1 | P a g e STOCK TAKE REPORT OF UGANDA’S NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (NDCs) AND NDC PARTNERSHIP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION Prepared By: Patrick Byakagaba and Zerubabeeli Naturind April 17, 2020 i | P a g e Contents 1 National circumstances and institutional arrangements ...................................................................... 1 1.1 National circumstances .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Institutional Arrangements ............................................................................................................. 2 2 Purpose of the study............................................................................................................................ 5 3 Methods and assumptions .................................................................................................................... 5 4 Description of Uganda’s NDC ................................................................................................................ 5 4.1 Potential Impact of the mitigation contribution ............................................................................ 5 4.2 Overview of Uganda’s GHG emissions and removals and projections .......................................... 6 4.3 Un-packing NDC non-GHG actions and targets .............................................................................. 8 4.4 Policies and mitigation measures in the NDC ................................................................................. 9 5 Impacts, risks and vulnerabilities ........................................................................................................ 10 6 Findings from the rapid assessment of NDC Implementation ............................................................ 11 6.1 Overview of the NDC and the NDC Partnership Plan ................................................................... 11 6.2 Relevance of NDCs in the country’s development aspirations .................................................... 13 6.3 Mode of NDC implementation in Uganda .................................................................................... 13 6.4 Progress on implementation of adaptation actions and mitigation measures ............................ 14 7. Estimated annual change in GHG emissions reductions .................................................................... 26 8 Means of Implementation for NDC action .......................................................................................... 27 8.1 Financial, technology development and transfer and capacity building support needed towards NDC implementation .......................................................................................................................... 28 8.1.1 Financial support needed ....................................................................................................... 28 8.1.2 Technology development and transfer support needed ....................................................... 28 8.1.3 Capacity building support needed ......................................................................................... 28 8.2 Overview of support received in context of finance and Capacity building ................................ 29 8.2.1 Overview of support received in context of finance ............................................................. 29 8.2.2 Overview of support received in context of Technical and Capacity building ...................... 34 9 Good practices, experience and lessons and success stories ........................................................... 35 9.1 Success stories about NDCs and gender responsiveness ............................................................. 37 10 Gaps/Challenges/ Barriers to implementation of the NDC ............................................................... 38 11 Recommendations ......................................................................................................................... 40 ii | P a g e References .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Annex 1: A highlight of financial provision categorized between grant support and technical assistance for NDC Partnership Plan Implementation. .......................................................................... 47 Annex 2: Overview of the Uganda NDC Partnership Plan (2018-2020) ................................................. 48 Annex 3: Estimation of annual GHG emissions rate change between 2015 and 2030 under the different target scenarios ....................................................................................................................... 51 Annex 4: Interview Guide ....................................................................................................................... 52 Annex 5: List of persons interviewed ..................................................................................................... 53 1 | P a g e 1 National circumstances and institutional arrangements 1.1 National circumstances Uganda is a landlocked country located within the East African region lying between latitudes 4°N and 2°S, and longitudes 29° and 35°E. The average altitude is about 1,100 metres above sea level, sloping very steadily downwards to the Sudanese Plain to the north. It has got a varied but modified equatorial climate. The UNDP Human Development Report of 2018 indicated that Uganda’s human development index is 0.516 (UNDP, 2018). The Gross Domestic Product per capita in Uganda was last recorded at 799 US dollars in 2018 with GDP growth in financial year 2018/2019 registered at 6.5% (GoU, 2018). Agriculture remains the main source of livelihoods for over 68.9% of the population (NPA, 2020). Approximately 90 percent of Uganda’s energy needs is generated from biomass, mostly dominated by firewood and charcoal which remain the primary energy source for most sectors of the economy apart from transport and service sector. It is worth noting that Uganda’s energy consumption is steadily increasing rapidly. The demand for electricity is growing annually at 10% while that of charcoal at 16.5% (Egeru et al. 2014) and firewood at 2.5-3% (Bamwesigye et al. 2017). The country continues to rely on electricity generated from hydropower sources with installed capacity at 932.45 MW while that of solar remains at 50.83MW (ERA, 2018). Road, rail, inland water and air are the transport modes in Uganda with majority of the public transport dominated by road (GoU, 2019). The Annual Sector Performance Report FY 2018/2019 of the Ministry of Works and Transport indicated that in the financial year 2018/19, 96.5% and 95% of freight cargo and passenger traffic, respectively, was delivered by road. Perhaps due to underdevelopment of other modes of transport. Currently, the Country is serviced by one operating international airport – Entebbe. Promisingly, Plans are under way to construct the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) with the aim of connecting Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda and South Sudan. The industrial sector continues to grow positively from 3.4% in financial year 2016/17 to 6.2% in the financial year 2017/2018 and this is attributed to emerging agro-processing and mining - cement industry (GoU, 2019). Despite emerging drivers of economic growth, greater part of the country’s economy, livelihoods and well-being remains largely dependent on natural resources. This has exerted pressure on the diminishing natural resources resulting into their rampant degradation. For example, forest cover reduced from 15% in 2010 to 9.5% in 2017 while wetlands reduced from 11.9% in 2012 to 10.9% in 2017, yet such natural resources are useful buffer to climate shocks and therefore their degradation increases the country’s vulnerability to climate variability and change. The country continues to suffer from climate variability and change due to its low adaptive capacity (EMLI, 2015 and McIvoret al., 2018) with negative impacts of climate change reversing progress to achievement of Vision 2040. The country’s vulnerability to climate change is decreasing whereas its readiness to respond to climate change is increasing with adaptation as priority (MWE, 2016). The National Climate Change Policy, 2015 and the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) corroborate this observation. 2 | P a g e 1.2 Institutional Arrangements Uganda ‘s policy and institutional framework for climate action encompass whole of government approach (GoU, 2015). The Policy differentiates two key institutional functions: coordination and implementation as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Institutional structure for climate change governance in Uganda Standing Committee on Climate Change Adopted from MWE/CCD Structure, 2020 3 | P a g e The Climate Change Department of the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE/CCD) is mandated with the coordination role while Ministries, Agencies and District Local governments (MALGs) are responsible for implementation of climate Actions (GoU, 2015). Also, MWE/CCD doubles as the National Focal Point for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC). In enhancing climate action through whole of government, MWE/CCD works in close partnership with National Planning Authority (NPA) to ensure that climate change is mainstreamed in the different sectors of the economy. MWE/CCD also collaborates with the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED) to ensure that required financing is mobilized for climate action. MoFPED also serves as the National Designated Authority (NDA) of the Green Climate Fund (GCF). However, there is currently no memorandum of understanding between MWE/CCD and the two institutions – NPA and MoFPED defining collaboration and accountability, perhaps the Climate Change Bill, will address it (MWE, 2019). It is envisaged that the Climate Change Bill will provide an enforceable framework to enable the implementation of the National Climate Change Policy, the National Determined Contributions, and other relevant policies in addressing climate change. The current institutional arrangement in addressing Climate Change is described in Table 1. Table 1. Domestic institutional and respective roles related to climate change response measures Institution Role Policy Committee on Environment The Policy Committee on Environment established under the National Environment Act, 2019 provides strategic policy guidance on climate action in Uganda Parliamentary Standing Committee on Climate Change Launched in 2019 with the mandate to review, consider, and scrutinize all matters related to climate change mitigation and adaptation, make recommendations to Parliament on responses to address climate change among their other mandates. The National Climate Change Advisory Committee (NCCAC) The National Climate Change Policy of 2015 established the NCCAC chaired by the Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Water and Environment. NCCAC is a high-level technical multi sectoral stakeholder platform which provides technical guidance on issues related to implementation of the policy strategic interventions. The Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED) In addition to its mandate, MoFPED, ensures that national, sectoral and district-level budgets and indicative planning figures integrate climate change through appropriate provisions for the implementation of the policy and its strategy. 4 | P a g e MoFPED also facilitates the introduction of relevant financial mechanisms and tools to support financial resource mobilization and investment for the implementation of the policy. The National Planning Authority In executing its planning function, NPA also ensures that climate change is integrated through adequate provisions in plans of Ministries, Agencies and local government. Ministry of Water and Environment/ Climate Change Department (MWE/CCD) The overall goal is to coordinate climate change related issues. MWE/CCD is also the National Focal Point for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change. MWE/CCD works with climate change coordination units in different Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) to ensure the mainstreaming of climate change in the different sectors of the economy. It also works with the Ministry of Local Government (MoLG) and NPA to ensure integration of climate change in District Development Plans (DDPs) and Ministries and Agencies respectively. The Ministry of Local Government In addition to its mandate, the Ministry of Local Government provides guidance to the districts to translate the policy priorities and the implementation strategy into coherent plans at the district level and ensures that adequate provisions in district development plans, annual work plans and budgets for the implementation of the Climate Change Policy. District Environment and Natural Resources Committees/District Disaster Management Committees Responsible for climate change matters in the district Source: Adopted from the Uganda’s First Biennial Update Report to UNFCCC, 2019 with modification by author Financing for climate change actions The Uganda National Climate Change Policy provides for the following as sources of financing: • National and Sectoral Development Plans and Budgets. • Private sector investments in energy, industrial developments and technology transfer. • Multilateral and bilateral development partner support and support from international climate change funds. • Market-based mechanisms for climate-related actions and payment for ecosystem services schemes 5 | P a g e 2 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study was to establish the status of NDC implementation in Uganda, document early achievements of the Uganda NDC Partnership Plan and identify elements necessary for updating the country’s NDC by 2020. The specific aims were to take stock of the implementation of Uganda NDC while taking into account the available science; determine the aggregate level of achievement of NDC Partnership Plan implementation; identify gaps, barriers and challenges faced while implementing the NDC and NDC Partnership Plan; document early lessons, successes and experiences on NDC and NDC Partnership Plan implementation and make recommendations for informing the next round of Uganda NDC in 2020. 3 Methods and assumptions Document review with a focus on both Grey literature and A1-literature on the NDC implementation, NDC Partnership Plan implementation, the NDC document, NDC Implementation Plan, the Draft National Development plan III, and NDC Priority sector performance reports was applied. The priority sectoral ministry websites, UNFCCC and NDC Partnership Websites were also explored to obtain relevant information. This was followed with in-depth interviews with key informants and field visits to triangulate the data gathered on NDC and NDC Partnership Plan Implementation using guiding questions. The interviews were conducted to assess performance; document the experiences, successes, gaps, barriers and challenges to the NDC and NDC Partnership Plan Implementation. Field visits were also conducted to identify good practices in NDC implementation that need to be promoted in the quest to achieve the desired targets. The study was limited to the NDC Partnership Plan (2018-2021) and the initial phase of the NDC Implementation Plan in the financial year 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. The study explored the NDC sectors which included Energy, Agriculture, Health, Water and Environment (forestry, wetlands), Social development (Gender, Risk Assessment) and Works and Transport (infrastructure). The study did not undertake a detailed analytical study on impacts of climate actions towards the country’s NDC target. 4 Description of Uganda’s NDC The Government of Uganda communicated its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015 in the build up to the signing of the Paris Agreement. The INDC was communicated as the country’s first NDC after becoming party to the Paris Agreement with adaptation featuring as the country’s priority (MWE, 2016). Adaptation was interpreted in the context of reducing the climate change vulnerabilities in priority sectors and enhancing resilience at the local community level (MWE, 2016). The NDC featured mitigation measures with a target of approximately 22% reduction of national greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to business-as- usual. 4.1 Potential Impact of the mitigation contribution Although Uganda’s share of the total global GHG emissions is still insignificant, the country’s sectors emission profile is growing with Agriculture as a leading source of GHG emissions and Land Use Change and Forestry (LUCF) as the second most significant source (WRI CAIT, 2015). The LUCF sectors are expected to remain a net emitter through the 2030s and with interventions, these are projected to become a major sink as early as 2025 (GoU, 2014). 6 | P a g e Under the growth and development scenario in 2015, Uganda’s total emissions were projected at 77,381 Gg CO2 eq (77.3MtCO2eq/yr) also known as business as usual scenario. It is envisaged that implementation of prioritized measures in energy supply, forestry and wetlands will result into cumulative impact of approximately 22% reduction of overall national emissions in 2030. It should be noted that in 2012, total emissions were estimated at 36.5 Mt CO2eq/yr in 2000. Figure 2. Illustration of the NDC and its mitigation target Source: Unpublished, 2019 4.2 Overview of Uganda’s GHG emissions and removals and projections According to MWE (2019) the country developed a National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGHGI) covering a period of 10 years, 2005 to 2015. The inventory covers 4 sectors; Energy (including Transport), Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) and Waste. In addition, the inventory covered major direct gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and precursor gases; nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane organic volatile compounds (NMVOCs) and Sulphur dioxide (SO2). Under the business as usual scenario, the AFOLU sector featured the most significant source of emissions for the three gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) accounting for 86.4% of the total emissions, the energy sector accounted for 10.9% and the waste sector and IPPU accounted for 2.1% and 0.6% respectively (MWE, 2019). 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1990-2000 2000 . 2012 (est.) 2030 (BAU) NDC (2015-2030) M tC O 2 e NDC 7 | P a g e Figure 3. Overview of IPCC sector GHG emission in 2015 Source: Adopted from Uganda’s First Biennial UpdateReport,2019 Figure 4. Indicative emission trends by sector and gas from 2005 50 2015 Source: Adopted from Uganda’s First Biennial Update report, 2019. 8 | P a g e 4.3 Un-packing NDC non-GHG actions and targets Despite adaptation featuring as Uganda’s NDC priority, the target for adaptation actions was not clearly defined. Figure 5. Overview of adaptation actions • Mainstream climate resilience in all sectors • Conduct vulnerability risk mapping • Build effective early warning systems • Support emergency related institutions • Ensure climate resilient public and private buildings • Update transport codes and regulations • Update risk assessment guidelines • Improve water catchment protection • Conduct vulnerability assessments • Improve early warning systems for disease outbreaks • Develop climate resilient health systems • Strengthen public health systems • Make provisions for safewater chain and sanitation • Improve water efficiency • Ensure water supply to key economic sectors • Manage water resource systems including wetlands • Extend clean energy to support water supply • Promote intensified and sustained forest restoration • Promote biodiversity & watershed conservation • Promote agroforestry • Promote efficient biomass energy production & use • Increase efficiency in biomass use • Promote renewable energy and other energy sources • Increase efficiency in modern energy sector • Climate proof investments in electricity power sector • Expand extension services • Expand climate smart agriculture • Expand diversification of crops & livestock • Expand value addition, postharvest handling, storage & market access • Expand rangeland management 9 | P a g e 4.4 Policies and mitigation measures in the NDC Cumulative implementation of series of policies and measures in the energy supply, forestry and wetland sectors was projected to result in approximately 22% reduction of national greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 compared to business-as-usual (MWE, 2016). However, the NDC did not stipulate the implementation period and the share of economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets per sector. Figure 6. Overview of mitigation measures Box 1. Additional mitigation ambitions • Construct enabling infrastructure for electricity sector development, including power lines, substations and transmission facilities • Achieve at least 3,200 MW renewable electricity generation capacity by 2030, from 729 MW in 2013 • Develop an enabling environment for forestry management • Reverse deforestation trend to increase forest cover to 21% in 2030, from approximately 14% in 2013 • Develop enabling environment for wetlands management • Increase wetland coverage to 12% by 2030, from approximately 10.9% in 2014, through demarcation, gazettement and restoration of degraded wetlands. 1. Sustainable energy solutions in public buildings i. Energy efficiency in hospitals ii. Integrated energy solutions for schools in off grid areas-NAMA 2. Promotion and wider uptake of energy efficient cooking stoves or induction cookers 3. Promotion and wider solar uptake of solar energy systems 4. Development and enforcement of building codes for energy efficient construction and renovation 5. Development and implementation of a long-term transport policy accounting for climate change mitigation concerns 6. Fuel Efficiency Initiative NAMA 7. Climate Smart Agriculture techniques for cropping 8. Livestock breeding research and manure management practices 10 | P a g e 5 Impacts, risks and vulnerabilities in Uganda Uganda continues to experience increased frequency and severity of extreme weather events such as increased rainfall and temperatures (World Bank, 2020). The erratic rains have caused floods, mudslides and landslides especially in the mountainous regions of the country, resulting into loss of communities’ property and lives. Uganda experiences both flash floods and slow-onset floods, which are common in urban areas, low-lying areas, areas along river banks and wetlands. Floods have impacted nearly 50,000 people and caused losses estimated at USD 62 million losses (OPM, 2012; World Bank, 2020; GFDRR, 2020). On the other hand, prolonged dry spells have led to crop and livestock losses, reduced farm productivity and other consequences such as food insecurity, famine and biodiversity loss. Droughts have affected close to 2.4 million people between 2004 and 2013, and drought conditions in 2010 and 2011 caused an estimated loss and damage value of USD 1.2 billion, equivalent to 7.5 percent of Uganda’s Gross domestic product (OPM, 2012). The most drought-prone areas in Uganda are the districts in the cattle corridor stretching from Western and Central to mid Northern and Eastern Uganda. In the study on the impact of short-term drought on the economy of Uganda, Kirimani et al. (2015) found that climate change could cause decline in employment by 5.1%, household consumption by 4.6% and exports by 5.2% respectively. Similarly, cases of infrastructure damage are on the rise thus leading to increased costs of repair and maintenance especially road transport infrastructure and buildings. The negative impacts of climate change are likely to result in a slow progress for the country to achieve her Vision 2040 which envisages a transformed Uganda from a predominantly peasant to a modern and Prosperous Country. The impacts of climate change in the water, agriculture, infrastructure and energy sectors collectively have been estimated at 2-4% of GDP between 2010 and 2050 (Markanday et al. 2015). The cost of inaction is predicted to be higher than the cost of adaptation for the rapidly growing population of Uganda. Figure 7. Overview of natural disasters in Uganda and affected human population (1985-2018) Source: Adopted from World Bank Group Knowledge Portal. 11 | P a g e In 2019, the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) carried out a Risk, Hazard, vulnerability and disaster assessment in 52 districts of the country and is yet to launch its Hazard and Risk Map with detailed risks, hazards and vulnerability. It is envisaged that this will provide insights on the current climate risks, hazards and vulnerabilities in Uganda to guide in making investment decisions. 6 Findings from the rapid assessment of NDC Implementation The assessment of the NDC Implementation has been informed by a rapid analysis of context and implementation of different proposed adaptation actions and mitigation measures in the NDC Implementation Plan and NDC Partnership plan, from the period January 2018 to December 2019. Please refer to Annex 4 for a full list of stakeholders consulted/interviewed. 6.1 Overview of the NDC and the NDC Partnership Plan Having communicated its NDC to the UNFCCC in 2017 but challenged with limited technical and financial support, Uganda through the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED) made a formal request, highlighting 11 priority areas, for support on coordination and implementation of the NDC to the NDC Partnership. Consequently, the Ministry of Water and Environment/Climate Change Department (MWE/CCD), MoFPED and the National Planning Authority (NPA) were designated as focal points to the NDC Partnership to catalyze her NDC implementation (MWE, 2018). On 1 February 2018, Uganda became the first country in Africa, through a multi-stakeholder engagement process, to develop a 3-year NDC Partnership Plan in Africa highlighting 49 outputs and 140 key performance indicators. The Uganda NDC Partnership Plan is envisaged to deliver the following; i. strengthened gender-responsive policy and institutional framework for the effective climate governance; ii. increased financing for climate action and climate change reflected in relevant planning and budgeting frameworks at national and local levels; iii. institutionalized Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for GHG emissions and gender responsive adaptation actions; iv. strengthened capacity of public, private and non-state actors to effectively integrate NDC-SDGs commitments with a gender lens; v. accelerated project financing for NDC implementation. The NDC Partnership plan 2018-2020 serves as the early phase for the implementation of the country’s NDC and lays the foundation for systematic NDC implementation through the 5 outcomes above. It should be noted that the NDC Partnership Plan provided for the formulation of the NDC Implementation Plan 2018-2030 costed at USD 5.52 billion of which USD 3.093 billion, equivalent to 56 percent of total cost of implementation to cover adaptation costs. The NDC Partnership Plan has also contributed to strengthened governance for climate action through enabling the fast-tracking of the legal framework for climate action, development of gender NDC action plan, improving development partner responsiveness to climate action through the Environment and Climate Change Development Partners working group and tripartite working arrangement of NPA, MoFPED and MWE/CCD. In addition to the National Climate Change Advisory Committee (NCCAC), the coordination structure for NDC action - NDC Sectoral Coordination Committee is yet to be operationalized. 12 | P a g e Figure 8. Proposed NDC Sectoral Coordination Committee Source: Adopted from NDC Implementation Plan (2018). In order to meet global reporting requirements on NDC implementation, the plan provides for establishment of the NDC Sectoral Coordination Committee (NDCSCC) which is chaired by Commissioner CCD/MWE who is responsible for ensuring that sector targets are achieved. It is envisaged that the committee will always be composed of NDC sectors, private sector and civil society across sectors. The committee is expected to foster integrated NDC implementation, joint tracking of progress towards national targets, and rallying support for political will while building on internal resident capacity across various levels of governance and ensuring efficient utilization of technical capacity within government and non-state actors. MoFPED Policy Committee on Environment National Climate Change Advisory Committee Climate Change Department NPA Agriculture Health Energy Infrastructure Water Forestry NDC Sectoral Coordination Committee (proposed) 13 | P a g e 6.2 Relevance of NDCs in the country’s development aspirations About 68% of the 25 respondents indicated that the NDCs were highly relevant in achieving the country’s development aspirations while only 32% deemed it moderately relevant. Most of the respondents highlighted that NDCs were highly relevant for the country to achieve its development aspirations since the country largely depends on natural resources for its economic growth and climate action commitments such as NDC ambitions were vital to foster growth. The other respondents observed that the country was already a signatory to other development pacts such as “the future we want” and the Sustainable Development Goals and Addis Ababa Action Agenda on financing for development. Figure 9. Respondents’ perceptions on the relevance of NDCs in the country’s development aspirations It was highlighted that development cannot happen without climate action for Uganda. Therefore, collective and joint actions within sectors and the economy including financial support, capacity development and technological transfer is key for an enhanced climate resilient Uganda. It was further indicated that the current NDCs, lacked synergy with other global agreements e.g. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, and were done as rapid exercise leaving out some sectors of high priority like tourism, social development and industry. 6.3 Mode of NDC implementation in Uganda The NDC action followed government arrangement of sector-wide approach thus encompassing whole of government approach as guided by the National Climate Change Policy, 2015. In this study, the authors were interested in the respondents’ views on the current mode of NDC implementation in Uganda. Figure 10 shows the perceptions of the respondents. 8, 32% 17, 68% Moderate Highly 14 | P a g e Figure 10. Perceptions of respondents on how the country’s NDCs are implemented Of the 25 respondents, 84% of them recognized that NDCs were being implemented across specific sectors while 16% observed that NDC implementation followed the whole society approach. This is attributed to most of the mitigation and adaptation actions proposed being implemented by institutions within priority sectors with very few actions implemented by private sector and non-state actors. Some respondents highlighted that very few stakeholders had access to the existing costed NDC Implementation plan 2018-2030 thus limiting the implementation level of the NDCs at country level. 6.4 Progress on implementation of adaptation actions and mitigation measures Based on interviews with some climate change desk officers in respective ministries and agencies, the level of progress of implementation of NDC adaptation actions and mitigation measures as documented in the NDC Implementation Plan was ascertained. This was done by matching what was proposed to be done by 2020 within the NDC implementation plan against what has been done so far across sectors. This was done by carrying out interviews with Key Informants (priority sectors, NDC focal points, NDC PP partners) and also reviewing the latest sector performance reports and Semi-Annual Budget Monitoring Reports. A number of achievements have been reached including the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) being accredited as National Implementation Entity (NIE) for Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Adaptation Fund (AF) in December 2018. The costed NDC Implementation plan was also put in place by the Ministry of Water and Environment with support from UNDP in December 2018. In addition, the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) communicated Uganda’s First Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC in 2019. The National Planning Authority (NPA) has been able to integrate climate related indicators in the draft National Development Plan (NDP III) 2020/21-2024/25 with support from UNDP and World Resources Institute (WRI). UNDP intends to support the Ministry of Water and Environment in updating the country’s NDCs in 2020. Tables 2 and 3 highlight the current status and /or progress in the NDC Implementation so far. Sectoral, 21, 84% whole society, 4, 16% 15 | P a g e Table 2. Current Progress on NDC Adaptation Actions Implementation ADAPTATION ACTIONS Current status/progress ENERGY SECTOR Adaptation Actions Promote renewable energy and other energy sources Promote new and renewable energy There is increased solar uptake especially in rural Uganda. More households are installing home solar systems given their cheap maintenance costs. Solar energy in rural households has mainly been promoted by private sector e.g. “solar now”. There are other solar projects that have been implemented under public private partnership e.g. Bukuzindu hybrid solar and thermal power station (Kalangala district) between government of Uganda and Kalangala infrastructure services a local subsidiary of InfraCo holdings. Other solar plants under public private partnerships are Soroti, Tororo, Kabulasoke (Gomba) and Mayuge. 3. Increase efficiency in modern energy sector Promote energy efficient firewood cook stoves, solar and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cookers The MEMD has prepared a draft energy efficiency and conservation bill. This is envisaged to address energy efficiency gaps through regulations, standards and incentives. GIZ is creating awareness for SMEs in energy efficiency measures. GIZ is also promoting renewable energy for rural electrification. GIZ is working in partnership with MEMD 2. 3,200 Mega Watts renewable electricity generation by 2030 Promote the use of alternative renewable sources such as solar, biomass, wind and biofuels as well as their associated technologies AfDB is supporting feasibility studies on how biomass can be turned into electricity in the Northern Uganda Uganda was also selected by climate investment fund administration unit as a pilot country for scaling-up renewable energy program Other Cross cutting interventions Under the NDC Partnership Plan, UNDP under the NDC Support program developed the gender action plan with a focus on the energy sector in 2019. Guidelines for mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Agriculture Sector are under development by UNDP/MAAIF. AGRICULTURE ADAPTATION ACTIONS Current Progress Expanding Extension Services Recruitment of extension workers at the district and sub-county levels More extension workers have been recruited at both district and sub county levels Farmer education and refresher trainings of extension staff A number of refresher courses of extension staff have been done with support from Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) Promote strategic partnership between research, technology development and extension services at all levels. Collaboration of National Agriculture Research Organization (NARO), Ministry of Science and Technology (MSTI) and Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) to develop and certify agriculture technologies and other research products is ongoing 16 | P a g e Provide farmers with timely quality extension services using available technologies and modern agronomic practices. A number of mobile applications have been developed for agriculture information dissemination by a number of private companies and MAAIF Farmer institutional development (FID) FAO is supporting Agro -Pastoral Field schools in partnership with district local governments and CSO operating in the regions where they are implemented 2. Expanding climate information and early warning systems Weather forecast for packaging advisory services for farmers Development of National Early Warning Systems Project is in progress, a number of radios and TV stations give weather forecast information to farmers. The Uganda National Meteorology Authority (UNMA) has various programs going on down scaling weather forecast information and translating into major local languages for rural farmers. UNMA in partnership with the Uganda Broadcasting Corporation (UBC) runs daily weather forecasts on the National Television for public consumption 3.Expanding Climate smart Agriculture Support community-based adaptation strategies through expanded and smart extension services. GIZ in partnership with the EU and Government of Uganda is implementing a project called Promoting Climate Smart Agriculture in seven districts of northern Uganda. It will be implemented between 2019-2024 Promote and encourage conservation agriculture and ecologically compatible cropping systems to increase resilience to the impacts of climate change. Many farmers especially in the western part of the country are engaged in Banana conservation agriculture Promote and encourage highly adaptive and productive crop varieties and cultivars in drought-prone, flood-prone and rain-fed crop farming systems Makerere Regional Centre for crop improvement was established and is currently breeding cowpea and sorghum varieties that are high yielding, early maturing and stress resilient. The centre was launched in 2018 with funding from the World Bank Promote and encourage highly adaptive and productive livestock breeds Climate-smart livestock systems program was launched in 2019. And the Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Program is ongoing. Under the NDC Partnership Plan, the Netherlands Foreign Affairs through SNV offered a grant to implement the Climate Resilient Agribusiness for Tomorrow (CRAFT) program component in Uganda 2018-2022, this is currently ongoing Promoting Sustainable Land Management (SLM) and adaptation of climate change resilient agricultural production systems, technologies and practices. Conservation agriculture and ecologically compatible cropping systems are being promoted under the Sustainable Land Management (SLM) in most parts of the country by MAAIF. The Climate-smart Agriculture Support Project supported by the world Bank under the northern Uganda action fund has been promoting activities that can enhance adaptation to climate risks, improving agricultural productivity and providing effective response in the event of a crisis or emergency. This project is from 2016-2020. Up-scaling use of improved and climate change resilient seeds and planting materials Cassava Value and Water Efficient Maize (WEMA) research project has been implemented by MAAIF and NARO Increase availability and access to quality seeds/ planting materials for priority commodities The NAADS Program with Operation Wealth Creation (OWC) has been and continues to give out quality seed and planting materials based on farmers demand. http://projects.worldbank.org/P153420?lang=en 17 | P a g e 4. Expanding diversification of crops and livestock Promote and encourage diversification and improved livestock value chains In partnership with International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), a climate-smart livestock systems program was launched in 2019 and one of its objectives is to adapt to agricultural systems to future climate change scenarios Promote and encourage agricultural diversification, and improved post-harvest handling, storage and value additions: Agriculture Cluster Development Project, Agriculture Technology Transfer (AGITT) and Cassava Value project are ongoing 6. Expanding rangeland management Promote technologies for improved livestock feeds/ feeding and sustainable management of rangelands and pastures through integrated rangeland management Rehabilitation and improvement of rangelands and grazing areas, and Regional Pastoralism Livelihoods Resilience Project are ongoing. Community mapping of land use in Karamoja done The government through the SPCR Program is already supporting rangeland management in the Cattle Corridor areas and there is an on-going process of developing the Rangeland and Pastoralism policy that is expected to improve adaptation in the rangeland dominated areas. 7. Expanding small scale water infrastructure Investing in modern irrigation technologies Agriculture Cluster Development Project with support from the World Bank (irrigation development) is ongoing project Promote rainwater harvesting and storage at household and farm levels for agriculture Promoting water harvesting technologies at household and community levels-ongoing 7.5 20,000 ha of micro irrigation schemes developed by 2025 to benefit 40,000 households. Rehabilitation of valley dams and water tanks with complete abstraction systems for animal watering and for micro irrigation systems ongoing 10. Climate resilient fisheries sector Promote climate resilient fisheries sector and integrated fisheries resource management Lake Victoria Environment Management Program (LVEMP)- Restocking Fish in Water Bodies and IOC-Smart Fish Project are ongoing Promote Aquaculture in order to ensure climate resilient fisheries resources The Support to Fisheries Development Program and the Operation wealth creation (OWC) program is ongoing 11. Forestry, Land and Natural Resources Management Promote appropriate forest and ecosystem management practices to increase the resilience of agrarian communities to the impacts of a changing climate UNDP is providing additional support in the Integrated Landscape Management for improved livelihoods and ecosystem resilience in Mt. Elgon program. The program started in 2015 and was expected to end in 2018 but was extended. Cross cutting interventions Under the NDC Partnership Plan, UNDP under the NDC Support programme developed the gender action plan with a focus on the agriculture sector in 2019 HEALTH ADAPTATION ACTIONS Current progress 1. Conduct vulnerability assessments Conduct vulnerability assessments of health sector to climate change impacts Not yet done Assess the impacts of climate change on human health and wellbeing No full study exists. However, an Assessment of the Impact of climate change on the Health Sector in Uganda: A case of Malaria and Cholera epidemics done by N.M. Bambaiha in 2009 exists 18 | P a g e 2. Improve early warning systems for disease outbreaks Improve the capture, management, storage and dissemination of health information S This is ongoing. The Ministry of Health (MoH) and its close partners are doing a great job especially in health information dissemination Heighten the surveillance of disease outbreaks and provide subsequent rapid responses to control epidemics Uganda is doing a commendable job in providing subsequent rapid responses to control epidemics 3. Develop climate resilient health systems Put in place contingency plans to develop climate change - resilient health systems Not yet implemented Increase the health workers awareness of the relationship between climate change and human health Not yet implemented 4. Strengthen public health systems Strengthen public health systems by building hospitals and supplying them with medicine, equipment and well-trained personnel There has been upgrading of status of a number of health centres to increase medical access by population. However, a challenge of understaffing and availability of essential drugs still remains. Develop urban health programmes targeting slums and public places. The Indoor residual spraying under the Presidential Malaria Initiative was implemented as a preventive measure to Malaria outbreaks. 5. Make provisions for safe water chain and sanitation facilities Make provisions for a safe water chain and sanitation facilities to limit outbreaks of water borne diseases, and promote awareness on better hygiene The government of Uganda through its SPCR Programs has provided for District Water and Sanitation Development Conditional Grant, District Sanitation and Hygiene Conditional Grant and Uganda Sanitation Fund to improve sanitation. A number of CSOs including World vision and WaterAid are implementing “WASH” projects within the country. Promote improved hygiene and sanitation and household level and in public places A number of CSOs including World vision and WaterAid are implementing “WASH” projects within the country 5.3 Undertake community sensitization on safe water use A number of CSOs including World vision and WaterAid are carrying out sensitization campaigns on safe water use FOREST ADAPTATION ACTIONS Current status 1. Promote intensified and sustained forest restoration efforts Promote afforestation and reforestation programmes implemented by the government, institutions, households and individuals, the private sector, civil society and multilateral organizations Government through the Forest sector support Department, NFA and SPGS is supporting community tree planting to increase forest cover especially on the private land and degraded sites. The REDD+ strategy has been developed under the Ministry of Water and Environment as an integral and multi-sectoral strategy that addresses deforestation and forest degradation. 2. Encourage agroforestry Strengthen the existing national forestry policy to reduce deforestation and forest degradation The Ministry of Water and Environment has initiated processes of reviewing the Forestry Policy, 2001 to explore ways of addressing the drivers of deforestation. 19 | P a g e 3. Encourage efficient biomass energy production Promote and encourage efficient biomass energy production and utilization technologies to reduce biomass consumption GIZ is promoting the use of improved cooking stoves in the country for reduced biomass consumption through partnership with MEMD and private companies. WATER ADAPTATION ACTIONS Current status/progress 1. Improve water efficiency Promote and encourage water harvesting and efficient water utilization among individuals, households, institutions and sectors A number of projects targeting water harvesting and efficient water utilization among individuals, households, institutions have been implemented by Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). The Ministry of water and environment is currently implementing formulation of catchment management plans to ensure sustainable water resource governance where most of the aspirations in the NDC can easily be pursued. 2. Ensure water supply to key economic sectors Ensure availability of water for production in water dependent sectors in order to increase their resilience to climate change impacts. A number of valley dams especially in drought prone areas of Nakasongola, Luwero districts have been constructed under the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) – Uganda: Agriculture Adaptation to Climate Change that was supported by the European Union and the Royal Kingdom of Belgium through FAO and implemented by Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) from 2012 to 2017. 3. Expand clean energy water supply Promote WASH humanitarian preparedness and response to avert possible outbreak of water related diseases especially in settlements of poor communities as well as refugees and displaced persons’ GIZ is implementing the Enhanced Water security and sanitation program that is as well contributing to this NDC adaptation action of expansion of clean water supply Cross cutting interventions MoFPED/World Bank are supporting Climate Change Budget Tagging in sectors of Agriculture, Energy, Water & Environment, Works & Transport; Budget tagging piloting is ongoing in the DLGs of Mbale, Lira and Kasese within Agriculture, Energy, Water & Environment sectors Elaboration of SPCR priority investments by AfDB and Ministry of Water and Environment are ongoing WETLANDS ADAPTATION ACTIONS Current status/progress 1. Increase wetland coverage to 12% by 2030 Promote and intensify wetland protection and restoration to enhance sinks of Greenhouse gases UNDP in collaboration with the Presidential Initiative on wetland restoration is building community resilience through wetland restoration and associated catchments in 20 districts with funding from Green Climate Fund. The project life is between 2017-2025. The Enhancing Resilience of Communities to Climate Change through Catchment-Based Integrated Management of Water and Related Resources in Uganda is now under implementation by MWE with support from Adaptation Fund and Sahara and Sahel Observatory. The project will be implemented between 2017- 2021 20 | P a g e Promote sustainable use of wetlands Awareness raising activities ongoing by non-state actors – CAN Uganda, PACJA Uganda, PfR and ENR CSO Network Demarcate, restore and gazette wetland ecosystem country wide The demarcation of boundaries of critical wetlands has been ongoing and the restoration and protection of degraded wetlands has been undertaken countrywide through direct government support through the wetland Department and district local governments The Wetland Atlas of Uganda was published in 2016 to show the location and state of wetlands in the country. INFRASTRUCTURE, Transport & Works ADAPTATION ACTIONS Current status/progress 1. Ensure climate resilient public and private buildings Establish and enforce climate change resilient standards for transport and infrastructure planning and development through monitoring and reporting systems The Ministry of Works and Transport has developed building codes to ensure that new buildings are climate change resilient. The Ministry of Works and Transport is also currently preparing road construction specification standards for a climate resilient transport sub-sector. Encourage the integration of climate change into transport and infrastructure development strategies Mass transport initiative and efficiency in road transport has been prioritized by government through processes of constructing the Standard Gauge Railway system, rehabilitate the existing metre gauge railway Buses and non-motorized transport system. The Ministry of Works and Transport has procured the services of China Harbor and Engineering Co. Ltd. (CHEC), Compensation of those that will be displaced by the project is underway Climate-proof existing and future infrastructure by conducting geotechnical site investigations (GSIs) to determine whether areas are appropriate or inappropriate for infrastructural development Fewer investments have been made in making the existing and new buildings more climate resilient. Develop and implement mechanisms to ensure that the existing and future transport infrastructure is climate change resilient Updating of transport codes and regulations for climate action have not been implemented. RISK MANAGEMENT ADAPTATION ACTIONS Current status/progress 1 Develop vulnerability risk mapping Promote vulnerability risk mapping (including the social and economic impacts of climate change) of the whole country and all sectors With support from UNDP, the Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) completed developing the Risk and Hazard Atlas for Uganda in 2019, however this is not yet launched. Climate & Disaster Risk Screening is in progress with support from World Bank and Ministry of Water and Environment. It started in 2019. 21 | P a g e 2. Build effective early warning systems Improve early warning systems and preparedness to avoid or minimize the adverse impacts of climate change A number of weather monitoring stations have been equipped; The National Emergency Coordination and Operations Centre was established and it provides national, multi-hazard and early warning information; UNMA and the Department of Water Resources in partnership with MAAIF, and OPM are implementing a program “Strengthening Climate Information and Early Warning Systems for Climate Resilient Development and Adaptation to Climate Change in Uganda”. The project was implemented between 2014-2017 and funded by Global Environmental Facility with UNDP providing quality assurance and oversight roles in the project implementation. The government has established and strengthened the existing early warning systems in disaster prone areas including the landslide prone Mt. Elgon and Rwenzori regions to help communities respond to the looming threats. 3. Support emergency related institutions Encourage the information of resident associations that can respond to emergencies, and involve them in key decision making to reduce risks The National Emergency Coordination and Operations Centre (NECOC), under the Office of the Prime Minister publishes a bi- monthly National Integrated Early Warning Bulletin. Conclusion It was noted NDC action concentrated in the Agriculture, Energy, and Water and Environment sectors. However, health and risk management, and Works and transport thematic areas, though with potential to contribute to multiple benefits, implementation was still low thus the need for more intensified action through concrete projects and investments. The health and the Works and transport sector were ranked low towards the implementation of the NDC sector actions because most of the activities reported were not directly correlated with the NDC targets in context of strengthened resilience and mitigated emissions. It was found that there was no formal framework for tracking NDC implementation, the Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system was still a framework document with efforts on monitoring GHG emissions by MWE/CCD with support from the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) in 2018. MoFPED with support from the World Bank in 2019 was still at early stages of the climate change budget tagging for public expenditure on climate action and non-state actors were piloting the tracking of adaptation finance flows. Promisingly, the MoFPED has enhanced efforts on systematic mainstreaming of climate change in budgeting by requiring all Ministries, Agencies and Local Governments to budget for climate actions. The Budget Circular of 2017/18 also required sectors to mainstream climate change in their budgets. 22 | P a g e Table 3: Current Progress on NDC Mitigation measures and policies’ Implementation Energy Sector Mitigation Measures Current status/progress 1. ENERGY SECTOR 1.Energy efficiency in hospitals Promote adoption of improved institutional kilns, oven, and stoves in all educational institutions, hospitals, and prisons. This is an ongoing activity. Many schools are now taking up the institutional stoves due to their efficiency. This has mainly been promoted by CSOs and private sector through public private partnerships. A Clean Development Mechanism Project is being implemented by Simoshi under this activity from 2017. 2.Green schools NAMA Installation of 4,200 Improved Institutional Cook stoves (IICSs) The MWE/CCD in conjunction with the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries and Ministry of Works and Transport designed 11 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). Including Developing Appropriate Strategies and Techniques to Reduce Methane Emissions from Livestock Production in Uganda however they have not received funding for implementation. There are a few on-going small-scale biogas projects within the country and large solar plants commissioned in Soroti and Mpigi districts demonstrating adoption of solar energy Installation of 100 biogas cook stoves Installation of 4,200 solar PV (Photovoltaic) 3.Promotion and wider solar uptake of solar energy systems Review of the policies and regulation on the licensing of large solar PV systems for on grid connection and Mini grid. Scaling-up Renewable Energy Program (SREP). SREP investment has been prepared for Uganda, the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST) has supported the Energy sector in formulating the Geothermal Energy Policy Develop a strategy for sustaining the continued performance of solar energy installation in Government schools and health units. The Renewable Energy Program (SREP) Investment Plan for Uganda has been developed There are on-going processes by the government to review the Energy policy and enact an energy efficiency and conservation law which are expected to address energy efficiency challenges. Construct enabling infrastructure for electricity sector development and achieve a total of at least 3200 megawatts renewable electricity generation capacity by 2030 Renewable energy generation by 2019 from the Electricity Regulatory Authority shows that about 89% of the electricity in Uganda is from hydropower. This has been augmented with construction of enabling infrastructure such as power lines, substations and transmission facilities. By 2019, the transmission route length was 2,989kms (ERA, 2019). 4.Development and enforcement of building codes for energy efficient construction and renovation Operationalize the Building Control Act Not yet done Long term transport policy accounting for climate change mitigation concerns Improve road infrastructure, and traffic management in urban centres to reduce traffic congestion and GHG emissions Not yet done. However, in the pursuit of green transport, Uganda is planning to implement the Bus Rapid transport (BRT), Light Rail Transport (LRT) and multimodal transport systems for reduced energy intensity of vehicles and carbon intensity of fuels and enhanced 23 | P a g e non-motorized transport modes. This will be through public private partnerships. Establish national standards for emissions and implement strict vehicular emissions standards in tandem with measures to gradually phase out old, inefficient motor vehicles, while encouraging the importation of efficient ones The government is currently phasing out the old, inefficient motor vehicles, and encouraging the importation of efficient ones through fiscal policies. In additional a Fuel Efficiency Initiative, National Appropriate Mitigation Action aiming to promote cleaner fuels, and more fuel-efficient vehicle technology was developed under Ministry of Works and Transport however, it has not been implemented due to lack of funding An updated inventory of greenhouse gas emissions by sector is ongoing to track the sectoral contributions and possible ways to reduce the emissions levels Forestry Sector Mitigation Measures Current status/progress 1.Development of an enabling environment for forestry management Build capacity for Community based natural resource forest management and collaborative forest management Collaborative forestry management is and has been going on since 2005 for community neighboring forest reserves with the National Forestry Authority (NFA). A review of Collaborative forest management Guidelines is underway to facilitate participation of communities in the management of central forest reserves. Support urban tree nurseries to produce quality planting materials FAO in collaboration with NFA have been involved in the certification of private Tree Nursery operators meeting the required standards Promote farmer field schools and agroforestry demonstrations FAO is supporting Agro-Pastoral Field schools in partnership with district local governments Conduct tailored apprenticeship and on job training for staff of NFA, DFA, FSSD, and other forest related organizations to improve their performance The National Forestry Authority conducts periodic staff trainings especially for the forest supervisors in different areas of conflict management, collaborative forest management and forest inventory to boost their capacity in forest protection. Promote research by forest management institutions The National Forestry Resources Research Institute (NaFORRI) a subsidiary organisation of the National Agriculture Research Organisation (NARO) engages in various forestry research including: site species matching of agroforestry trees, biological tree pest control and fodder tree species productivity Develop and implement a tree improvement program The National Forestry Resources Research Institute (NaFORRI) is implementing a tree improvement and breeding programme for instance it is currently involved in research to shorten the time the Shea nut tree matures Improve coordination, networking and partnerships for all forestry sector stakeholders The process of establishing the National Consultative forestry Forum is on-going under the auspices of the FSSD. The technical committees of each sub-forum have been formed 24 | P a g e Strengthen the development, dissemination and implementation of relevant forestry policies, regulations, standards and guidelines and the periodic reviews thereof The National Forestry and Tree Planting Regulations, 2016 were enacted to facilitate the enforcement of the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003. The Ministry of Water and Environment has initiated processes of reviewing the Forestry Policy, 2001 to explore ways of addressing the drivers of deforestation. The National Environment Act, 1995 was repealed and the current Act National Environment Act, 2019 provides for the principle of optimum sustainable yield in harvesting of forests. The Draft National Environment Management Policy (2019) provides for principles that will ensure conservation and sustainable management of forests in Uganda Prepare and implement Participatory Forest Management Plans A review of Collaborative forest management Guidelines is underway to facilitate participation of communities in the management of central forest reserves. Promote professionalism among forestry practitioners (codes of ethics, skills, professional standards) The Uganda Forestry Association Bill is before parliament but requires updating to address emerging issues Develop economic instruments (taxes, green levies, PES etc.) for funding Forest management The National Forestry and Tree Planting Regulations, 2016 provide more clarification on carbon tenure rights thus incentivizing forest carbon investments. Set up mechanisms to regulate the implementation of REDD + projects and the set-up of equitable benefit sharing schemes The country is currently developing emission reduction programs under REDD+ for the Albert and Kyoga water management zones The REDD+ strategy was formulated in 2018 to guide all REDD+ activities in the country Forest Emission Reference Level was prepared in 2019 by MWE with support from the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility of the World Bank. The technical support was provided by FAO and the National Forestry Authority (NFA) Uganda is updating Forest Emission Reference Levels under the REDD+ secretariat of the forest sector support department of MWE 2 Reverse deforestation trends to increase forest cover to 21% in 2030 from approximately 14% in 2013 Restore / rehabilitate degraded and deforested natural forests in CFRS and wildlife conservation areas About 3,500 ha of degraded natural forests have been restored and 60,000 ha were allocated to private developers for commercial tree plantation development. The Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) developed the REDD+ strategy; an integral and multi-sectoral strategy that addresses deforestation and forest degradation. Promote the restoration / rehabilitation of natural forests on private and communal land Government through the Forest sector support Department, NFA and SPGS is supporting community tree planting to increase forest cover especially on the private land and degraded sites. The National Forestry Authority (NFA) also gives out free tree seedlings for planting on private land as a subsidy Manage urban forest reserves Many of the urban forest reserves have been encroached due to urban sprawl The demand for degazetting of urban forest by urban authorities and district local governments has continued to increase 25 | P a g e Increase urban tree growing and protection Kampala city council authority is implementing tree growing in the city and conserving green spaces. Other urban authorities are yet to institutionalize it Conserve the existing forests and implement REDD+ programs to access additional funds from carbon markets The NFA is continuing to enforce forest protection in the country’s gazetted central forests reserves. The Ministry of Water and Environment is currently implementing the Reducing of Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) programme whose strategic options are envisaged to reduce emissions from deforestation; reduce emissions from forest degradation; Conserve forest carbon stocks; promote Sustainable management of forests; and enhance forest carbon stocks. Promote energy saving technologies in wood deficient areas and high population centres Promotion of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Program is being implemented by MEMD with support by German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). It is being implemented from 2019-2023 The Strengthening Sustainable Environment, Natural Resources Management, Climate change Adaptation and Mitigation (SENRMCAM) project of the UNDP promoted the use of new improved cook stoves, both at household and institutional levels to reduce cutting down of trees in rural Uganda. It involved CSOs, local governments and communities. It started in 2015. The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Department within the MEMD mandated to develop strategies and programs to improve energy efficiency and conservation has been created and operationalized The Government has prepared the energy efficiency roadmap which also includes addressing biomass energy efficiency. Strengthen the development, dissemination and implementation of relevant forestry policies, regulations, standards and guidelines and the periodic reviews thereof The National Forestry and Tree Planting Regulation, 2016 were enacted to operationalize the National Forestry and Tree Planting Act, 2003, Collaborative forest management guidelines 2005 are under review, timber standards are under development, Uganda forestry policy 2001 is under review, National environment management policy, 1994 is under review and the National Environment Act, 1995 was repealed and the National Environment Act, 2019 enacted. 3. Wetlands Mitigation Measures Current Progress Development of enabling environment for wetland management including; Creation of national information database through re-inventory and assessment of all wetlands Design and implementation of 11 Ramsar site wetland research, design and implement 111 district wetland action plans, design and implement 15 Ramsar sites and Framework wetland management Plans Increase wetland coverage to 12% by 2030, from 10.9% in 2014 through demarcation, gazattement and restoration of degraded wetlands The demarcation of boundaries of critical wetlands has been ongoing and the restoration and protection of degraded wetlands has been undertaken countrywide through direct government support through the wetland Department and district local government using Conditional grants allocated for the environment and natural resources at the district; A wetlands Atlas was prepared and launched in 2016 to provide information about the location and state of the country’s wetlands. It is envisaged that future decision- making and policies on wetlands will be informed by this Atlas to ensure that wetlands of Uganda are wisely used and sustainably managed. Awareness raising activities are ongoing by non-state actors – Climate Action Network (CAN) Uganda, Pan African Climate & 26 | P a g e environmental Justice Alliance (PACJA) Uganda, Partners for Resilience (PfR) and Environment and Natural Resource (ENR) CSO Network. 4. Agriculture Mitigation Measures Current Progress Climate smart Techniques for cropping Livestock breeding research and manure management practices The Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fsheries is in partnership with the Ministry of Water and Environment developed the Uganda Climate-Smart Agriculture country program 2015-2025. It is envisaged that this program will contribute to reduced emissions intensity by reducing conversion of forest into cropland. Climate-Smart Livestock systems program was launched in 2019. However, less attention has been put on reducing emissions from the livestock and more efforts to reduce emissions from rice growing are needed. Under the NDC Partnership Plan, UNDP has supported the formulation of the gender action plan for the agriculture sector and verifications were done in the districts of Moroto and Mbale in 2019. Under the NDC Partnership Plan, the Netherlands Foreign Affairs Ministry through Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV) offered a grant to implement the Climate Resilient Agribusiness for Tomorrow (CRAFT) programme component in Uganda 2018-2022, this is currently ongoing. Conclusion For the assessment above, the NDCs mitigation measures and policies were mostly implemented in the Energy (power supply), and Forestry thematic areas. More households were found to be adopting solar energy use especially for lighting in rural areas. The country’s investments in the energy sector including increased rural electricity supply are contributing to the country’s NDC ambition implementation notwithstanding the relatively high tariffs that limit use of electricity for cooking. There were fewer interventions undertaken in implementation of mitigation measures in the wetlands and agriculture thematic areas thus a need for more efforts especially in the management of soils and manure. If the soils are well managed and conserved, they are potential carbon sinks. Even with wetlands demarcation, their encroachment has not stopped including rice growing which is a heavy emitting activity. 7. Estimated annual change in GHG emissions reductions Although the NDC Implementation Plan did not highlight the trends of emission reduction up to 2030, it was important to estimate the annual changes in emissions reduction to give direction on how much emissions should be reduced within a stipulated period to enable tracking and accounting for NDC implementation. Using WRI’s Climate Analysis Indicator Tool (CAIT) GHG emissions collection calculation, Uganda’s average annual change was estimated at 2% as GHG emissions and grew by 50% from 1990 to 2012 (USAID, 2015). Table 4 illustrates the estimated cumulative annual changes in the GHG emissions estimated at 17.01MtCO2e/yr (equivalent of 22% reduction of BAU) as the estimated mitigation abatement based on authors’ computations 27 | P a g e which concluded that at least 5.67MtCO2e/yr should be reduced in the initial period of NDC Implementation Plan i.e. 2018 – 2020. Table 4. Estimated cumulative annual changes in GHG emissions Period Estimated mitigated emissions (Mt CO2e/yr) 2018-2020 5.67 2020-2025 11.34 2025-2030 17.01 Source: Authors Detailed calculation of GHG emissions estimates and cumulative annual changes in GHG emissions required for Uganda to develop a Low Carbon economy is attached in Annex 2. 8 Means of Implementation for NDC action For Uganda to achieve its NDC targets of 22% reduction of national GHG emissions in 2030 and increase resilience at the grassroots level, financial resources, technology development and transfer and capacity building must be enhanced by both state and non-state partners including the private sector. Of the 25 respondents interviewed, 28% (7/25) had had access to financial support for NDC implementation from the different partners. About 16% (4/25) received and offered technology transfer and development; for instance, UNDP accelerated laboratory for energy solutions, and 56% (14/25) received and offered Technical Assistance as means of implementation of the NDC targets and strategies within the different sectors. Figure 11 shows the type of support mentioned by respondents. Figure 11. Share of means of implementation For the country to fuel the NDC implementation, there is need for additional support in terms of technology transfer and development, and financial/grant support to supplement on the technical assistance received. This will enable transformation of plans into actions. Technical Asssistance, 14, 56% Financial Support, 7, 28% Technology transfer & devt, 4, 16% 28 | P a g e 8.1 Financial, technology development and transfer and capacity building support needed towards NDC implementation 8.1.1 Financial support needed The Uganda Climate Change Costed Implementation Strategy, 2013 indicates that Uganda would require an estimated amount of USD 3.9 billion approximately USD 258 million per year to address climate change concerns, which is about 1.6% of GDP per annum. Adaptation cost would account for 1.2% and mitigation for 0.4% of the annual GDP. An economic assessment of the impacts of climate change in Uganda indicates that the total costs for ensuring climate resilient infrastructure in Uganda are estimated at USD 52-66 million for the period 2015-2020; and USD 638-1,157 million for the period 2045-2050 (MWE, 2015). The cost of implementation of the country’s first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) has been estimated at USD 5.523 billion of which USD 3.093 billion, equivalent to 56 percent of total cost of implementation are adaptation costs with USD 1.029 billion for agriculture, USD 24.286 million for forestry, USD 227.7 million for Water, USD 1.053 billion for infrastructure, USD 393.7 million for energy, USD 351.7 million for health and USD 12.1 million for risk management (MWE, 2018). According to the NDCs, 70% of the total cost would be mobilized from external sources NDCs (MWE, 2016) and 30% from domestic sources. The financial need for mitigation measures was estimated at USD 2.430 billion with Energy power supply at USD 1.836 billion, Forestry (attributed to REDD+ Strategy Cost) USD 570million and Wetlands USD 24.091 million. More so, the country’s NDC Partnership Plan; a short-term plan to the NDC Implementation plan indicates an estimated commitment of USD 17.3 million from 17 partners in 2018/2019. 8.1.2 Technology development and transfer support needed The Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (UNCST), the National Designated Entity (NDE) for the Climate Technology Centre Network (CTCN) of the UNFCCC is conducting the country’s Technology Needs Assessment for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The needs assessment is being implemented within UNCST’s purview of assisting in technology transfer and adaptation. The Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) will result in technology action plans which will form the basis for bankable proposals for implementing the country’s ambitious climate actions. With the TNA in place, it is envisaged that the private sector should be able to engage in financing technologies that facilitate resilience and adaptation to the impacts of climate change. 8.1.3 Capacity building support needed A number of awareness campaigns facilitating NDC Climate Actions knowledge generation and dissemination are underway, especially with support from the MWE/CCD and CSOs that work with communities. Over the years, the CSOs have played a commendable role in advocacy for environment conservation and climate change despite their role not being well-defined in the NDC. Their efforts in information dissemination is significant however Civil Society Organisations role in NDC implementation is not clear as per the plan. A great challenge still exists on the extent of the scientific knowledge on climate change and their impacts. With adequate funding and continued support from the government the climate resilient agenda would ultimately reach everyone at the grassroots. Extra support is also needed to move climate information from the conference rooms to the communities at the grassroot level. The capacity of individuals or groups involved in climate action and the communities they target is still limited yet grass root initiatives have a lot of potential in causing social change that is relevant in climate change adaptation and mitigation. The proportion of the population that gets information on impending 29 | P a g e climate hazards is still low, capacity building on research and technology and mitigation is still low. There is need for a capacity building framework to enable capacity building in all the sectors in the NDC for both adaptation and mitigation. The current approach is too generalized thus difficult to evaluate on the progress that has been made. Different MDAs and sectoral capacities in MRV systems need to be strengthened. Capacity building programmes have to be undertaken within institutions and Cooperation among institutions to fill gaps within the domestic MRV technical aspects. A Need for benchmarking from countries that have worked on MRV is vital. 8.2 Overview of support received in context of finance and Capacity building 8.2.1 Overview of support received in context of finance The government of Uganda in its expression of its commitment and submission of its NDC ambitions towards climate actions expressed a financial need in order to achieve the 22% emissions reductions target by 2030 compared to the BAU scenario. The MoFPED was tasked to facilitate the introduction of relevant financial mechanisms and tools to support financial resource mobilization and investment for the implementation of the climate actions (GoU, 2015) however there is no dedicated secretariat within the ministry to handle the task as a routine activity. Currently, the ministry serves as the National Designated Authority (NDA) for the GCF with the Permanent Secretary/Secretary to Treasury acting as the focal person and assisted by Directorate of Cash and Debt Policy (Bakiika, 2017). The climate finance landscape in Uganda is evolving steadily with new institutions such as Ministry of Water and Environment playing a key role as the National Implementing Entity and Direct Access Entity for the AF and GCF. Over the years the country has received financial resources support to facilitate NDC implementation from external and internal sources. The sources of finance for climate change adaptation and mitigation activities in Uganda include the funds under consideration by the UNFCCC, Domestic Revenue, private sector investment, multilateral climate funds, bilateral development assistance in form of grants and concessional loans, guarantees and private equity. Funding has been accessed from the Green Climate Fund, the Global Environmental Facility (GEF), and its sub funds, Adaptation Fund, Climate Investment Funds, Multilateral and Bilateral sources. Under the NDC Partnership, the MoFPED with support from the World Bank is currently implementing climate Change budget tagging of relevant public expenditure on water, energy, agriculture, and Works & Transport. Local governments’ planners are being supported to identify and track climate finance through local budgeting processes. This has already been piloted in Kasese, Lira and Mbale districts. Tables 5, 6 and 7 gives a breakdown of the financial resources accessed for climate finance by government (FY 2017/2018 and FY 2018/2019) in support of the Uganda NDC implementation. 30 | P a g e Table 5: Climate related Projects funded in FY 2017/2018 Title Purpose Amount/ Funding source Modality Status Fostering sustainability and Resilience for food security in Karamoja Child Project Contribute to enhancing long term environmental sustainability and resilience of food production systems in the Karamoja sub region USD 7,000,000 (GEF 6 IAP) Grant On track Building Resilience Communities, Wetland Ecosystems and Associated Catchments in Uganda On wetlands and community resilience. The main goal is to restore and sustainably manage wetlands and support target communities in wetland areas of Uganda to reduce the risks of climate change posed to agricultural-based livelihoods USD 25,000,000 Green Climate Fund (GCF) Grant On track Strengthening Institutional Capacity for effective Implementation for Rio conventions Strengthening Institutional Capacity for effective Implementation and monitoring of the Rio conventions in Uganda USD 1,040,250 (GEF 6 ) Grant On track Integrated waste management and Biogas in Uganda Improved waste management practices in towns and municipalities through the introduction of integrated waste management, and deployment of biogas energy systems USD 3,200,000 (GEF 6-STAR ) UNDP Grant On track Low Emission Capacity Building Project (LECB) Phase II Support to implementation of Paris Agreement Nationally Determined contributions USD 802,000 (Germany) Grant On track Forest Investment Program Preparation of the FIP USD 250,000 Grant Closed Special Program for Climate Resilience Preparation of the SPCR USD 1,500,000 GEF Grant On track Integrated landscape Management for Improved Livelihoods and Ecosystem Resilience in Mount Elgon To empower Communities in Mount Elgon to manage their Production landscapes in an Integrated Manner for Improved Livelihoods and Ecosystems Resilience USD 1,620,320 GEF Grant On track Building Resilience to Climate change in the Water and Sanitation Sector To strengthen the weather, climate and hydrological monitoring capabilities, early warning systems and available information for responding to extreme weather and planning adaptation to climate change in Uganda USD 8,370,000 GEF Grant On track Energy for Rural Transformation Project ( Phase III) Rural Electrification USD 8,370,000 GEF Grant On track Conservation and sustainable use of the Threatened Savanna Woodland in the Kidepo Critical Landscape in North Eastern Uganda The biodiversity of the Kidepo Critical Landscape in the North Eastern Uganda is protected from existing and emerging threats USD 3,080,000 Grant On track TOTAL USD 60,232,570 Source: MoFEPD, 2018 31 | P a g e In the Financial year 2017/2018 (Table 5), Uganda received an estimated total of USD 60,232,570 as climate finance for Implementation of climate related projects. Table 6: Overview of Climate related Projects in Financial Year 2018/2019 Title Objective/Purpose Instrument Implementing Partner Transforming Financial Systems for Climate To scale up climate finance in the targeted countries, to redirect financial flows, and reinforce the capacity of local partners in climate related sectors. GCF Loan USD 240m Grant USD 35.6m Co-Financing AFD, Loan USD 466.1 m AFD and/or other donors Grant USD 8.0 m AgenceFrançaise de Developpment (AFD) Climate Investor One Providing financing to develop renewable energy projects in regions with power deficits to reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions GCF Grant USD 100m Co-Financing Development Fund Grant USD 26.5 m CEF Tier 1 Grant USD 75m CEF Tier 2 Equity USD 310m CEF Tier 3 Grant USD 310.0 m NederlandseFinancierins Maatschappijvoor Ontwikkelingslanden N.V. (FMO) Acumen Resilient Agriculture Fund (ARAF) To improve climate resilience to ensure long-term sustainable increases in agriculture productivity and incomes for smallholder farmers GCF Financing Equity USD 23m Grant USD 3m Co-Financing Acumen Equity USD 2.0 m Other investors Equity USD 25 m Other investors Grant USD 3.0 m Acumen Fund, Inc. (Acumen) GEEREF NeXt Catalysing private sector investment for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects across the developing world. GCF Financing Equity USD250m Grant USD 15 m Co-Financing EIB Equity USD 30m, Other investors Equity USD 470m European Investment Bank GEF SGP Sixth Operational Phase- Strategic Implementation using STAR Resources, Tranche 2 (Part IV) To support the creation of global environmental benefits and the safeguarding of the global environment through community and local solutions that complement and add value to national and global level action GEF Project Grant USD 19,167,177 Co-financing USD 19,934,000 GEF Agency Fees USD 766,687 United Nations Development Programme Readiness Project To improve readiness of Uganda to receive Climate Finance from the Green Climate Fund and related sources Technical Assistance (USD 100,000), Grant (USD 700,593) Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) 32 | P a g e Table 7: Overview of partner financial mobilization and support for climate action in Uganda under the NDC Partnership plan (2018-2020) Project Title (short summary) Partners Involved (funding, implementing) Sector Status Timeline Budget Building capacity of CSOs in Albertine and tracking climate adaptation financing in Uganda WWF UCO, CARE Denmark, CARE Netherlands, EMLI, MWE/CCD, MoFPED. Cross-cutting completed 2019 USD 43,950 Building resilience of agriculture landscapes in Eastern Uganda. UNDP, COMESA, MAAIF Agriculture Ongoing 2019 - 2021 USD 1,132,307 Building resilient communities, wetlands ecosystems and associated catchments in Uganda. UNDP, MWE, OPM, MAAIF Water and Environment, Agriculture, Risk management On going 2017- 2025 USD 24,100,000 CAEP Support – NDC Revision NDC Partnership, UNEP DTU Partnership Cross-cutting Pledged 2020- 2021 USD 500,000 CAEP Support – NDC Revision International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) energy sector Pledged 2020 USD 70,000 CAEP Support – NDC Revision Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) Cross-cutting Pledged 2020 USD 188,640 CAEP Support – NDC Revision Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, MWE/CCD Cross-cutting Pledged 2020- 2021 USD 55,900 Climate Promise for NDC revision NDC Partnership, UNDP, MWE/CCD Cross-cutting Pledged 2020 USD 240,000 Climate Resilient Agribusiness for Tomorrow (CRAFT) programme component in Uganda The Netherlands Foreign Affairs through SNV Agriculture On going 2018- 2022 TBC Climate Resilient Livelihood Opportunities for Women Economic Empowerment (CRWEE) in Karamoja and West Nile Regions of Uganda Project. SIDA through FAO, MoGLSD, MWE, MAAIF, MoLG Social Development, Agriculture, Water On-going 2018 – 2023 USD 8,968,448 Climate Smart Agriculture in Northern Uganda. European Union, GIZ and MAAIF Agriculture Ongoing 2019- 2023 USD 5,661,540 GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support Programme project GGGI, MoFPED, MWE/CCD Cross-cutting On-going 2018- 2020 USD 700,593 Global Carbon Markets Programme to support decision makers in using existing and new carbon market instruments for implementation of national climate actions. GIZ Energy Ongoing 2018- 2021 USD 1,792,820 Global Climate Change Alliance Plus (GCCA+): Scaling up Agriculture Adaptation to Climate Change in Uganda. European Union, FAO, MWE/CCD, MAAIF. Agriculture, Water On-going 2019 - 2023 USD 9,058,460 33 | P a g e Implementation of CAEP activities on formulation of long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies (LTS) and revision of the grid emission factor for the energy sector Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety – Germany and NDC Partnership, GIZ energy sector Pledged 2020- 2021 USD 173,480 NDC Action Project German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU), UNEP, UNEP DTU Partnership, MWE/CCD. Cross-cutting Planned 2019 - 2023 USD 1,675,700 NDC coordination and tracking and capacity enhancement in proposal development through NPA. The Netherlands Cross-cutting On going 2018- 2020 USD 159,112 NDC Support Facility – technical assistance to Uganda’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Partnership Plan implementation for Climate Budget Tagging, Mainstreaming of Climate & Disaster Risk at project NDC Support Facility, World Bank, MoFPED, NPA and MWE/CCD Cross-cutting Completed 2018- 2020 USD 600,000 Enhancing integrated governance for delivery of NDC, enhancing private sector engagement and strengthening platforms for evidence based learning NDC Support Programme UNDP, MWE/CCD, MoFPED, NPA and Private Sector Foundation in Uganda. Cross cutting On-going 2018- 2020 USD 802,500 Program for Climate-Smart Livestock Systems (PCSL) – to improve monitoring and reporting of NDCs in the livestock sector. Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany through GIZ, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), MAAIF. Agriculture sector; livestock Sub- sector On-going 2018 - 2022 TBC Strengthening the adaptive capacity and resilience of communities in Uganda's watersheds. GEF-Least Developed Countries Fund through FAO, AfDB, MWE Water and Environment Ongoing 2019 - 2022 USD 9,781,415 Strengthening the capacity of institutions in Uganda to comply with the transparency requirements of the Paris Agreement. Conservation International/Africa Innovations Institute (AfrII), MWE/CCD Cross-cutting On-going 2019- 2020 USD 1,100,000 Technical assistance for support to national MRV system GGGI, MWE/CCD Cross-cutting Completed 2018- 2019 USD 100,000 Technical support for NDC Partnership Plan tracking and NDC rapid assessment MWE, NDC Partnership Support Unit Cross-cutting Ongoing 2018 (March – June) USD 76,750 To support CSO and Government engagement in climate negotiations processes (Post-COP24, Pre-COP25 and negotiators training). IUCN, MWE/CCD, Civil society Networks Cross cutting Completed 2018- 2019 USD 74,813 34 | P a g e Although the NDC Partnership Plan was not costed to accommodate no-costing elements like in-kind technical support. Total financing commitments are now estimated at USD 17,300,918 for the period 2018/2019 (USD 16,341,856 in form of grants and USD 959,062 in form of Technical Assistance). The country is also mobilizing new and additional support to already that pledged under NDC Partnership through the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP). 8.2.2 Overview of support received in context of Technical and Capacity building Through the NDC Partnership, technical assistance has been mobilized towards enhanced climate action and NDC implementation. For instance, the technical capacity in proposal development of 80 staff of Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and private sector organizations was enhanced in a training organized by the National Planning Authority (NPA) in 2019 with support from the Netherlands, WRI, NDC Support Unit and UNDP. This was done on capacity gap identification in climate finance project concepts and proposal development. Nine bankable concepts were developed with 3 concepts and 1 full proposal ready for submission for funding. In 2019, the Nation Media Group/UNDP/GIZ/UNFCC RCCC/Non-state actors successfully organized 2nd National Climate Change Symposium & Expo in knowledge management and communication. Under the NDC partnership, in 2019 UNDP in collaboration with the Private Sector foundation trained private sector in green investments and sustainability reporting using Impacti digital tool. It also successfully held a dialogue meeting with private sector to identify the business opportunities that they could tap in and also foster NDC Implementation. A digital reporting tool has since been developed and 55 companies have signed up for the training. More than 10 technical officers from different ministries have been trained on aspects of NDC implementation, and Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) systems with support from UNDP, FAO, Africa Innovations Institute (AfRII), GIZ, UNEP, Conservation International (CI), Vital Signs and COMESA. In 2019, Climate Action Network Uganda in collaboration with World Resources Institute (WRI) trained civil society and private sector in climate budget tracking & adaptation finance tracking and reporting. The NDC Partnership is leveraging coordination among partners for NDC Implementation. International and domestic partners have been mobilized and coordinated for NDC Implementation. 35 | P a g e 9 Good practices, experience and lessons and success stories Box 2: ECOTRUST’S “Trees for Global Benefit (TGB) Project" Mitigation project experience ECOTRUST a local NGO operating in the districts of Mt. Elgon-Uganda, Hoima, Masindi and Kikuube districts is supporting smallholder farmers engage in agroforestry activities for carbon trading benefits and livelihood improvement. Through this initiative groups of smallholder farmers are encouraged to plant and maintain indigenous trees on farm for a period of 25 years and are compensated in monetary terms/ carbon credits. The farmers are paid individually over ten years for the amount of carbon dioxide their planted trees absorb. The farmers are also engaged in soil and water conservation practices including construction of trenches, and planting of Napier grass along the trenches. ECOTRUST has successfully mobilized and recruited twenty-one groups in Mbale, thirteen in Sironko and eight in Bulambuli districts for the Voluntary Carbon trading as of 2019. Over 631 farmers with an average of 0.5 ha are dedicated to project activities. In total the Trees for Global Benefits (TGB) project has been able to produce more than 1 million Verified Emissions Reductions (VERs), with an expected increase since more carbon could be sequestered at the end of the project, as a 10% risk buffer is deducted from the potential amount of CO2. However, it is important to note that not all this carbon is actually sequestered to this date. The certificates are issued ex-ante. The payments farmers receive depend on the buyer they are randomly assigned to and how much they are willing to give. On average, VERs were sold at 5.34 USD/tonne CO2, of which a farmer receives 54% or 2.88 USD/tonne CO2 , over the course of ten years. One of the Pioneer farmers in Butimba village, Kiziranfumbi sub-county in Kikuube district in an interview said: “Growing trees for carbon is very good. Ecotrust pays you even before the trees have matured yet the trees are yours at maturity. I have put beehives in my small planted forest, gained knowledge in tree planting and nursery operations and many organisations are willing to support my initiatives. I have planted fruit trees whose carbon Ecotrust pays for yet the fruits are mine. I have also started growing shade demanding crops like Cocoa and coffee where the trees have matured”. 36 | P a g e Planted mixed forest by an Ecotrust farmer Energy saving stove donated by Ecotrust Valley dam constructions under the Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA)- Adaptation Project, Kamira, Luwero district a) Valley dam constructed at Gangama village, Kamira S/C b) Solar powered water pump at the site- Gangama village 37 | P a g e c) Water trough on site Water trough on site The plates a), b), and c) illustrate the valley dams constructed to build resilience of livestock farmers in Kamira S/C under project titled “Agricultural Adaptation to Climate Change in the Central Cattle Corridor, Uganda” with support from the Royal Kingdom of Belgium, European Union and FAO and implemented by the Ministry of Water and Environment in 2013. One community valley dam was constructed at Gangama and another one rehabilitated at Kiiso Village, Kamira S/C to provide water including for livestock and domestic purposes to the neighborhood especially in times of d