The Forest Birds of Kenya and Uganda Authors: Bennun, Leon, Dranzoa, Christine, and Pomeroy, Derek Source: Journal of East African Natural History, 85(1) : 23-48 Published By: Nature Kenya/East African Natural History Society URL: https://doi.org/10.2982/0012-8317(1996)85[23:TFBOKA]2.0.CO;2 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non - commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Journal of East African Natural History 85: 23-48 (1996) THE FOREST BIRDS OF KENYA AND UGANDA Leon Bennun Department of Ornithology, National Museums of Kenya, POBox 40658, Nairobi, Kenya Christine Dranzoa Derek Pomeroy Makerere University POBox 7298, Kampala, Uganda ABSTRACT Robust and rapid ways of assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity are increasingly necessary. To this end, we present a classification of forest birds in Kenya and Uganda into three simple categories: forest-specialists (FF species), forest generalists (F species) and forest visitors (f species). FF and F species, but not f species, are dependent on forests. Out of 479 forest birds in the two countries, 214 are FF, 156 F and 109 f species. Forest-dependent birds, and particularly forest specialists, are less widespread than forest visitors. Uganda has 420 forest birds compared to Kenya's 335, and a higher proportion of forest specialists: this reflects differences in forest structure and biogeography, rather than the area of natural forest. Using this classification allows species lists and densities to be interpreted more meaningfully. The number of FF species is an initial measure of a forest's relative conservation importance, while the proportion of FF, F and f species and their relative abundance will shift according to changes in forest structure. INTRODUCTION As forests come under increasing threat, the birds that live in them are receiving greater attention. From a conservation point of view, studies of forest birds may be especially useful for at least two reasons. First, the richness and composition of a forest's avifauna can give an indication of its overall value for the conservation of biological diversity (ICBP, 1992; Thirgood & Heath; 1994). And second, environmental change and the impacts of habitat alteration (or, more rarely, restoration) are often assessed by monitoring avian conununities (Furness & Greenwood, 1993). Because birds are relatively easy to observe, count and identify (Pomeroy, 1992), avifaunal surveys can be made in a fraction of the time and expense required for most other faunal groups. Some species have intrinsic conservation interest because they are rare, endangered or endemic (Collar et al., 1994; Bennun & Njoroge, 1996). In other cases, however, we need an additional guide as to the importance of particular species in indicating forest condition and value. Of particular concern here are those species that may depend upon relatively intact, undisturbed forest. These 'forest specialists' are typical of the forest interior and are the species most likely to disappear when the forest is modified to any great extent. There are other species, 'forest generalists', that may also occur in undisturbed forest but which are Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 24 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy able to exist-and may even be more numerous-at the forest edge or in modified and fragmented forests. However, these generalists continue to depend upon forests for some of their resources, such as nesting sites. A third category of species are those which sometimes occur in forests but are more typical of other habitats, especially moist woodlands and thickets. Because they are not dependent upon forests, these species would almost certainly survive in those habitats even if all of the forest disappeared. Their presence in a forest, like that of truly non-forest birds, may sometimes be an indication of forest disturbance. Using a simple classification of this type provides considerably more information than simple lists of species, and helps in the detection of subtle differences between forest avifaunas both in space and time (Bennun & Waiyaki, 1992a-e; Mlingwa et al., in press). In this paper we classify the forest birds of Kenya and Uganda into these three categories and examine ways in which this classification can be used. We follow Hamilton (1990, page 7), in defming forests as " ... a type of vegetation dominated by trees and without narrow-leafed grasses in the herbaceous layer" . METHODS The classification has been developed from earlier versions for the forest birds of Uganda (Pomeroy, 1988) and Kenya (Bennun & Waiyaki, 1992t). Our classification is based primarily upon the habitat preferences of birds given by Britton (1980). Since these were developed for an entirely different purpose, this gives the classification a degree of independence. However, we have modified some of Britton's (1980) descriptions in the light of our own field experience, and that of a number of experienced colleagues who have commented upon earlier versions. Some disagreement will always remain about such a classification, although ours represents the consensus view of a number of forest ornithologists. However, we stress that the purpose of the list is not to provide a defmitive statement about species' habitat requirements, but to allow standardised comparisons between and within particular forests. The structure of different forest types in East Africa varies greatly and so does the response to disturbance (see Bennun & Fanshawe, in press), which makes it difficult to set down defmitions in structural terms. Our distinction here is simply between forest that largely has the original structure it possessed when not subjected to human disturbance ('intact' or 'undisturbed' forest), and forest that has been altered to a marked degree by human impacts ('disturbed' or 'secondary' forest), or is transitional in character between forest and other habitats (as in edges, small patches and narrow forest strips). Taxonomy and nomenclature follow the revised East African list (OS-C, 1996). We have distinguished different races of a species when these show consistently different habitat preferences. DEFINITIONS We use the following working defmitions in this paper: Forest-dependent species FF species (forest specialists) are the 'true' forest birds, characteristic of the interior of undisturbed forest. They may persist in secondary forest and forest patches if their particular Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 25 ecological requirements are met. Where they do occur away from the interior, they are usually less common. They are rarely seen in non-forest habitats. Breeding is almost invariably within forest. F species (forest generalists) may occur in undisturbed forest but are also regularly found in forest strips, edges and gaps. They are likely to be commoner there and in secondary forest than in the interior of intact forest. Breeding is typically within forest. Forest visitors f species are birds which are often recorded in forest, but are not dependent upon it. They are almost always more common in non-forest habitats, where they are most likely to breed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our classification is shown in Appendix 1. We identified 479 forest birds in Kenya and Uganda (treating separately two sub-species each of Little Sparrow Hawk Accipiter minullus.- Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus and African Barred Owlet Glaucidium capense), slightly over one-third of the total avifauna of 1,232 species (OS-C, 1996). table 1 summarises the numbers of species in each category in Kenya and Uganda. Table 1. The numbers of species in each category of forest birds in Kenya and Uganda KenyaBothUganda only countries onlyTotal FF-species 2783104214 F-species 269436156 f-species 699 4109 a a TOTAL 59276 144479 Total numbers of forest bird species": Kenya 335, Uganda 420 aSub-species of three species are counted separately differ in their habitat preferences Of the 214 FF species, 61.2% are found in only one of the two countries and 38.8% are shared by both. Corresponding proportions for the other categories are F, 39.7% and 60.3% (n =156) and f, 9.2% and 90.8% (n = 109). Clearly, the more specialised forest birds are less likely to occur in both countries (x2= 80.8, df = 2, P < 0.0001), implying that they tend to have smaller ranges. The forest-dependent species confined to Kenya are mostly from the coastal forests, with a small element from the Taita Hills and the montane forests of central Kenya. Most of the species confined to Uganda occur in the west of the country. These include montane species of the Albertine Rift refugium (Prigogine, 1985) and lowland birds characteristic of the Congo basin forests. All these areas have characteristic species with very restricted ranges « 50,000 km2), and are categorised as Endemic Bird Areas (ICBP, 1992; Stattersfield et al., in press). Thus, the smaller ranges of FF birds in East Africa are linked to biogeographical factors: they are more likely than less specialised species to be confined to a restricted area of avian endemism. This pattern concords with the view that such areas acted as 'refuges' during periods of the Pleistocene when forests shrank in size (e.g. Hamilton Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 26 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy 1988, Lovett 1993). Forest-specialist species would presumably be less capable than others of dispersing through intermediate habitats, such as woodland or riverine forest strips. Uganda has around the same number of F and f species as Kenya (table 1) but considerably more FF birds-187 versus 110. Thus, the forest-dependent birds confined to Uganda include a much higher proportion of FF species (74.3%) than those confined to Kenya (50.9%, r = 8.6, df = 1, P = 0.003). This is not the result of differences in forest area, since Kenya in fact has more natural forest cover (12,400 km2, Wass 1995) than Uganda (7,400 km2, Howard 1991). However, most of Kenya's forest cover is montane or a relatively dry, low coastal form. Both these types are less rich in bird species than the moist lowland forests of Uganda (see below). Several Ugandan forests are also close to, or part of, the so-called Central Refugium, which has more endemic forest species than any other part of Africa (Stuart 1985). Conservation significance Since birds of the forest interior (the FF species) appear to be less adaptable than those of the forest edge, it is not surprising that many of them also have relatively limited distributions. Hence they are the ones of greatest conservation concern. Pomeroy and Ssekabiira (1990) used data on bird distributions from Snow (1978) for non­ passerines and Hall and Moreau (1970) for passerines to estimate the ranges of land birds in Africa. The forest birds of Kenya and Uganda are a subset of these data and the extents of their distributions are shown in figure 1. (Some species could not be included, for example because of taxonomic revisions). The earlier study had found that various categories of specialist species tended to have smaller distributions than non-specialists; and non-passerines were more widely distributed than passerines. These generalisations also apply to the more detailed data for forest birds in East Africa (figure 1). The global distributions of FF-species are generally smaller than those of F-species, and much smaller than the f-species. For each of these three categories, the passerines have smaller distributions on average than the non­ passerines (table 2). Table 2. The extents of the global distributions of various categories of forest birds. The figures represent the modal number of squares occupied by species in each group. Each square is 2.50 of latitude by 2.50 longitude FF species F species f species Non-passerines 25 45 105 Passerines 18 28 55 Reflecting their smaller ranges and lower adaptability, FF species are more likely to be threatened with extinction than F or f species. In Kenya and Uganda, 21 FF species (9.8% of the total: table 1) are regarded as globally threatened or near-threatened (Collar et at. 1994), compared to just three F species (1.9%; x2 = 8.47, P < 0.005)1. No f species is listed as globally threatened. 1This ignores Taita Apalis Apalis fuscigutaris, Taita White-eye Zosterops silvanus and Kulal White-eye Z. kutatensis, listed by Collar, et at. (1994) but not recognised as valid species in our list, where Taita Apalis is treated as a sub-species of Bar-throated Apalis (FF) and the white-eyes as sub-species of Montane White-eye (F). Including these species makes no Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda '-..;;::: 27 FF species - '-. 1 .1. .!!!.,1.! o 80 20 40 60 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 o Q) a. f/) 40 F species .•... o •... Q) .0 E :J Z 0 . .......... 20 406080100120140160180200 ~~ fspecies ~ • : ~ : . I 20 406080100120140160180200 Extent ofrange(S e ecaption) Figure 1. The extents of the global distributions of East African forest birds. The units are squares of 2.50 of latitude by 2.50 longitude. (Note that the total forested area in Africa is equivalent to about 50 squares, but a much larger number of squares contains at least some forest.) difference to the conclusion from this analysis (test for difference in the proportions of threatened FF and F species that are threatened, r= 6.02, P < 0.025). Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 28 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy The same pattern is clear at a regional level. table 3 shows the number of forest birds in each category that are classed as threatened with extinction in the eastern African region (Bennun & Njoroge, 1996; note that this classification excludes some species that have marginal ranges or populations in East Africa). The proportion of species that is threatened or near-threatened clearly rises with the degree of forest-dependence, from 3.7% for f species to 12.7% and 31.1 % for F and FF species respectively (x2 = 37.8, df = 2, P < 0.0001). The ratio of threatened to near-threatened species is higher for the FF than the F category (FF, 70.0% of the combined total threatened; F, 38.9%; x2 = 5.4, df = 1, P = 0.02). Table 3. Numbers of species in each category of forest-dependence that are threatened or near-threatened with extinction in East Africa (Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda; from Bennun & Njoroge, 1996). The numbers of species considered not threatened or not qualifying for consideration because of marginal ranges or population are also shown FFFfTotal Threatened/near-threatened Critical 1aa1 Endangered 81a9 Vulnerable 266a32 Near-threatened 1511430 Total 5018472 Not threatened 111124105340 Not qualifying for consideration 5314a67 Total 214156109479 The FF species are also the least known. The Kampala area has had many birders over the last 100 years. Yet in a comprehensive review of the area's avifauna (Carswell, 1986), 75% of the FF species recorded had no breeding records and/or an unclear status. Comparative figures for F and f species were 32.3% and 13.3% respectively (r = 62.3, df = 2, P < 0.001; comparing FF and F species only, r = 24.7, df = 1, P < 0.0001; for numbers in each category, see table 4). This difference is much less pronounced in the Kenya bird atlas square containing Kakamega Forest, where the forest-interior avifauna has been specifically studied by a number of workers (e.g. Zimmerman, 1972; Mann, 1985) (proportion of birds with confirmed breeding records, FF = 40.5%, F = 4904%, n = 74, 77 respectively, x2 = 1.2, P > 0.25; records from Lewis & Pomeroy [1989] for atlas square 48D). However, even in Kakamega breeding has been confirmed for well under half the forest avifauna, which is probably composed almost entirely of resident species. This reinforces the conclusion that much more attention generally needs to be paid to forest-dependent birds, especially the forest-specialist passerines. Forest bird lists The list in Appendix 1 corresponds closely to other, more geographically limited lists, for example Stuart (1983) and Mlingwa et at (1993). Dowsett et at. (undated) list over 270 species from the Nyungwe forest of Rwanda, almost all of which occur in Uganda and many in Kenya too. They differ in only three cases in their choice of forest/non-forest categories (although they have no 'edge' category). Similarly, there is close agreement as to what is a forest species in the lists of birds for Kakamega Forest in western Kenya (Zimmerman, 1972; Mann, 1985; Savalli, 1989) and for the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda (Wilson, 1982). Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 29 Agreement seems less close for places further away, such as Senegal (Thiollay, 1985) and Malawi (Dowsett-Lemaire, 1989). For instance, of 105 species of the forest interior and canopy in Malawi, about half are edge species in Kenya and Uganda. There is good agreement about forest species of hornbills, woodpeckers, greenbuls, alethes and warblers between Senegal and the East African list; but there are some interesting differences. Thus Thiollay (1985) considers the Bat Hawk Macheirhamphus alcinus and African Cuckoo-Hawk Aviceda cuculoides to be forest interior birds, whereas Britton (1980) lists them as occurring mainly in forest edge and woodland. Conversely, several Ugandan forest greenbuls are found in other habitats in west Africa. Thus the Simple Greenbul Clorocichla simplex is described by Keith et al. (1992) as a bird of 'brushy areas outside true forest, including dense scrub in savanna, orchard bush ... ' and the Honeyguide Greenbul Baeopogon indicator as preferring (amongst others) 'open habitats ... and plantations'. Puvel's Illadopsis Illadopsis puveli is a bird of 'secondary scrub and gallery forest' in West Africa (Allport et al. 1996), but the recently discovered population in Budongo Forest, Uganda, is confined to undisturbed, closed-canopy Cynometra forest (Owiunji 1996). In other words, some of the species with more extensive distributions occupy substantially different habitats in different parts of their range. Kenya and Uganda together make up less than 3 % of the Afrotropical region. In an area this size, it appears possible to categorise forest species successfully. In a few species, such as Black Cuckoo Cuculus clamosus or Cardinal Woodpecker Dendropicos fuscescens, two sub-species have very different habitat preferences. Apart from these cases, indicated in the list, we have not encountered any species that shifts between forest-dependence categories within Kenya and Uganda. Using the list The number of FF species in a particular forest provides one indication of its conservation importance. table 4 gives some examples. Different forest types vary greatly in the numbers of forest-dependent species. Lowland Guineo-Congolian forests and Albertine Rift forests are the richest, with forests of the Kenyan highlands following. Coastal forests have notably few forest-dependent species. Clearly, direct comparisons across types may be misleading, since very different biogeographical histories are involved (see Hamilton, 1982; Stuart, 1985; Lovett, 1993; Stuart et al., 1993; Fjeldsa, 1994; Mlingwa et al., in press). Within forest types, however, the list can be useful. Mlingwa et at. (in press) use the number of FF species, together with other important variables such as forest size and the presence of rare and endemic species, to assess the relative conservation importance of eastern African coastal forests. Shifts in the proportion or relative abundance of FF and F species can be used to assess or monitor the effects of forest management on bird communities. Bennun & Waiyaki (1992a) conducted baseline surveys in two adjacent parts of the Trans-Mara Forest, which had undergone differing intensities of logging. Species composition was similar in the two sites, but densities of many FF species were higher in the less-disturbed site. Similar results were obtained in Kakamega (Bennun & Waiyaki, 1992c). This shift in relative densities of FF versus other birds seems to be one of the few consistent responses of East African bird species to forest disturbance, and thus a potentially useful feature for forest monitoring (Bennun & Fanshawe, in press). This list is based on the habitat preferences of birds in undisturbed systems. The response of particular forest-specialists to forest degradation (e.g. from selective logging) will vary. To begin with, different forest types can show very different structural responses to disturbance (Fanshawe, 1995). These changes in structure will affect bird species in different ways. For Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 30 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy example, the African Broadbill Smithornis capensis occurs in pine plantation forest around Kibale Forest. Although this is a highly disturbed, indeed artificial, habitat, the dense shade and an open mid-storey mimic the conditions it favours in natural forest (LAB, unpubl. observations). In Mkongani Forest in the Shimba Hills, however, this species is confmed to the small patches of unlogged forest that occur within a matrix of logged-over areas with an open canopy (Bennun & Waiyaki, 1992e and unpubl. data). Despite some specific exceptions we can generally expect declines in the populations of forest-specialists, particularly hole­ nesting and insectivorous species, following forest degradation (Johns, 1988; Lambert, 1992; Thiollay, 1992; Fanshawe, 1995; Owiunji, 1996). One advantage of using the classification presented here is that it allows effects to be assessed easily at the community level, as well as species-by-species if required. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We greatly appreciate the careful comments of a number of colleagues, especially Neil Baker, Tom Butynski, John Fanshawe, Lincoln Fishpool, Ian Francis, Jan Kalina and Edward Waiyaki, on the draft classification of forest birds. Peter Njoroge kindly assisted to categorise species on the regional Red Data List, and comments by Lincoln Fishpool and Andrew Plumptre helped to improve an earlier version of the manuscript. REFERENCES Allport, G.A., M.J. Ausden, L.D.C. Fishpool, P.V. Hayman, P.A. Robertson & P. Wood (1996). Identification of Illadopsis spp. in the Upper Guinea forest. Bull.. African Bird Club 3: 26-30. Bennun, L. & J. Fanshawe (in press). Using forest birds to evaluate forest management: an East African perspective. pp. 10-22 in Doolan, S. (ed.) African rainforests and the conservation of biodiversity. Oxford: Earthwatch Europe. Bennun, L.A. & P.K. Njoroge (eds) (1996). Birds to watch in East Africa: A preliminary Red Data list. Research Reports of the Centre for Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya: Ornithology 23. Bennun, L.A. & E.M. Waiyaki (1992a). Using birds to monitor environmental change in the Mau Forests. Research Reports of the Centre for Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya: Ornithology 2. Bennun, L.A. & E.M. Waiyaki (1992b). An ornithological survey of the Mau Forest Complex. Research Reports of the Centre for Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya: Ornithology 3. Bennun, L.A. & E.M. Waiyaki (1992c). An ornithological survey of Kakamega Forest. Research Reports of the Centrefor Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya: Ornithology 4. Bennun, L.A. & E.M. Waiyaki (1992d). Bird communities of the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest. Research Reports of the Centrefor Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya:' Ornithology 5. Bennun, L.A. & E.M. Waiyaki (1992e). Forest birds of the Shimba Hills and Maluganji: A survey. Research Reports of the Centre for Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya: Ornithology 10. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 31 Bennun, L.A. & E.M. Waiyaki (19921). A list and classification of forest birds in Kenya. Research Reports of the Centre for Biodiversity, National Museums of Kenya: Ornithology 6. Britton, P.L. (ed.) (1980). Birds of East Africa: their habitat, status and distribution. EANHS, Nairobi. Carswell, M C. (1986). Birds of the Kampala area. Scopus Special Supplement Number 2. EANHS, Nairobi. Collar, N.J., M.J. Crosby & A. Stattersfield (1994). Birds to Watch 2: The world list of threatened birds. BirdLife Conservation Series no. 4. BirdLife International, Cambridge, England. Dowsett, R.J., F. Dowsett-Lemaire & J ..-P. Vande Weghe (no date). Les oiseaux de laforet de Nyungwe. Tauraco Study Report. Office Rwandais de tourisme et des Parcs Nationaux, Kigali. Dowsett -Lemaire, F. 1989. Ecological and biogeographical aspects of forest .bird communities in Malawi. Scopus 13: 180. Fanshawe, J.H. (1995) The effects of selective logging on the bird community of Arabuko­ Sokoke Forest, Kenya. D.Phil. thesis, University of Oxford. Fjeldsa, J. (1994). Geographical patterns for relict and young species in Africa and South America, and the dilemma of ranking biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 207­ 226. Furness, R.W. & J.J.D. Greenwood (eds) (1993). Birds as monitors of environmental change. Chapman and Hall, London. Hall, B.P. & R.E. Moreau (1970). An atlas of speciation in African passerine birds. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London. Hamilton, A.C. (1982). Environmental history of East Africa: a study of the Quaternary. Academic Press, New York. Hamilton, A.C. (1988). Guenon evolution and forest history. pp. 13-34 in Gautier-Hion, A., Bourliere, F., Gautier, J-P., Kingdon, J. (eds), A primate radiation: Evolutionary biology of the African guenons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hamilton, A.C. (1990). A field guide to Ugandan forest trees. Makerere University, Kampala. Howard, P.C. (1991). Nature conservation in Uganda's tropical forest reserves. mCN, Gland, Switzerland. ICBP (1992). Putting biodiversity on the map: priority areas for global conservation. ICBP, Cambridge, England. Johns, A.D. (1988). Effects of 'selective' logging on rain forest structure and composition and some consequences for frugivores and foliovores. Biotropica 20: 31-37. Kalina, J. and T.M. Butynski (1996). Checklist of birds of the Bwindi-Impenetrable Forest National Park. EANHS, Nairobi. Keith, S., E.K. Urban & C.H. Fry (1992). The birds of Africa, Volume 4. Academic Press, London. Lambert, F.R. (1992). The consequences of selective logging for Bornean lowland forest birds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 335: 443-457. Lewis, A.D. & D.E. Pomeroy (1989). A bird atlas of Kenya. A A Balkema, Rotterdam. Lovett, J.C. (1993). Climatic history and forest distribution in eastern Africa. pp. 23-29 in J.C. Lovett & S.K. Wasser (eds). Biogeography and ecology of the rainforests of eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Mann, C.F. (1985). An avifaunal study in Kakamega Forest, Kenya, with particular reference to species diversity, weight and moult. Ostrich, 56: 236-262. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 32 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy Mlingwa, C.O.F., M.R Huxham & N.D. Burgess (1993). The avifauna of Kazirnzumbwe Forest reserve. Scopus, 16: 81-88. Mlingwa, C.O.F., E.M. Waiyaki, L.A. Bennun & N.D. Burgess (in press). The birds of eastern Africa's coastal forests. In N.D. Burgess (ed.) Coastal forests in eastern Africa: biodiversity and conservation. mCN, Gland, Switzerland. OS-C (1996). Checklist of the birds of East Africa. Ornithological Sub-committee of the East Africa Natural History Society, Nairobi. Owiunji, I. (1996). The long term effects of forest management on the bird community of Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. MSc thesis, Makerere University, Kampala. Pomeroy, D.E. (1988). The Ff list: a preliminary list of forest birds in Uganda. Kampala: Makerere University Department of Zoology (cyclostyled). Pomeroy, D.E. (1992). Counting Birds. AWF Technical Handbook Series no. 6. African Wildlife Foundation, Nairobi. Pomeroy, D.E. & D. Ssekabiira (1990). An analysis of the distribution of terrestrial birds in Africa. African Journal of Ecology 28: 1-13. Prigogine, A. (1985). Conservation of the avifauna of the forests of the Albertine Rift. pp. 277-296 in A.W. Diamond & T.E. Lovejoy (eds) Conservation of tropical forest birds. ICBP Technical publication No.4. ICBP, Cambridge, England. Savalli, U.M. (1989). Checklist of birds of the Kakamega Forest and National Reserve. Published privately. Snow, D.W. (ed.) (1978). An atlas of speciation of African non-passerine birds. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), London. Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long & D.C. Wege (in press). Endemic bird areas of the world. Priorities for biodiversity conservation. BirdLife Conservation Series no. 7. BirdLife International, Cambridge. Stuart, S.N. (1983). Biogeographical and ecological aspects of forest bird communities in eastern Tanzania. Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge University. Stuart, S.N. (1985). Rare forest birds and their conservation in eastern Africa. pp. 187-196 in A.W. Diamond & T.E. Lovejoy (eds) Conservation of tropical forest birds. ICBP Technical publication No.4. ICBP, Cambridge. Stuart, S.N., F.P. Jensen, S. Bn:gger-Jensen & R.1. Miller (1993). The zoogeography of the montane forest avifauna of eastern Africa. pp. 203-228 in J.e. Lovett & S.K. Wasser (eds.). Biogeography and ecology of the rainforests of eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Thiollay, J-M. (1985). The west African forest avifauna: a review. pp. 171-186 in A.W. Diamond & T.E. Lovejoy (eds) Conservation of tropical forest birds. ICBP Technical publication No.4. ICBP, Cambridge. Thiollay, J.M. (1992). Influence of selective logging on bird species diversity in a Guianan rain forest. Conservation Biology 6: 47-62. Thirgood, S.J. & M.F. Heath (1994). Global patterns of endemism and the conservation of biodiversity. pp. 207-227 in P.L. Forey, e.J. Humphries & RI. Vane-Wright (eds) Systematics and conservation evaluation. Systematics Association Special Volume no. 50. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England. Wass, P. (ed.) (1995). Kenya's indigenous forests: Status, management and conservation. mCN, Gland, Switzerland. Wilson, R (1982). The birds of the Parc National des Volcans. Mountain Gorilla Project, Rwanda. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 33 Wilson, S.E. (ed.) (1995). Bird and mammal checklists for ten national parks in Uganda, from the National Biodiversity Data Bank and other sources. Uganda National Parks, Kampala. Zimmerman, D.A. (1972). The avifauna of Kakamega Forest, western Kenya, including a bird population study. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 149: 255-340. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 34 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy APPENDIX 1: LIST AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE FOREST BIRDS OF KENYA ANDUGANDA OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. Threskiornithidae: Ibises and spoonbills 63 52 FFAfrican Green Ibis Bostrychia olivaceaK 64 FSpot-breasted Ibis Bostrychia raraU Anatidae: Ducks and geese 75 FHartlaub's Duck Pteronetta hartlaubiU Accipitridae: Vultures, eagles, hawks etc. 97 139 FAfrican Cuckoo-HawkA viceda cuculoidesKU 98 140 FEurasian Honey BuzzardPernis apivorusKU 99 143 FBat Hawk Macheiramphus alcinusKU 105 87 fHooded Vulture Necrosyrtes monachusKU 113 99 FSouthern Banded Snake EagleCircaetus fasciolatusK 114 97 FBanded Snake Eagle Circaetus cinerascensKU 117 96 fAfrican Harrier-HawkPolyboroides typusKU 125 111 FAfrican Goshawk Accipiter tachiroKU 126 104 FFChestnut-flanked GoshawkAccipiter castaniliusU 127 102 fShikra Accipiter badiusKU 130 105 FF(Western) Little Sparrowhawk Accipiter minullus erythropusU 130 107 fLittle Sparrowhawk A. m. minullus/A. m. tropicalisKU 133 110 FRufous-breasted Sparrowhawk Accipiter rujiventris KU 134 106 FGreat SparrowhawkAccipiter melanoleucusKU 135 136 FFLong-tailed Hawk Urotriorchis macrourusU 137 129 fLizard Buzzard Kaupifalco monogrammicusKU 139 124 FFMountain Buzzard Buteo oreophilusKU 154 126 FAyres's Hawk EagleHieraaeius ayresiiKU 155 130 fLong-crested Eagle Lophaetus occipitalisKU 156 125 FFCassin's Hawk EagleSpizaetus africanusU 157 135 FFAfrican Crowned EagleStephanoaetus coronatusKU Falconidae: Falcons 166 152 FAfrican Hobby Falco cuvieriKU Phasianidae: Quails and francolins 184 174 FFForest Francolin Francolinus lathamiU 191 178 FFNahan's Francolin Francolinus nahaniU 195 184 FScaly Francolin Francolinus squamatusKU 196 173 FJackson's Francolin Francolinus jacksoniKU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 35 OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 197 179 FFHandsome Francolin Francolinus nobilisU Numididae: Guineafowl 202 188/ FCrested Guineafowl Guttera pucheraniKU 9 Rallidae: Rails and relatives208 213 FWhite-spotted FlufftailSarothrura pulchraKU 209 211 FFBuff-spotted FlufftailSarothrura elegansKU 214 200 FFNkulengu Rail Himantomis haematopusU Columbidae: Pigeons and doves 354 358 FAfrican Green PigeonTreron calvaKU 357 357 FTambourine Dove Turtur tympanistriaKU 358 355 fBlue-spotted Wood DoveTurtur aferKU 359 356 fEmerald-spotted Wood DoveTurtur chalcospilosKU 362 338 FFWhite-naped Pigeon Columba albinuchaU 363 343 FFWestern Bronze-naped Pigeon Columba iriditorques U 364 340 FFEastern Bronze-naped PigeonColumba delegorgueiKU 365 339 FFOlive Pigeon Columba arquatrixKU 367 344 FFAfep Pigeon Columba unicinctaKU 369 337 FFLemon Dove Aplopelia larvataKU 370 350 fRed-eyed Dove Streptopelia semitorquataKU 373 346 fRing-necked Dove Streptopelia capicolaKU 376 348 fDusky Turtle Dove Streptopelia lugensKU Psittacidae: Parrots and lovebirds 378 371 FFGrey Parrot Psittacus erithacusKU 379 368 fBrown-necked ParrotPoicephalus suahelicusU 380 366 FFRed-fronted Parrot Poicephalus gulielmiKU 382 365 FBrown-headed ParrotPoicephalus cryptoxanthusK 384 363 fRed-headed LovebirdAgapomis pullariusKU 385 364 FBlack-collared LovebirdAgapomis swindemianusU Musophagidae: Turacos 390 372 FGreat Blue Turaco Corythaeola cristataKU 391 377 FRoss's Turaco Musophaga rossaeKU 392 380 FFRuwenzori Turaco Ruwenzoromis johnstoniU 393 383 fPurple-crested TuracoTauraco porphyreolophusKU 396 384 FFBlack-billed Turaco Tauraco schuettiiKU 397 378 FFischer's Turaco Tauraco fischeriK 398 379 FFHartlaub's Turaco Tauraco hartlaubiKU 399 381 fWhite-crested TuracoTauraco leucolophusKU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 36 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. Cuculidae: Cuckoos and coucals 405 394 fLevaillant's Cuckoo Oxylophus levaillantiiKU 407 400 fThick-billed Cuckoo Pachycoccyx audebertiKU 408 396 fBlack Cuckoo (i) Cuculus clamosus gabonensisKU 408 396 FFBlack Cuckoo (ii) Cuculus clamosus clamosusKU 409 399 FRed-chested Cuckoo Cuculus solitariusKU 412 398 fAsian Lesser CuckooCuculus poliocephalusKU 413 398 fMadagascar Lesser CuckooCuculus rochiiKU 414 385 FFDusky Long-tailed CuckooCercococcyx mechowiU 415 387 FFOlive Long-tailed CuckooCercococcyx olivinusU 416 386 FFBarred Long-tailed CuckooCercococcyx montanusKU 417 389 FAfrican Emerald CuckooChrysococcyx cupreusKU 418 390 FFYellow-throated CuckooChrysococcyx jlavigularisU 419 391 fKlaas's Cuckoo Chrysococcyx klaasKU 421 401 FYellowbill Ceuthmochares aereusKU 425 405 fSenegal Coucal Centropus senegalensisKU Strigidae: Typical owls 430 421 FFSokoke Scops Owl Otus ireneaeK 437 415 FFFraser's Eagle Owl Bubo poensisU 440 425 FPel's Fishing Owl Scotopelia peliKU 442 420 FFRed-chested Owlet Glaucidium tephronotumKU 443 417 FAfrican Barred OwletGlaucidium capense schlefferiK 443 418 FFChestnut Owlet Glaucidium capense castaneumU 444 416 FAfrican Wood Owl Strix woodfordiKU 445 411 FFAfrican Long-eared OwlAsio abyssinicusKU Caprimulgidae: Night jars 448 436 FFiery-necked Night jarCaprimulgus pectoralisKU 449 437 FMontane Night jar Caprimulgus poliocephalusKU 458 426 FFBates's Night jar Caprimulgus batesiU Apodidae: Swifts 464 456 FFSabine's Spinetail Raphidura sabiniKU 465 455 FFCassin's Spinetail Neafrapus cassiniU 466 454 FB6hm's Spinetail Neafrapus boehmiK 467 457 FMottled Spinetail Telacanthura ussheriKU 468 453 FScarce Swift Schoutedenapus myoptilusKU Trogonidae: Trogons 484 462 FNarina Trogon Apaloderma narinaKU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 37 OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 485 463 FFBar-tailed Trogon Apaloderma vittatumKU Alcedinidae: Kingfishers 486 473 fGrey-headed KingfisherHalcyon leueoeephalaKU 490 474 FBlue-breasted KingfisherHalcyon malimbieaU 492 471 FFChocolate-backed KingfisherHalcyon badiaU 493 469 FHalf-collared KingfisherAlcedo semitorquataK 494 468 FFShining-blue KingfisherAleedo quadribraehysKU 496 467 FFWhite-bellied KingfisherAleedo leueogasterU 497 478 fAfrican Pygmy KingfisherIspidina pietaKU 498 477 FFAfrican Dwarf KingfisherIspidina leeonteiU Meropidae: Bee-eaters 501 480 fEurasian Bee-eater Merops apiasterKU 505 479 fWhite-throated Bee-eaterMerops albieollisKU 508 484 FFBlack Bee-eater Merops gularisU 509 486 FFBlue-headed Bee-eaterMerops muelleriK 514 488 FCinnamon-chested Bee-eaterMerops oreobatesKU Coraciidae: Rollers 522 500 fBroad-billed Roller Eurystomus glaueurusKU 523 501 FFBlue-throated Roller Eurystomus gularisU Phoeniculidae: Wood-hoopoes 525 503 FFWhite-headed Wood-hoopoePhoenieulus bolleiKU 526 504 FFForest Wood-hoopoe Phoenieulus eastaneieepsU Bucerotidae: HornbiUs 535 526 FFWhite-crested HombillTropicranus albocristatusU 536 521 FFBlack Dwarf HombillToekus hartlaubiU 537 516 FFRed-billed Dwarf HombillTockus eamurusU 543 515 fCrowned Hombill Toekus alboterminatusKU 544 519 FAfrican Pied HombillToekus fasciatusU 547 510 FTrumpeter Hombill Bycanistes bucinatorK 548 512 FFPiping Hombill Bycanistes fistulatorU 549 509 FSilvery-cheeked HombillByeanistes brevisK 550 513 FBlack-and-white-casquedByeanistes subcylindrieusKU Hombill 551 511 FFWhite-thighed HombillByeanistes cylindrieusU 552 514 FFBlack-wattled HombillCeratogymna atrataU Capitonidae: Barbets and tinkerbirds 553 533 FGrey-throated BarbetGymnobueeo bonaparteiKU 554 530 FWhite-eared Barbet Staetolaema leueotisK Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 38 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy OS-C Br. Cat. English name 556 531 FF Green Barbet 557 553 F Speckled Tinkerbird 558 550 FF Western Green Tinkerbird 559 554 FF Eastern Green Tinkerbird 560 551 FF Moustached Green Tinkerbird 561 547 FF Red-romped Tinkerbird 562 555 FF Yellow-throated Tinkerbird 563 548 F Yellow-romped Tinkerbird 566 529 FF Yellow-spotted Barbet 567 538 F Hairy-breasted Barbet 573 545 FRed-faced Barbet 575 546 f Black-collared Barbet 576 576 f Brown-breasted Barbet 578 534 f Double-toothed Barbet 580 556 F Yellow-billed Barbet Indicatoridae: Honeyguides 584 564 FF Spotted Honeyguide 585 569 f Scaly-throated Honeyguide 586 563 f Greater Honeyguide 587 566 f Lesser Honeyguide 588 561 FF Thick-billed Honeyguide 589 562 FF Least Honeyguide 590 570 FF Willcocks's Honeyguide 591 568 FF Dwarf Honeyguide 592 565 f Pallid Honeyguide 593 FF Lyre-tailed Honeyguide 594 571 FF Zenker's Honeyguide 595 572 FF Cassin's Honeybird 596 574 f Eastern Honeybird 597 573 f Wahlberg's Honeybird Picidae: Wrynecks and woodpeckers 599 575 f Red-throated Wryneck 600 577 FF African Piculet 603 578 F Golden-tailed Woodpecker 604 F Mombasa Woodpecker 605 580 f Green-backed Woodpecker 606 584 FF Fine-banded Woodpecker Scientific name Stactolaema olivacea Pogoniulus scolopaceus Pogoniulus coryphaeus Pogoniulus simplex Pogoniulus leucomystax Pogoniulus atroflavus Pogoniulus subsulphureus Pogoniulus bilineatus Buccanodon duchaillui Tricholaema hirsuta Lybius rubrifacies Lybius torquatus Lybius melanopterus Lybius bidentatus Trachylaemus purpuratus Indicator maculatus Indicator variegatus Indicator indicator Indicator exilis Indicator conirostris Indicator exilis Indicator willcocksi Indicator pumilio Indicator meliphilus Melichneutes robustus Melignomon zenkeri Prodotiscus insignis Prodotiscus zambesiae Prodotiscus regulus lynx ruficollis Sasia africana Campethera abingoni Campethera mombassica Campethera cailliautii Campethera tullbergi Dist. K KU U K KU U U KU KU KU U KU K KU KU U KU KU KU KU KU U U KU U U KU K KU KU U KU K KU KU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 39 OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 607 582 FBuff-spotted WoodpeckerCampethera nivosaKU 608 581 FBrown-eared WoodpeckerCampethera caroliKU 610 585 fCardinal Woodpecker (raceDendropicos fuscescens lepidus KU lepidus) 611 586 FGabon Woodpecker Dendropicos gabonensisU 613 594 fBearded WoodpeckerDendropicos namaquusKU 614 592 FYellow-crested WoodpeckerDendropicos xantholophusKU 615 589 FFElliot's Woodpecker Dendropicos elliotiiU 616 590 fGrey Woodpecker Dendropicos goertaeKU 617 591 FFOlive Woodpecker Dendropicos griseocephalusU Eurylaimidae: Broadbills 619 596 FFAfrican Broadbill Smithomis capensisKU 620 597 FFRed-sided Broadbill Smitomis rufolateralisU 621 595 FFAfrican Green BroadbillPseudocalyptomena graueriU Pittidae: Pittas 622 598 FFAfrican Pitta Pitta angolensisKU 623 599 FFGreen-breasted PittaPitta reichenowiU Hirundinidae: Swallow and martins 656 FFWhite-throated Blue SwallowHirundo nigritaU 670 639 fWhite-headed Saw-wingPsalidoprocne albicepsKU 672 640 fBlack Saw-wing Psalidoprocne holomelasKU Motacillidae: Wagtails, pipits and longclaws 675 994 FGrey Wagtail Motacilla cinereaKU 676 995 FMountain Wagtail Motacilla claraKU 689 984 fTree Pipit Anthus trivialisKU 692 983 FFSokoke Pipit Anthus sokokensisK Pycnonotidae: Bulbuls 698 697 FFCameroon Sombre GreenbulAndropadus curvirostrisKU 699 699 FFLittle Grey Greenbu1Andropadus gracilisKU 700 696 FFAnsorge's Greenbul Andropadus ansorgeiK 701 705 FLittle Greenbul Andropadus virensKU 702 701 FYellow-whiskered Greenbu1Andropadus latirostrisKU 703 698 FFSlender-billed GreenbulAndropadus gracilirostrisKU 704 702 FFShelley's Greenbul Andropadus masukuensisKU 705 704 FFMountain Greenbul Andropadus nigricepsKU 707 703 FFStripe-cheeked GreenbulAndropadus milanjensisK 709 721 FGrey-olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus cerviniventrisK 710 719 FFToro Olive Greenbul Phyllastrephus hypochlorisKU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 40 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 711 726 FFSassi's Olive GreenbulPhyllastrephus lorenziU 712 723 FFFischer's Greenbul Phyllastrephus fischeriK 713 727 FFCabanis's Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisiKU 714 729f Northern Brownbul Phyllastrephus strepitansKU 715 730 FTerrestrial BrownbulPhyllastrephus terrestrisK 716 718 FFWhite-throated GreenbulPhyllastrephus albigularisU 717 725 FFIcterine Greenbul Phyllastrephus icterinusU 718 731 FFXavier's Greenbul Phyllastrephus xavieriU 719 724 FFYellow-streaked GreenbulPhyllastrephus jlavostriatusKU 720 722 FFTiny Greenbul Phyllastrephus debilisK 721 728 FLeaflove Pyrrhurus scandensU 722 733 FSwamp Greenbul Thescelocichla leucopleuraU 723 706 FFHoneyguide GreenbulBaeopogon indicatorKU 724 715 FFSpotted Greenbul Ixonotus guttatusU 725 711 FJoyful Greenbul Chlorocichla laetissimaKU 726 710 FYellow-bellied GreenbulChlorocichla jlaviventrisK 727 712 FSimple Greenbul Chlorocichla simplexU 728 709 fYellow-throated LeafloveChlorocichla jlavicollisKU 729 732 fCommon Bulbul Pycnonotus barbatusKU 730 708 FFRed-tailed Bristlebill BIeda syndactylaKU 731 707 FFGreen-tailed BristlebillBieda eximiaU 732 713 FFEastern Bearded GreenbulCriniger chloronotusU 733 714 FFRed-tailed Greenbul Criniger calurusU 734 716 FWestern Nicator Nicator chlorisU 735 716 FEastern Nicator Nicator gularisK 736 717 FFYellow-throated NicatorNicator vireoU Timaliidae: Babblers 737 671 FFAfrican Hill Babbler Pseudoalcippe abyssinicaKU 748 673 FFCapuchin Babbler Phyllanthus atripennisU 749 672 FFGrey-chested IlladopsisKakamega poliothoraxKU 750 675 FFBrown Illadopsis Illadopsis fulvescensKU 751 676 FFMountain Illadopsis Illadopsis pyrrhopteraKU 752 677 FFPale-breasted IlladopsisIlladopsis rufipennisKU 753 674 FFScaly-breasted IlladopsisIlladopsis albipectusKU FF Puvel's Illadopsis Illadopsis puveliU Tnrdidae: Thrushes and relatives 756 782 FWhite-starred Robin Pogonocichla stellataKU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 41 OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 758 789 FFForest Robin Stiphromis erythrothoraxKU 760 786 FFLowland Akalat Sheppardia cyomithopsisU 761 785 FFEquatorial Akalat Sheppardia aequatorialisKU 763 787 FFEast Coast Akalat Sheppardia gunningiK 766 761 FFGrey-winged Robin Sheppardia poliopteraKU 767 757 FArcher's Robin-Chat Cossypha archeriU 769 749 fCape Robin Chat Cossypha caffraKU 770 752 FRed-capped Robin ChatCossypha natalensisKU 771 755 FRiippell 's Robin ChatCossypha semirufaK 772 751 fWhite-browed Robin ChatCossypha heugliniKU 773 750 FBlue-shouldered Robin ChatCossypha cyanocampterKU 774 753 FSnowy-headed Robin ChatCossypha niveicapillaKU 775 754 FFWhite-bellied Robin ChatCossyphicula robertiU 776 734 FFFire-crested Alethe Alethe diademataU 777 737 FFRed-throated Alethe Alethe poliophrysU 778 736 FFBrown-chested AletheAlethe poliocephalaKU 780 773 FFRed-tailed Ant ThrushNeocossyphus rufusKU 781 772 FFWhite-tailed Ant ThrushNeocossyphus poensisKU 787 743 fBrown-backed Scrub RobinCercotrichas hartlaubiKU 788 746 fEastern Bearded Scrub RobinCercotrichas quadrivirgataK 790 745 FFNorthern Bearded ScrubCercotrichas leucostictaU Robin 812 790 FFRufous Thrush Stizorhina fraseriU 816 793 FOlive Thrush Turdus olivaceusKU 817 FFTaita Thrush Turdus (olivaceus) helleriK 818 801 fAfrican Thrush Turdus peliosKU 822 795 FFSpotted Ground ThrushZoothem guttataK 823 794 FFBlack-eared Ground ThrushZoothera cameronensisU 824 FFGrey Ground Thrush Zoothem princeiU 825 796 FFOrange Ground ThrushZoothem gumeyiK 826 802 FFAbyssinian Ground ThrushZoothem piaggiaeKU 827 803 FFKivu Ground ThrushZoothera tanganjicaeU 828 800 FFForest Ground ThrushZoothem oberlaenderiU Muscicapidae: Old World flycatchers 831 936 FAfrican Dusky FlycatcherMuscicapa adustaKU 832 943 FFChapin's Flycatcher Muscicapa lenduKU 834 939 FCassin's Grey FlycatcherMuscicapa cassiniU 835 944 FFYellow-footed FlycatcherMuscicapa sethsmithiU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 42 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 836 938 FAshy Flycatcher A1uscicapa caerulescensKU 837 940 FDusky Blue FlycatcherA1uscicapa comitataU 838 926 FFSooty Flycatcher A1uscicapa fuliginosaU 840 933 FWhite-eyed Slaty FlycatcherA1elaenomis fischeriKU 841 932 FYellow-eyed Black Flycatcher A1elaenomis ardesiaca U 847 931 FForest Flycatcher Fraseria ocreataU 850 946 fLead-coloured FlycatcherA1yioparus plumbeusKU 851 942 FFGrey-throated FlycatcherA1yioparus griseigularisU Sylviidae: Old World warblers 869 918 fGarden Warbler Sylvia borinKU 870 917 FBlackcap Sylvia atricapillaKU 871 907 FWood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrixKU 872 904 FChiffchaff Phylloscopus collybitaKU 873 908 fWillow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilusKU 874 903 FFUganda Woodland WarblerPhylloscopus budongoensisKU 875 905 FFRed- faced Woodland WarblerPhylloscopus laetusU 876 909 FBrown Woodland WarblerPhylloscopus umbrovirensKU 877 906 FYellow-throated WoodlandPhylloscopus ruficapillusK Warbler 879 889 FGreen Hylia Hylia prasinaKU 883 833 FFEvergreen Forest WarblerBradypterus lopeziKU 884 835 FCinnamon Bracken WarblerBradypterus cinnamomeusKU 885 831 FBamboo Warbler Bradypterus alfrediU 886 829 FFBlack-faced Rufous WarblerBathmocercus rufusKU 892 844 FMountain Yellow WarblerChloropeta similisKU 898 855 FChubb's Cisticola Cisticola chubbiKU 899 861 FHunter's Cisticola Cisticola hunteriKU 924 913 fTawny-flanked PriniaPrinia subjlavaKU 926 910 FBanded Prinia Prinia bairdiiKU 927 911 FWhite-chinned PriniaPrinia leucopogonKU 933 837 fGrey-backed CamaropteraCamaroptera brachyuraKU 934 838 FFOlive-green CamaropteraCamaroptera chloronotaKU 935 841 FFYellow-browed CamaropteraCamaroptera superciliosusU 936 818 fYellow-breasted ApalisApalis jlavidaKU 937 815 FFMasked Apalis Apalis binotataU 938 815 FFMontane Masked ApalisApalis personataU 939 823 FFBlack-capped ApalisApalis nigricepsU 940 824 FChestnut-throated ApalisApalis porphyrolaemaKU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 43 OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 942 826 FFBuff-throated Apalis Apalis rufogularisKU 945 817 FFGrey Apalis Apalis cinereaKU 946 813 FBrown-headed ApalisApalis alticolaK 947 821 FFBlack-headed ApalisApalis melanocephalaK 948 819 FFBlack-throated ApalisApalis jacksoniKU 949 816 FFWhite-winged ApalisApalis chariessaK 950 825 FBlack-collared ApalisApalis pulchraKU 951 827 FFCollared Apalis Apalis ruwenzoriiU 952 828 FFBar-throated Apalis Apalis thoracicaK 956 882 FFGrauer's Warbler Graueria vittataU 957 875 fGrey-capped WarblerEminia lepidaKU 958 895 FFGrey Longbill Macrosphenus concolorU 959 896 FFYellow Longbill Macrosphenus jlavicansU 960 897 FFKretschmer's LongbillMacrosphenus kretschmeriK 961 884 FFShort-tailed Warbler Hemitesia neumanniU 967 923 FFWhite-browed CrombecSylvietta leucophrysKU 968 FFLemon-bellied Crombec Sylvietta dentiU 969 924 FGreen Crombec Sylvietta virensKU 972 880 FGreen-capped EremomelaEremomela scotopsKU 974 876 FBrown-crowned EremomelaEremomela badicepsU 975 881 FFTurner's Eremomela Eremomela turneriKU 979 891 FYellow-bellied HyliotaHyliota flavigasterKU 980 890 FSouthern Hyliota Hyliota australisKU Zosteropidae: White-eyes 981 1131 f Abyssinian White-eyeZosterops abyssinicusK 982 1132 F Montane White-eyeZosterops poliogasterK 983 1133 f Yellow White-eyeZosterops senegalensisKU Paridae: Tits 987 662 FFStripe-breasted Tit Parus fasciiventerU 988 664 FFDusky Tit Parus funereusKU 989 666 fNorthern Black Tit Parus leucomelasKU 990 661 fWhite-bellied Tit Parus albiventrisKU 994 668 fAfrican Penduline TitAnthoscopus caro/iKU 995 901 FFTit-Hylia Pholidornis rushiaeU Monarchidae: Monarch flycatchers 997 964 FFLittle Yellow FlycatcherErythrocercus holochlorusK 999 966 FFChestnut -capped FlycatcherErythrocercus mccalliU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 44 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 1000 963 fAfrican Blue FlycatcherElminia longicaudaKU 1001 962 FWhite-tailed Blue FlycatcherElminia albicaudaU 1002 970 FFWhite-tailed Crested Trochocercus albonotatusKU Flycatcher 1003 969 FFWhite-bellied CrestedTrochocercus albiventrisU Flycatcher 1004 971 FFBlue-mantled CrestedTrochocercus cyanomelasKU Flycatcher 1005 972 FDusky Crested FlycatcherTrochocercus nigromitratusKU 1006 973 FFBlue-headed Crested Trochocercus nitensU Flycatcher 1007 968 fAfrican Paradise FlycatcherTerpsiphone viridisKU 1008 967 FFRed-bellied Paradise Terpisphone rufiventerKU Flycatcher Platysteiridae: Batises, wattle-eyes and relatives1009 956 FFAfrican Shrike-flycatcherBias jlammulatusKU 1010 955 fBlack -and-white FlycatcherBias musicusKU 1011 950 FFForest Batis Batis mixtaK 1012 948 FRuwenzori Batis Batis diopsU 1014 954 FPale Batis Batis sororK 1018 FFlturi Batis Batis ituriensisU 1019 960 fCommon Wattle-eye Platysteira cyaneaKU 1020 961 FBlack-throated Wattle-eyePlatysteira peltataKU 1021 958 FFChestnut Wattle-eye Dyaphorophyia castaneaKU 1022 957 FFJameson's Wattle-eyeDyaphorophyia jamesoniKU 1023 959 FFYellow-bellied Wattle-eyeDyaphorophyia con cretaKU Prionopidae: Helmet-Shrikes 1024 1042 FF Red-billed Helmet-ShrikePrionops canicepsU 1027 1045 f Retz's Helmet-ShrikePrionops retziiK 1028 1046 F Chestnut-fronted Helmet-Prionops scopifronsK Shrike Laniidae: Shrikes 1038 1035 f Mackinnon's FiscalLanius mackinnoniKU Malaconotidae: Bush-Shrikes 1051 1013 F Bocage's Bush-ShrikeMalaconotus bocageiKU 1052 1019 f Sulphur-breasted Bush-ShrikeMalaconotus sulfureopectusKU 1053 1017 FF Black-fronted Bush-ShrikeMalaconotus nigrifronsK 1054 1017 FF Many-coloured Bush-ShrikeMalaconotus multicolorU 1055 1015 F Doherty's Bush-ShrikeMalconotus dohertyiKU 1056 1018 F Four-coloured Bush-ShrikeMalconotus quadricolorK Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 45 OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 1057 1014 FF Fiery-breasted Bush-ShrikeMalaconotus cruentusU 1058 1016 FF Lagden's Bush-ShrikeMalaconotus lagdeniU 1063 1008 F Liihder's Bush-ShrikeLaniarius luehderiKU 1064 1004 f Tropical BoubouLaniarius aethiopicusKU 1068 1005 F Montane Sooty BoubouLaniarius poensisU 1069 1007 FF Sooty BoubouLaniarius leucorhynchusU 1071 1000 F Northern PuftbackDryoscopus gambensisKU 1072 999 FBlack-backed PuftbackDryoscopus cublaK 1073 1002 FF Red-eyed PuftbackDryoscopus senegalensisU 1075 998 FFPink-footed PuftbackDryoscopus angolensisKU Campephagidae: Cuckoo-shrikes 1076 688 fBlack Cuckoo-shrikeCampephaga flavaKU 1077 690 fRed-shouldered Cuckoo-Campephaga phoeniceaKU shrike 1078 689 FFPetit's Cucko- shrikeCampephaga petitiKU 1079 691 FFPurple-throated Cuckoo-Campephaga quiscalinaKU shrike 1080 693 FFGrey Cuckoo-shrikeCoracina caesiaKU Dicruridae: Drongos 1083 644 FVelvet-mantled DrongoDicrurus modestusKU 1084 645 FSquare-tailed DrongoDicrurus ludwigiiKU Oriolidae: Orioles 1085 651 fEurasian Golden OrioleOriolus oriolusKU 1086 646 fAfrican Golden OrioleOriolus auratusKU 1087 649 fBlack-headed OrioleOriolus larvatusKU 1088 652 FFMontane Oriole Oriolus percivaliKU 1089 647 FWestern Black-headedOriolus brachyrhynchusKU Oriole 1090 648 FGreen-headed OrioleOriolus chlorocephalusK 1091 650 FFBlack-winged OrioleOriolus nigripennisU Sturnidae: Starlings and oxpeckers 1099 1069 FF Narrow-tailed StarlingPoeoptera lugubrisU 1100 1070 FF Stuhlmann's StarlingPoeoptera stuhlmanniKU 1101 1068 FF Kenrick's StarlingPoeoptera kenrickiK 1102 1067 FF Waller's StarlingOnychognathus walleriKU 1103 1064 f Red-winged StarlingOnychognathus morioKU 1104 1063 FF Chestnut-winged StarlingOnychognathus fulgidusU 1105 1066 F Slender-billed StarlingOnychognathus tenuirostrisKU 1107 1058 F Purple-headed StarlingLamprotomis purpureicepsU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 46 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 1108 1057 F Black-bellied StarlingLamprotomis corruscusK 1109 1061 F Splendid StarlingLamprotomis splendidusKU 1121 1048 f Violet-backed StarlingCinnyricinclus leucogasterKU 1122 1047 FF Abbott's StarlingCinnyricinclus femoralisK 1123 1049 FF Sharpe's StarlingCinnyricinclus sharpiiKU Nectarinidae: Sunbirds 1131 1081 FF Grey-headed SunbirdAnthreptes fraseriU 1132 1088 FF Plain-backed SunbirdAnthreptes reichenowiK 1134 1082 f Western Violet-backedAnthreptes longuemareiKU Sunbird 1136 1083 FF Uluguru Violet-backedAnthreptes neglectusK Sunbird 1137 1085 FF Amani SunbirdAnthreptes pallidigasterK 1138 1087 FF Green SunbirdAnthreptes rectirostrisKU 1140 1080 F Collared SunbirdAnthreptes collarisKU 1142 1121 F Little Green SunbirdNectarinia seimundiU 1143 1112 FF Olive SunbirdNectarinia olivaceaKU 1144 1129 f Mouse-coloured SunbirdNectarinia veroxiiK 1145 1090 FF Blue-headed SunbirdNectarinia alinaeU 1146 1130 F Green-headed SunbirdNectarinia verticalisKU 1147 1097 FF Blue-throated BrownNeaarinwqanowemaU Sunbird 1148 1120 F Green-throated SunbirdNectarinia rubescensKU 1149 1091 f Amethyst SunbirdNectarinia amethystinaKU 1152 1128 f Variable SunbirdNectarinia venustaKU 1156 1094 F Olive-bellied SunbirdNectarinia chloropygiaKU 1157 1109 F Tiny SunbirdNectarinia minullaU 1158 1105 F Greater Double-collaredNectarinia afraU Sunbird 1159 1115 F Northern Double-collaredNectarinia preussiKU Sunbird 1161 1108 F Eastern Double-collaredNectarinia mediocrisK Sunbird 1163 1118 F Regal SunbirdNectarinia regiaU 1166 1092 f Purple-banded SunbirdNectarinia bifasciataKU 1169 1093 F Orange-tufted SunbirdNectarinia bouvieriKU 1176 1096 f Copper SunbirdNectarinia cup reaKU 1177 1126 f Tacazze SunbirdNectarinia tacazzeKU 1178 1117 F Purple-breasted SunbirdNectarinia bifasciataU 1179 1103 f Bronze SunbirdNectarinia kilimensisKU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Forest birds of Kenya and Uganda 47 OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 1180 1119 f Golden-winged SunbirdNectarinia reichenowiKU 1181 1099 F Malachite SunbirdNectarinia famosaKU 1183 1125 F Superb SunbirdNectarinia superbaKU Ploceidae: Weavers and relatives 1203 1134 f Grosbeak WeaverAmblyospiza albifronsKU 1204 1184 f Compact WeaverPloceus superciliosusKU 1205 1159 f Baglafecht WeaverPloceus baglafechtKU 1207 1179 f Slender-billed WeaverPloceus pelzelniKU 1209 1176 f Black-necked WeaverPloceus nigricollisKU 1210 1177 f Spectacled WeaverPloceus ocularisKU 1211 1174 FF Black-billed WeaverPloceus melanogasterKU 1212 1157 F Strange WeaverPloceus alienusU 1215 1158 f Orange WeaverPloceus aurantiusKU 1219 1164 f Northern Brown-throatedPloceus castanopsKU Weaver 1233 1175 f Vieillot's Black WeaverPloceus nigerrimusKU 1234 1188 F Weyn's WeaverPloceus weynsiU 1235 1167 FF Clarke's WeaverPloceus golandiK 1237 1186 FF Yellow-mantled WeaverPloceus tricolorKU 1238 1156 FF Maxwell's Black WeaverPloceus albinuchaU 1239 1161 F Dark-backed WeaverPloceus bicolorKU 1240 1169 FF Brown-capped WeaverPloceus insignisKU 1243 1154 F Blue-billed MalimbeMalimbus nitensU 1244 1153 F Crested MalimbeMalimbus malimbicusU 1245 1152 FF Cassin's MalimbeMalimbus cassiniU 1246 1155 FF Red-headed MalimbeMalimbus rubricollisKU Estrildidae: Waxbills 1268 1252 FF Red-fronted AntpeckerParmoptila woodhouseiU 1269 1246 F Grey-headed NegrofmchNigrita canicapillaKU 1270 1248 F Pale-fronted NegrofmchNigrita luteifronsU 1271 1245 FF Chestnut-breastedNigrita bicolorU Negrofmch 1272 1247 F White-breasted NegrofinchNigrita fusconotaKU 1273 1243 f White-collared OlivebackNesocharis ansorgeiU 1274 1244 f Grey-headed OlivebackNesocharis capistrataU 1278 1223 F Red-faced CrimsonwingCryptospiza reichenoviiU 1279 1224 F Abyssinian CrimsonwingCryptospiza salvadoriiKU 1280 1222 F Dusky CrimsonwingCryptospiza jacksoniU Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use 48 L.A. Bennun, C. Dranzoa & D. Pomeroy OS-C Br.Cat. English name Scientific nameDist. 1281 1225 F Shelley's CrimsonwingCryptospiza shelleyiU 1282 1254 F Black-bellied SeedcrackerPyrenestes ostrinusU 1284 1258 FF Grant's BluebillSpermophaga poliogenysU 1285 1259 F Red-headed BluebillSpermophaga rufieapillaKU 1286 1235 F Peters's TwinspotHypargos niveoguttatusK 1287 1242 FF Green-backed TwinspotMandingoa nitidulaKU 1288 1221 f Brown TwinspotClytospiza monteiriKU 1290 1220 f Dusky TwinspotEusehistospiza cinereovinaeeaU 1299 1229 f Yellow-bellied WaxbillEstrilda quartiniaKU 1304 1230 f Black-crowned WaxbillEstrilda nonnulaKU 1305 1227 F Black-headed WaxbillEstrilda atrieapillaKU 1319 1265 f Black-and-white MannikinLonehura bieolorKU 1320 1267 f Magpie MannikinLonehura jringilloidesKU Fringillidae: Seed-eaters and canaries 1332 1282 f Yellow-crowned CanarySerinus eanieollisKU 1333 1283 f African CitrilSerinus citrellinoidesKU 1343 1292 f Streaky Seed-eaterSerinus striolatusKU 1344 1281 FF Thick-billed Seed-eaterSerinus burtoniKU 1349 1279 F Oriole-FinchLinurgus olivaeeusKU OS-C, species number from OS-C (1996) Br., species number from Britton (1980) Cat. forest-dependence category: FF, specialist; F, generalist; f, visitor Dist., distribution: K, Kenya, U , Uganda Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Journal-of-East-African-Natural-History on 26 Dec 2022 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use