bark powders of Albizia grandibracteata, leaves of Solanum nigrum, add to jelly and smear 1 1.6 1 1.6 Albizia grandibracteat a Taub JN71 B Akalongorongo. (Lus) Tree WA L Albino skin burns Mix bark powders of Albizia coriaria, Solanum nigrum, with jelly & smear 1 1.6 R Syphilis Mix bark of Erythrina abyssinica, boil and drink 3 4.8 R Chicken pox Add powder to oil and smear 1 1.6 L Skin allergy Infusion bathed 1 1.6 Crotalaria spinosa Benth. JN79 B Kasambandege (Lus) Herb WA L Syphilis Pound and smear on affected area 1 1.6 Entada abyssinica A. Rich. JN80 K Mwolola (Lug) Tree WA SB Skin rash Powder decoction bathed 15 23.8 Erythrina abyssinica DC. JN72 K, . B Ejirikiti (Lug) Ekiyirikiti (Lus) Tree WA SB Wounds Grind ,boil and apply 9 14.3 L Burns Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 R Herpes Decoction drunk 1 1.6 Fl Albino skin burns Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 SB Acne Add Tylosema fassoglentis, Sapium ellipticum 1 1.6 crush separately, add water, bathe SB Skin rash/allergy Powder mixed with jelly applied 2 3.2 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 30 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) SB + R Syphilis Boil and drink 11 17.5 Indigofera fulvopilosa Brenan. JN73 B Lweto olusadha (Lus) Herb WA Wp Skin allergy Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Redh JN31 . K Kilama (Lus) Tree WR L Chicken-pox Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 L Wounds Powder applied 1 1.6 Senna didymobotrya Fresen. H.S. Irwin & Barneby JN32 K Omuvuvumira (Lus) Tree WCA R/SB Ringworm Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link JN33 . B Kasasisasi/ mwitanjoka (Lus) Herb CA L/R Ringworm Powder mixed with jelly applied 2 3.2 Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby JN34 B Lukooge (Lus) Tree WR L Wrinkles Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 Sesbania pachycarpa DC. JN76 B Entonanto (Lus) Shrub WA Sp Warts, acne Sap applied 2 3.2 Tephrosia linearis (Willd.) Pers. JN77 B,K Lweyo yeyo (Lus) Herb WA L Burns, ringworms Powder mixed with jelly applied 3 4.8 Tephrosia nana Schweinf. JN81 B Kawuliza akanene (Lus) Tree WA R Syphilis Decoction drunk 1 1.6 L Wounds Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 Tylosema fassoglensis (Schweinf) B Ekiyugeyuge (Lus) Climb er WA R Acne Mix with barks of E. abyssinica & S.ellipticum and apply 1 1.6 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 31 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) Torre & Hillc JN74 R Syphilis Crush, add to water an bathe 1 1.6 R Leprosy Pound and drink 1 1.6 Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich JN62 . K Kibowabowa (Lug) Herb WA Wp Skin rash decoction bathed 2 1.6 L Plague Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 Zornia glochidiata DC. JN78 B Kasatira (Lus) Herb WA L Ringworms, Acne Powder mixed with jelly applied 2 3.2 L Skin allergy Add powder to oil and smear 11 17.5 Hypericaceae Psorospermum febrifugum Spach. K,B Kanzironziro (Lug) JN38 Shrub WA L Wounds Pound, apply on affected area 17 27 L Skin rash/allergy Squeeze in water, bathe/apply 5 7.9 R Syphilis Fresh or powder, drink and bathe 1 1.6 L Wrinkles Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 Lamiaceae. Clerodendrum umbellatum Poir JN63 B Matembegaluba ale (Lus) Shrub WA R Syphilis Crush the roots, boil and drink 1 1.6 L Herpes squeeze in water, bathe 1 1.6 L Skin rash Powder mixed with jelly applied 3 1.6 L Chicken pox Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 Hoslundia opposita Vahl. JN64 K,B Kamunye (Lug), Enfodo ( Lus) Shrub WCA L Albino skin burns Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 L Wounds Squeeze and apply 52 82.5 L Chicken Pox Powder mixed with jelly applied 1 1.6 Wp / L Skin rash / itchy skin Powder mixed with jelly applied; or decoction drunk 23 36.5 Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. JN65 K,B Kifumufumu (Lus, Lug) Herb WA L Pimples Add powder to petroleum jelly and smear 4 6.3 L Skin rash Pound, add kerosene, smear 1 1.6 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 32 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) Skin allergy Squeeze and smear fluid 1 1.6 Ocimum basilicum L. JN66 B Kawunawuna (Lus) Herb WA L Measles Boil, drink or bathe 1 1.6 Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd. JN67 K Kyewamala (Lug) Shrub WCR L Ringworm Squeeze, add kerosene, apply 3 4.8 L Itchy skin Decoction drunk 8 12.7 Plectranthus barbatus Andrews JN68 K Kibwankulata (Lug) Herb CA L Wounds Apply leaf extract 5 8 Lauraceae Persea americana Mill. var. americana JN69 . K Ovacado (Lug, Eng) Tree CA L Cracked soles of feet Peel ripe fruit, smear 10 16 Fr Pimples, skin rash Peel ripe fruit, smear 2 3.2 L Albino skin burns Mix leaf extract with vaseline, smear 1 1.6 L Cancer Crush leaves and apply 1 1.6 Malvaceae Grewia trichocarpa Hochst. ex A. Rich. JN108 B Omukomakoma (Lus) Shrub WA R Burns Crush and smear on the wound 1 1.6 R Wounds Crush and smear on the wound 1 1.6 Meliaceae. Azadirachta indica A. Juss JN82 K Neem tree Leera (Lug), (Eng) Tree CR L Albino skin burns Crush dried leaves, add to vaseline, smear 10 16 L Skin allergy Crush, add kerosene, apply 1 1.6 L Acne Squeeze and smear 1 1.6 L Scabies Grind and smear 1 1.6 Menispermaceae Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich. JN83 B Akavamagombe (Lus) Climb er WA F/L Herpes Squeeze/Pound with Clerodendrum mucronata, apply 3 4.8 Moraceae Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C. C. K Muvule (Lug) Tree WT Sp Boils Apply on affected area 14 22.2 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 33 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) Berg. JN87 SB Burns Mix with rabbit hair, apply 11 17.5 Sp Scabies Drop sap on the affected area 2 3.2 Sp Chicken pox Drop sap on the affected area 1 1.6 SB Skin rash Decoction bathed 1 1.6 Ficus natalensis Hochst. JN88 K Mutuba (Lug) Tree WCA SB Herpes Decoction drunk 1 1.6 Ficus mucuso Welw. Ex.Ficalho. JN89 B Omusenoseno (Lus) Tree WA L Scabies Apply leaf extract 1 1.6 Ficus ovata Vahl JN90 K Mukoko (Lus) Tree WA L Skin allergy Squeeze and smear 1 1.6 Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Lam JN91 K Moringa (Eng) Tree CA L/Fl Wounds Apply powder 1 1.6 Musaceae Musa paradisiaca L. JN92. B Ekigogo (Lus) Herb CA Fl Scabies /allergy Apply sap 2 3.2 Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. JN93 . K Mapera (Lug) Tree CA L Skin rash Boil and bathe 7 11.1 Orobanchaceae Cycnium herzfeldianum (Vatke.) Engl. JN101 B Tusangala (Lus) Herb WA Wp Skin allergy Pound into dry fine powder, add to oil and smear 1 1.6 Poaceae Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. JN94 B Obulo (Lus) Grass WA Sd Burns Roast, grind and apply the powder 2 3.2 Digitaria abyssinica (A. Rich.) Stapf. JN96 K Olumbugu (Lug) Grass WA L Wounds Squeeze and apply 5 8.0 Passifloraceae Adenia cissampeloide . B Lugerogero (Lus) Climb er WA SB Skin allergy Boil & bathe 1 1.6 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 34 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) s (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms JN95 Sp Wrinkles Apply on the affected area 1 1.6 L Syphilis Boil, drink 1 1.6 L Albino skin burns Crush leaves, squeeze and apply 1 1.6 L Burns Powder mixed with jelly applied 2 3.2 SB Herpes Boil & bathe 1 1.6 Tricliceras pilosum (Willd. ) R. Fern. Fernandes JN109 K Ibeere (Lus) Herb WR L Tumors Grind, add kerosene and apply 1 1.6 SB Syphilis Boil and drink 2 3.2 Phyllanthaceae Flueggea virosa (Roxb.ex Willd.) Royle. JN54 B Lukandwa (Lus) Shrub WA SB Syphilis Boil and drink fluid thrice a day 5 8.0 Polygonaceae. Oxygonum sinuatum (Hochst. & Steud ex Meisn.) Dammer JN97 B Kafumitabageng e (Lus) Herb WR L Tumors Tie in banana leaves together with Asystasia mysorensis roast and apply. 1 1.6 L Small pox Squeeze, add water, bathe 1 1.6 Wp Measles Add Powder to oil and smear 1 1.6 Rubiaceae. Spermacoce princeae (K. Schum.) Verdc JN99 B Musanvuma or Enkokoma enkazi (Lug) Tree WA L Ringworm Pound, add oil, smear 2 3.2 Rutaceae. Citrus limon L. Osbeck JN100 B,K Enniimu (Lug,Lus) Tree CA Fr Wrinkles Squeeze and apply 2 3.2 L Albino skin burns Boil and bathe 10 16 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 35 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum L. B Endaaye (Lus) JN102 Herb CR L Tumors Wrap in banana leaves, roast and apply 1 1.6 Solanum anguivi Lam. JN103 K Entula(Lug), Endagi (Lus) Herb CA L Skin rash Add leaves of Solanum lycopersicum, crush and smear on affected area 14 22.2 Solanum incanum L. JN104 B Ntengotengo (Lus) Herb CA Fr Tumors Squeeze to release fluid and apply once daily 1 1.6 Solanum lycopersicum L JN105 K Nyanya. (Lug) Herb CA Fr Pimples Crush, apply on face 4 6.3 Solanum nigrum L. JN106 K,B Ensuga (Lug), Bitulatula (Lus) Herb WCA L/Fr Warts, tumors Squeeze and apply 6 2.4 Solanum dasyphyllum Schumach. & Thonn. JN107 B Entulatula (Lus) Herb WA L Albino skin burns Crush separately Albizia grandibracteata, Albizia coriaria, to fine powders, mix, add to jelly, smear 1 1.6 Talinaceae Talinum portulacifolium (Forssk.) Aschex. Schweinf. JN98 B Empozza (Lus) Herb WR L Skin allergy / rash Pound in water, sprinkle on patient /bathe 2 3.2 Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. JN110 B,K Kapanga (Lus), Kayukiyuki (Lug) Shrub WA R/L Ringworm Crush, mix in kerosene, apply until it clears 3 4.8 L Scabies Squeeze, add sheep dung, apply 8 12.7 L Wounds Crush and apply 1 1.6 Vitaceae Cissus Oliveri (Engl.) Gilg ex. Engl. JN111 B Kinya kikazi (Lus) Climb er WA L Wounds Plant extract applied 1 1.6 Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud.ex A. Akabombo akatono K,B (Lus, Lug) Climb er CA Wp Skin rash Decoction bathed 17 27 Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 36 Plant Family Plant Scientific name; Voucher number Plant Local name Habit Status Part used Disease (s) Preparation and administration Frequency of mention PRK (N=6 3) Rich.) Desc.ex.Wild & R.B.Drumm. JN112 L Syphilis Infusion bathed 1 1.6 L Vertigo, warts Powder mixed with vaseline applied 4 6.4 Xanthorrhoeacea e Aloe Vera (L.) Burm.f JN12 K, B Kigaji (Lug), Kikaka (Lus) Shrub CA L Scabies Apply fresh leaf extract 1 1.6 L Dandruff/ flaky scalp Apply fresh leaf extract 2 3.2 L Warts, wounds Apply fresh leaf extract 16 25.4 L Cracked soles Roast, crush and apply 20 31.7 L Skin rash Add powder in oil and smear 6 9.5 Key: Column 3: K(Kayunga) ; B(Buyende); Column 3: Lug (Luganda dialect); Lus (Lusoga dialect); Column 5: W-wild; C-Cultivated; R- Rare; T-Threatened ; Colum 6: L-Leaf; R- root; Wp-whole plant; Sd-seed; Fl- Flower; Tu- Tuber; Sp-sap; Sh-shoot; SB- stem bark; Fr –fruit; Th – Thorn; Column 10: PRK - Percent respondent Knowledge Namukobe et al.; EJMP, 32(2): 15-40, 2021; Article no.EJMP.66158 37 4. CONCLUSIONS There is diverse knowledge of medicinal plants recorded in this study used by local communities in Buyende and Kayunga districts, for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Hoslundia opposita and Bidens pilosa were ranked highest in effectiveness to treat wounds. Fabaceae contributed a large number of plant species used for medicine. This study creates a basis for more research to evaluate the pharmacological activities of the commonly used plants that have not been evaluated. These medicinal plants are very useful especially to people who cannot afford modern medical care products. With more than 50% of plant species useful for treating skin diseases growing in the wild (natural habitats such as forests, bushes, etc), is not sustainable and it means that activities like farming may pose a serious threat to these species. There is need for conservation (outside their natural habitats) and preservation of the plant species with the help of local participation and extensive research in this respect to broaden the prospects of herbal drugs in skin disease treatment. CONSENT AND ETHICAL APPROVAL In accordance with the ethical standards of Makerere University, all participants were allowed to consent before commencement of field study interviews, and they also gave consent for publication. The objective of the study was clearly stated to be for academic purposes not commercial. Confidentiality was assured, their knowledge to be protected and research findings shared with them as custodians of the knowledge. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors acknowledge RISE competitive funds I and Makerere-SIDA Phase IV project for the financial support. We acknowledge all the respondents from Buyende and Kayunga districts, who are the owners of this knowledge. The local leadership of the respective districts are highly appreciated for their support in helping to identify key respondents and allowing us to carry out this study in those areas. COMPETING INTERESTS Authors have declared that no competing interests exist. REFERENCES 1. Poljšak B, Dahmane R. 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